2023–24 European windstorm season: Difference between revisions

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Storm Irene was named by Meteo France on 14 January 2024 and ''Gertrud'' the same day by FUB.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/borrascas/2023-2024 | title=Borrascas con gran impacto de la temporada 2023-24 - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España }}</ref> <ref>https://www.met.fu-berlin.de/de/wetter/maps/Analyse_20240115.gif</ref> Storm Irene's effects will be felt today (15 January) and tomorrow (16 January) in the [[Canary Islands]] and tomorrow and the day after tomorrow (16-17 January) in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] with more intensity in its western part: gusts of strong or very strong wind and persistent rain.<ref>https://twitter.com/AEMET_Esp/status/1746828959596085313</ref>
Storm Irene was named by Meteo France on 14 January 2024 and ''Gertrud'' the same day by FUB.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/borrascas/2023-2024 | title=Borrascas con gran impacto de la temporada 2023-24 - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España }}</ref> <ref>https://www.met.fu-berlin.de/de/wetter/maps/Analyse_20240115.gif</ref> Storm Irene's effects was expected to be felt from 15 to 16 January in the [[Canary Islands]], and on 16–17 January for the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and parts of France; more intensity is expected for the western part which is packed with gusts of strong or very strong wind and persistent rain.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/AEMET_Esp/status/1746828959596085313}}</ref>


A yellow wind and rain warning has been issued for parts of the [[Azores]] and the [[Madeira Islands]] on January 16. The entire country of [[Portugal]] is also under the same yellow wind and rain warning for an additional day. Additionally, there is an orange wind, rain, and coastal event warning in effect for the southern parts of Madeira.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ipma.pt/en/ | title=Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera }}</ref>
A yellow wind and rain warning has been issued for parts of the [[Azores]] and the [[Madeira Islands]] on 16 January. The entire country of [[Portugal]] is also under the same yellow wind and rain warning for an additional day. Additionally, there is an orange wind, rain, and coastal event warning in effect for the southern parts of Madeira.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ipma.pt/en/ | title=Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera }}</ref>


In northern [[France]], a broad yellow snow and ice warning is currently in force.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://vigilance.meteofrance.fr/fr | title=VIGILANCE METEO FRANCE &#124; Carte de vigilance météorologique sur la France }}</ref>. Furthermore, there is an orange wind warning for specific regions in northern [[Spain]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aemet.es/en/eltiempo/prediccion/avisos?w=mna | title=Meteorological warnings - State Meteorological Agency - AEMET - Spanish Government }}</ref>
In northern [[France]], a broad yellow snow and ice warning is currently in force.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://vigilance.meteofrance.fr/fr | title=VIGILANCE METEO FRANCE &#124; Carte de vigilance météorologique sur la France }}</ref>. Furthermore, there is an orange wind warning for specific regions in northern [[Spain]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aemet.es/en/eltiempo/prediccion/avisos?w=mna | title=Meteorological warnings - State Meteorological Agency - AEMET - Spanish Government }}</ref>

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Revision as of 01:12, 17 January 2024

2023–2024 European windstorm season
Storm Ciarán, the strongest storm of the season thus far.
First storm formed25 September 2023
Strongest storm1Ciarán 953 hPa (28.14 inHg)[1]
Strongest wind gustCiarán 207 km/h (129 mph), Pointe du raz, France: 2 November 2023
Total storms23
Total fatalities69 + 1 missing
1Strongest storm is determined by lowest pressure and maximum recorded non-mountainous wind gust is also included for reference.

The 2023–2024 European windstorm season is the ninth and current season of the European windstorm naming in Europe. The new season's storm names were announced on 1 September 2023. Storms that occur up until 31 August 2024 will be included in this season. This was the fifth season where the Netherlands participated, alongside the United Kingdom's Met Office and Ireland's Met Éireann in the western group. The Portuguese, Spanish, French and Belgian meteorological agencies collaborated for the seventh time, joined by Luxembourg's agency (South-western group). This is the third season where Greece, Israel and Cyprus (Eastern Mediterranean group), and Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Malta (Central Mediterranean group) named storms which affected their areas.

Background and naming

Definitions and naming conventions

Main article: Weather system naming in Europe

There is no universal definition of what constitutes a windstorm in Europe, nor is there a universally accepted system of naming storms. For example, in the Western Group, consisting of the UK, Ireland, and the Netherlands, a storm is named if one of the meteorological agencies in those countries issues an orange warning (amber in the UK), which generally requires a likelihood of widespread sustained wind speeds greater than 65 km/h, or widespread wind gust speeds over 110 km/h. (Required wind speeds vary slightly by agency and by season.) Both the likelihood of impact and the potential severity of the system are considered when naming a storm.[2][3][4] The Southwest Group of Spain, Portugal, and France share a similar storm-naming scheme, though their names differ from those used by the Western Group.[5] In Greece, however, naming criteria were established for storms when the storm's forecasted winds are above 50 km/h over land, with the wind expected to have a significant impact to infrastructures.[6] In Denmark, a windstorm must have an hourly average windspeed of at least 90 km/h (25 m/s).[7]

The Meteorology Department of the Free University of Berlin (FUB) names all high and low pressure systems that affect Europe, though they do not assign names to any actual storms.[8] A windstorm that is associated with one of these pressure systems will at times be recognized by the name assigned to the associated pressure system by the FUB. Named windstorms that have been recognized by a European meteorological agency are described in this article.

Naming conventions used in Europe are generally based on conditions that are forecast, not conditions that have actually occurred, as public awareness and preparedness are often cited as the main purpose of the naming schemes–for example, a reference.[3] Therefore, an assignment of a storm name does not mean that a storm will actually develop.

Western Group (United Kingdom, Ireland and the Netherlands)

In 2015, the Met Office and Met Éireann announced a project to name storms as part of the "Name our Storms" project for windstorms and asked the public for suggestions. The meteorological offices produced a full list of names for 2015–2016 through 2017–2018, common to both the United Kingdom and Ireland, with the Netherlands taking part from 2019 onwards. Names in the United Kingdom will be based on the National Severe Weather Warning Service.

The following names were chosen for the 2023–2024 season in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the Netherlands.[9] For a windstorm to be named, the United Kingdom's Met Office, Ireland's Met Eireann, or the Netherlands' Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) have to issue an amber weather warning, preferably for wind, but a storm can also be named for amber warnings of rain and snow (e.g. Storm Arwen in 2021).[10]

  • Henk
  • Isha (unused)
  • Jiafei (unused)
  • Kathleen (unused)
  • Lilian (unused)
  • Minnie (unused)
  • Nicholas (unused)
  • Olga (unused)
  • Piet (unused)
  • Regina (unused)
  • Stuart (unused)
  • Tamiko (unused)
  • Vincent (unused)
  • Walid (unused)

South-western Group (France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium and Luxembourg)

This was the seventh year in which the meteorological agencies of France, Spain and Portugal named storms that affected their areas.[11]

  • Aline
  • Bernard
  • Celine
  • Domingos
  • Elisa
  • Frederico
  • Geraldine
  • Hipolito
  • Irene (active)
  • Juan (unused)
  • Karlotta (unused)
  • Louis (unused)
  • Monica (unused)
  • Nelson (unused)
  • Olivia (unused)
  • Pierrick (unused)
  • Renata (unused)
  • Sancho (unused)
  • Tatiana (unused)
  • Vasco (unused)
  • Wilhelmina (unused)

Central Mediterranean Group (Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Malta)

The following names were chosen for the 2023–2024 season in Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Malta.[12]

  • Alexis
  • Bettina
  • Ciro
  • Dorothea (unused)
  • Emil (unused)
  • Fedra (unused)
  • Gori (unused)
  • Helga (unused)
  • Italo (unused)
  • Lilith (unused)
  • Marco (unused)
  • Nada (unused)
  • Ole (unused)
  • Palmira (unused)
  • Rocky (unused)
  • Shirlene (unused)
  • Tino (unused)
  • Ute (unused)
  • Vito (unused)
  • Zena (unused)

Eastern Mediterranean Group (Greece, Israel and Cyprus)

The Eastern Mediterranean Group works slightly differently compared to other naming lists, instead of ending a season on the 31 August of that year, they end the season on the 30 September of that year.[13] These are the names that were chosen for the 2023–24 season in Greece, Israel and Cyprus.[14]

  • Avgi (unused)
  • Ben (unused)
  • Cornelius (unused)
  • Doros (unused)
  • Eden (unused)
  • Fedra (unused)
  • Gea (unused)
  • Hillel (unused)
  • Iris (unused)
  • Kerean (unused)
  • Leonidas (unused)
  • Maria (unused)
  • Nir (unused)
  • Olympias (unused)
  • Petros (unused)
  • Qamar (unused)
  • Raphael (unused)
  • Sofia (unused)
  • Tal (unused)
  • Urania (unused)
  • Viran (unused)
  • Widad (unused)
  • Xenophon (unused)
  • Yakinthi (unused)
  • Ziv (unused)

Northern Group (Denmark, Norway and Sweden)

This naming group, like the naming from the Free University of Berlin, does not use a naming list but names storms when it has not received a name by any other meteorological service in Europe and is projected to affect Denmark, Norway or Sweden.

  • Pia

Central/FUB naming Group (Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia and Hungary)

Like the Northern Group, the Free University of Berlin names storms based on low pressures across the continent and does not use a naming list. The storms listed below were strong enough or were anticipated to cause equal or more disruption then if it were named either by one of the other groups.

  • Oliver
  • Brigitta

Season summary

EUMETNET groups naming lists by colour
  Western group
  South-western group
  Northern group
  FUB naming group
  Central Mediterranean group
  North-east group
  South-east group
  Eastern Mediterranean group

All storms named by European meteorological organisations in their respective forecasting areas, as well as Atlantic hurricanes that transitioned into European windstorms and retained the name assigned by the National Hurricane Center:

Storm CiaránStorm Babet

Storms

Storm Agnes (Kilian)

"Storm Agnes" redirects here. For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Agnes.
Storm Agnes
Area affectedIreland, United Kingdom
Date of impact25–29 September 2023
Maximum wind gust135 km/h (84 mph): Capel Curig, Wales: 27 September 2023 [15]
Fatalities0
DamageUnspecified

Storm Agnes was named by the UK's Met Office on 25 September 2023 and was forecasted to bring strong winds and heavy rain to much of the UK and Ireland.[16] The storm, which was also named Kilian by the Free University of Berlin and the Deutscher Wetterdienst,[17] impacted the British Isles on 27 September.

Storm Babet (Viktor)

Main article: Storm Babet
Storm Babet
Area affectedSpain, Portugal, France, Ireland, United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, Sweden
Date of impact16–22 October 2023
Maximum wind gust185 km/h (115 mph) at Cairn Gorm Summit, Scotland on 19 October 2023
Fatalities10 + 1 missing (5 indirect deaths, car crashes caused by rain and wind)
Power outages55,000 (England), 27,000 (Scotland)[18]
DamageUnspecified

While Storm Babet was named by the United Kingdom's Met Office on 16 October and the Free University of Berlin named the system Viktor, affected large parts of western and northern Europe.[19][20] It first affected Portugal and southwestern Spain with strong winds, heavy rains and floods on 16–17 October, subsequently moving to northern Europe.[21] The Met Office issued several yellow rain and wind warnings for large parts of the UK, along with amber rain warnings for parts of north eastern England and Scotland.[22] A rare red weather warning was issued for eastern parts of Scotland.[23]

Met Éireann issued Yellow rain warnings for most of Ireland.[24] An orange rain warning for south western Ireland was also issued, and there was flooding in the south of the Island, especially the east of County Cork; Midleton was particularly badly hit.[25][26]

A rare red warning for rainfall was issued across portions of eastern Scotland by the Met Office on 19 October.[27] A wind gust of 124 km/h (77 mph) was registered at the coast in Inverbervie.[28] In the highlands, Cairn Gorm summit recorded a gust of 185 km/h (115 mph).[29] In Brechin, Scotland, residents were asked to evacuate their homes by the local council.[30]

In Denmark, southern Sweden and northern Germany, the wind caused some material damages, fallen trees and cancellations of ferries, trains and planes, but the most serious effect was a storm surge, with large amounts of seawater being pushed by the wind into the westernmost Baltic Sea and Danish straits (unlike floods in Great Britain, Ireland and the Iberian Peninsula that primarily were caused by heavy rain).[31][32][33] In parts of Denmark (southeastern Jutland, southern Funen, southern Zealand and smaller islands in the area) and Germany (eastern Schleswig-Holstein), it caused the highest floods in more than a century, with some places in Denmark having sea levels that were up to 2.39 m (7 ft 10 in) above normal and in the Germany up to 2.22 m (7 ft 3 in) above normal.[34][35][36] In certain, particularly exposed places, people were evacuated after levees broke and houses were flooded.[36][37] On the opposite, western side of Jutland and Schleswig-Holstein, the waters were forced away from the shore by the wind, with sea levels up to 3 m (9.8 ft) below normal, stranding boats and preventing several ferries from running because of insufficient water depths.[36][38][39] This flooding was unusual because it was caused by easterly winds and mainly impacted the westernmost Baltic Sea. In Denmark and Germany, large storm floods are most often caused by westerly stoms where the greatest impact is on the southeastern North Sea, which has coastlines that are far better protected by taller, more extensive levees and other systems.[40]

There were at least six recorded fatalities: a 57 year old woman died after being swept into a river in Angus (Scotland), a 56 year old man died after his van hit a tree near Forfar in Angus, a man in his 60s was killed after being swept away by flood waters near Cleobury Mortimer (England),[41][42] a 33 year old woman was killed on the German island of Fehmarn when her car was hit by a falling tree,[36] and a woman in her 80s in Chesterfield died in floods. A man trapped in a vehicle in floodwater near the Aberdeenshire village of Marykirk was later found dead.[43]

Damage in Schleswig-Holstein was estimated to be 200 Million Euro.[44]

Storm Aline (Wolfgang)

Storm Aline
Area affectedIberian Peninsula, Portugal, Spain, France, Jersey, Guernsey, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy
Date of impact18–27 October 2023
Maximum wind gust146 km/h (90 mph), Quiberon, France, 20 October 2023[45]
Fatalities0
Power outagesUnspecified
DamageUnspecified

Storm Aline was named by Spain's state weather forecast agency AEMET, while Wolfgang was the name given by the Free University of Berlin[46] both on 18 October 2023. The storm caused heavy rainfall across several parts of Spain and France. More than 20 flights were diverted from Málaga Airport and a gust of 100 km/h was reported in Cabrera.[47][48]

Storm Bernard (Xanthos)

Storm Bernard
Area affectedMorocco, Iberian Peninsula, France, United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain
Date of impact21–26 October 2023
Fatalities2
Power outagesUnspecified
DamageUnspecified

Storm Bernard was named by the Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA) on 22 October 2023, but the Free University of Berlin noticed and named this system, Xanthos, on 21 October 2023 instead.

Storm Celine (Benj)

Storm Celine
Area affectedPortugal, Spain, France, Iberian Peninsula
Date of impact28 October – 3 November 2023
Fatalities1
DamageUnspecified

Storm Celine was named and reported on 28 October 2023 by the Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), at around 1 pm local time that same afternoon. The cold front moved down south, causing heavy rain accompanied by thunderstorms. IPMA also predicted wind gusts as high as 90 km/h in the highlands and waves up to 6 m in height.[49]

The storm passed through central Portugal on 29 October. By 30 October, it had swept through southern Portugal and prompted yellow weather warnings for heavy rain in nine provinces in five autonomous communities in Spain.[50] The Costa del Sol recorded temperatures as high as 25 °C while the interior experienced a dip in temperatures as low as 18 °C in Ronda. Weather warning were issued in western France until 31 October.[51]

One death was reported, namely a 70-year old woman was killed by a falling tree in France on 29 October.[52]

Storm Ciarán (Emir)

Main article: Storm Ciarán
Storm Ciarán
Area affectedIreland, United Kingdom, Benelux,[53] France,[54] Spain,[55] Czech Republic,[56] Italy,[57] Channel Islands
Date of impact29 October – 4 November 2023
Maximum wind gust207 km/h (129 mph), Pointe du raz, France: 2 November 2023
Fatalities15 [58][59][60]
Power outages1,305,000
DamageUnspecified

Storm Ciarán was named by the United Kingdom's Met Office on 29 October, while the Free University of Berlin gave this system Emir on 30 October 2023. It was expected to bring winds of 90 to 120 km/h (56 to 75 mph) widely with > 130 km/h (80 mph) on some coasts. More heavy rainfall was expected to fall which would exacerbate the flooding from Storm Babet a week prior. A large yellow weather warning for rain and wind was placed for the South Wales, Devon and Cornwall, south coast and the east coast of East Anglia. In Cornwall, 4,000 properties were left without power.[61] In Devon, 250 schools were closed.[62] In Dorset, the Freshwater Beach Holiday Park at Burton Bradstock was destroyed. Other places in Dorset affected included Loders, Easton and West Bay.[63] A caravan park at Tenby in Wales was evacuated due to flooding.[64]

The Met Office stated Storm Ciarán was undergoing explosive cyclogenesis as of 1 November.[65] The storm especially affected the Isle of Jersey, where a freak thunderstorm created spawned an IF2.5/T6 tornado alongside the golf ball sized hail with windspeeds of the storm reaching around over 160 km/h (100 mph).[66][67] The southern coast of England and France were severely affected by the storm, with record wind gusts in France being reported around 208 km/h (129 mph).[68] The storm also caused flooding and huge waves.[69] An IF3 tornado also touched down in Bulgaria.[70]

In the Netherlands, an orange weather warning was given for the coastal provinces for high winds. Events were cancelled, including the Dutch Headwind Cycling Championships at the last minute due to safety. There was a lot of disruption due to cancelled flights and trains.[71] People were advised to work from home, and to not drive unless absolutely necessary.[72]

There were 15 fatalities as a result of the storm. A 46-year-old woman died in Germany when a tree fell on her.[73] There were two deaths in Belgium, a 5-year-old child and a 64-year-old woman from falling branches.[74] A 23-year-old woman died in Spain from a fallen tree.[75] In France two deaths were reported, including a 72-year-old man who was blown off his balcony.[76] And in the Netherlands a person was killed when a tree fell on their car.[77] As of 3 November 2023, six more died in Italy and one in Albania.[78]

Six people were killed during heavy rains in the region of Tuscany, Italy, with rivers flooding and causing damage. Several roads and highways are closed amid landslides. Severe damage also occurred in Campobasso, Molise, evacuations were being made in Veneto with highways being closed, and emergency calls occurred in Rome. In Sardinia, strong winds fueled fires that burned hectares of vegetation, while a man was killed in Capoterra, and in Tortolì an entire sawmill burned down.[79]

In total there were more than 1 million power outages, and in Cornwall around 4,000 properties were left without power.[80][81][82]

Storm Domingos (Fred)

Storm Domingos
Area affectedPortugal, Spain, France, United Kingdom, Ireland,[83] Belgium,[84] Channel Islands (indirectly),[85] Iberia,[85] Andalusia,[86] Balearic Islands[87]
Date of impact3–5 November 2023
Fatalities1[88][89]
DamageUnspecified

Storm Domingos was named and reported on 3 November 2023 by the Spanish Met Service (AEMET). The storm was subsequently named Fred by the Free University of Berlin on 4 November 2023 at 12:00 UTC. It was expected to bring strong winds to France, Spain and Portugal with wind warnings in force for parts of those countries. The United Kingdom had a yellow rain warning for the south coast, issued by the Met Office.

One death was reported; an employee from Enedis was killed in the French region of Brittany, on 5 November 2023.[90]

Storm Elisa (Helmoe)

Storm Elisa
Area affectedFrance, Channel Islands, Ireland
Date of impact9–11 November 2023
DamageUnspecified

Storm Elisa was identified by Météo-France on 9 November 2023,[91][92] while the Free University of Berlin named this system Helmoe the very next day.

Heavy rain was forecast to fall in northern France between Le Havre and Calais with 80-100 millimetres to fall in the region. This caused rivers to burst their banks causing some flooding with 20-50 more widely.[93] No deaths were recorded from Storm Elisa.

Storm Debi

Storm Debi
Area affectedIreland, United Kingdom, Netherlands
Date of impact12–13 November 2023
Maximum wind gust90 mph (140 km/h; 78 kn) at North Pennines, England[94]
Fatalities0[95] (1 injured by flying debris in County Limerick)[96]
Power outages100,000 [94]
DamageUnspecified

Storm Debi was identified by Met Éireann on 12 November 2023,[97] while the Free University of Berlin will not be issuing a name for this system as it neither impacted Denmark, Sweden nor Norway. It heavily impacted Ireland on 12 November (Sunday night), before it made its way to the United Kingdom on 13 November, (Monday morning).

Met Éireann placed in effect a red wind warning for 14 counties: Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, Clare, east Galway, south Roscommon, Dublin, Kildare, Laois, Louth, Meath, Wicklow, Offaly, and Westmeath, and yellow and orange wind and rain warnings for the rest of the country.[98][99]

The Met Office issued a yellow wind warning for regions of East Midlands, North East England, North West England, Wales, West Midlands (region), Yorkshire, Humber, Midlands, Tayside, Fife and Grampian.

The Tornado and Storm Research Organization issued a tornado watch for much of Ireland, Wales, Midlands and East Anglia on Sunday evening, starting from midnight to midday Monday.[100]

On Monday morning 13 November, the storm reached the Netherlands.[101]

Storm Frederico (Linus)

Storm Frederico
Area affectedFrance, United Kingdom, Channel Islands, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Turkey, Moldova, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Israel, Cyprus, Syria, Georgia, Armenia
Date of impact15–21 November 2023
Fatalities2 (last confirmed information in Bulgaria)
DamageUnspecified

Storm Frederico was identified by Météo-France on 15 November 2023 around 17:50 CET as a new depression, and the Free University of Berlin announced on 16 November 2023 that this system will be named Linus. Météo-France predicted this system will travel from the Gulf of Saint-Malo towards north of Germany, morning of 16 November 2023 near the Channel Islands and by the night, strong gale will reach Provence and Corsica.[102] overnight with significant gusts between 110 km/h and 120 km/h[103]

The Met Office issued yellow rain warnings in association with the storm system for the south coast of England and Wales where flooding is possible.[104][105] It is also reported that Météo-France already placed 55 departments on yellow alert, including Île-de-France.[103]

The system then tracked through south-eastern central parts of Europe bringing heavy rain and strong winds to the Balkans and southern Black Sea coasts such as Turkey. Orange and yellow wind and snow warnings were put up for parts of the Balkans particularly, Romania, Serbia and Bulgaria. The system brought heavy rain and some snowfall to western parts of Turkey. The eastern Mediterranean is forecast to also be impacted by Frederico, with yellow flood warnings for parts of Israel and a orange 'coastal event' warning issued. The storm moved out of Europe by 21 November 2023.

Storm Alexis

Storm Alexis
Area affectedItaly (especially Sicily, Lampedusa, Pantelleria), Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Malta, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia
Date of impact22–24 November 2023
Fatalities0
Power outagesUnspecified
DamageUnspecified

Though a weak and small system, Storm Alexis was assigned by the Italian Servizio Meteorologico, on 22 November 2023.[106] The storm was assigned for potential flash flooding due to heavy rain with orange warnings.[citation needed]

It was also predicted that Alexis would turn into an anticyclone by 24 November 2023, Friday.[107]

The national meteorological service predicted the arrival of cold air mass from Scandinavia, heading straight down for Central Mediterranean and the Balkans which would result in drastic temperature drop, especially countries on the Adriatic side.[107] This cold spell is also exacerbated by the formation and naming of the next storm, Storm Bettina.

Storm Bettina (Phil)

Storm Bettina
Area affectedItaly, Turkey, Greece, Ukraine, Moldova, Russia, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Croatia, Crimea, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
Date of impact25–28 November 2023
Fatalities22
Power outages>2,500,000 [108]
DamageUnspecified

Storm Bettina was assigned by the Servizio Meteorologico, the Italian Meteorological Service, as a cold plunge from northern Europe impacted much of the continent. The Free University of Berlin named this system Phil the next day on 26 November 2023.[109]

Up to 60 cm of snow was forecast for Ukraine and Romania with blizzards possible for parts of southern Europe. Many red and orange snow, rain, wind and ice warnings were force for many parts of south, central and south-eastern parts of Europe. Red wind warnings were also in place for coastal parts of Croatia with orange and yellow wind warnings in force for parts of the Italian Peninsula as well as much of the Balkans much of Greece and the island of Sardinia. Turkey was also expected to see impacts from this system with a heavy band of rain with strong winds in association especially in the west and north-west of the country.

Multiple districts and municipalities in Bulgaria declared states of emergency on 26 November 2023 due to heavy snowfalls and strong winds causing severe traffic disruptions and widespread power outages to estimated 800,000 households in Bulgaria. By 27 November 2023, the country's meteorological agency issued Code Yellow warning for low temperatures to Blagoevgrad, Kyustendil, Pernik and Sofia while others were still in the Green.[110]

Currently, Storm Bettina claimed a total of 5 lives while 1 still missing. The storm also heavily impacted Crimea as one of the worse storms coming from the Black Sea

Storm Bettina claimed 2 lives in İzmir, Turkey; a 62-year-old man died in Konya on 25 November 2023 in his car and was swept away by a flash flood while trying to turn back. On 26 November 2023, a 58-year-old man died in Sinop while working at a construction site when the wall collapsed on him. He was taken to the hospital but could not be saved.[111]

The storm caused heavy snowfall and strong blizzards that lashed Eastern Europe over the weekend, forcing the closure of national roads. This is the first major cold snap that hit and spread across Romania and Moldova, prompting an emergency declaration in Bulgaria. The storm claimed the life of a 40-year-old man in Moldova on 26 November 2023 after his vehicle skidded off the road and crashed into a tree while two people in Bulgaria had died in traffic accidents and 36 were left injured during the stormy weather in the last 24 hours. At least 10 died and 23 were injured across Ukraine.[112][113]

Storm Bettina also caused power outages to about half a million residents in Crimea, forcing road closure between the villages of Metyevo and Trudovoy in the region of Saki, as well as between the village of Morskoye and the town of Sudak. This caused four people to be injured and another one is still missing after the heavy storm in Crimea.[114]

Storm Oliver

Storm Oliver
Area affectedGermany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy, Balkan Peninsula, Poland, Moldova, Ukraine, Baltics
Date of impact28–30 November 2023
Fatalities1

A new area of low pressure was named Oliver by Free University of Berlin on 28 November 2023 [115] for potential risk for further damage after Storm Bettina a few days prior. The storm is associated with the same cold plunge coming down from northern Europe and the Arctic so there are yellow and orange ice warnings issued for Germany and the Czech Republic, along with many orange wind warnings for parts of northern Italy and the Adriatic Sea coast of Croatia. There is also the threat of heavy flooding rainfall so there are a plethora of yellow rain warnings in place, especially for Croatia and orange snow warnings in Romania and Slovakia.[citation needed]

On 28 November 2023, Hellenic National Meteorological Service had declared and issued a Level 4 storm warning to the Ionian Islands and western parts of mainland Greece and the Peloponnese, which is just one notch below the highest storm grade for the region.[116]

The storm disrupted rescue efforts thus had claimed the life of one crew member while authorities managed to save another crew member after Storm Bettina caused a ship to sink. Greek rescuers on 26 November 2023 are still searching for 12 people missing after a ship sank in gale-force winds off the coast of Lesbos.[117]

Storm Oliver, on 29 November passed through central Ukraine bringing more disruptive winds as the storm exits to the north. Oliver dissipated by 30 November.[citation needed]

Storm Ciro

Storm Ciro
Area affectedSpain, Portugal, France, Italy, Switzerland, Croatia, Poland, Czech Republic
Date of impact30 November - 3 December 2023

Storm Ciro was identified and named by Servizio Meteorologico,[118] the Italian Meteorological Service for potential for flooding from heavy rain.

A red rain warning is in force for the regions of Liguria and Tuscany from 01:00 1 December - 18:00 2 December local time.[119] All northern and eastern regions, along with Sicily are under a red warning as a cold front passes through where disruption is likely.[119]

In a broad yellow rain warning has been issued for parts of Corsica and southern France from the west coast south of the Garonne going through to eastern central parts and the regions of Aude, Pyrénées-Orientales and Ariège (department) with a smaller orange warning for rain and possible avalanches and snow for Savoy and Upper Savoy as well as Hautes-Alpes and the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence.[120]

In Poland and the Czech Republic red snow and ice warnings were issued in response to the storm projected track and snowfall coverage extent. Meanwhile, a red extreme low temperature warning has been issued for central and eastern parts of Italy, including the regions of Molise, Abruzzi and Marches.[121]

Storm Elin (Vanja)

Storm Elin
Area affectedIreland, United Kingdom
Date of impact9–10 December 2023
Maximum wind gust130 km/h (81mph): Capel Curig, Wales

Storm Elin was one out of the two storms that were named by Met Éireann on 9 December 2023. This first one was named in the early hours on 9 December 2023. The storm was subsequently named Vanja by the Free University of Berlin the next day on 10 December 2023[122]

The storm hit Ireland, generating gale force winds and severe gusts which caused travel disruptions during Saturday. Orange wind warnings were already issued by Met Éireann for Wicklow, Dublin and County Donegal. Yellow wind warnings were also issued for County Clare, County Tipperary, County Cavan and County Monaghan[123]

Storm Elin then affected United Kingdom, where Met Office issued yellow rain warnings for Northern Ireland for County Antrim, County Down, County Tyrone and County Londonderry[123] There was also a broad yellow wind warning covering large parts Wales and the south-west of England to the coast of East Anglia where in parts 40-60 mph gusts were expected. Some areas in north Wales were forecast of 70+ mph.[124][125]

The Environment Agency had already issued 33 flood warnings for England, indicating potential flash flooding (including for the River Ouse, Yorkshire,[123] with 150 flood alerts in force.[126] As for Ireland, Met Éireann issued orange and yellow rain and wind warnings to 22 counties overnight in order to prepare for the upcoming storm on Sunday[127]

Storm Fergus (Walter)

Storm Fergus
Area affectedIreland, United Kingdom
Date of impact9–11 December 2023
Maximum wind gust124 km/h (77 mph): Leeds, United Kingdom: 10 December 2023

Storm Fergus was the second storms out of the two that were named by Met Éireann on 9 December 2023. This storm was named in the late morning on 9 December 2023[128] and named by the Free University of Berlin as Walter that same day.[122]

This storm affected Ireland and United Kingdom, with very strong offshore winds coupled with high waves and tides during Sunday for Ireland. Met Éireann has also predicted localized coastal flooding and wave overtopping as potential impacts by the storm

Meanwhile, in preparation for Storm Fergus to make landfall, yellow wind warnings were issued for County Cavan, Dublin, County Kildare, County Longford, County Louth, County Meath, County Offaly, County Westmeath, County Leitrim, County Roscommon and County Sligo.[128] On top of the yellow warnings, orange wind warnings were already issued for County Clare, County Galway and County Mayo[127]

A tornado has caused damage to vehicles and buildings in Leitrim village in County Leitrim. It happened early on Sunday afternoon as heavy rain was passing over the area. Footage and photographs posted online show the aftermath of what has been described as a quick and nasty event. It came as severe wind warnings were issued for the west coast of Ireland, including, briefly, a red warning, the highest weather alert. It only lasted a very short amount of time but caused a lot of damage," said Paddy Farrell, a Leitrim county councillor. No-one was injured.[129]

In Lincolnshire two women had a lucky escape when a tree fell on their car. Both women were not injured but left shaken. The road this occurred on will remain closed for a few hours after the incident to allow services to clean up.[130]

Storm Pia (Zoltan)

Storm Pia
Area affectedScandinavia, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany & Austria
Date of impact20–22 December 2023
Maximum wind gust185 km/h (115 mph) - Cairn Gorm summit, Scotland[131]
Fatalities6 (1 missing)

Storm Pia was named by the Danish Meteorological Institute, a part of the Northern Group, on 20 December 2023. The Free University of Berlin named this system Zoltan.[132]

The storm impacted the United Kingdom, southern Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Belgium and northern Germany, causing major disruptions in holiday travel, with many cancelled ferries, trains and flights, closed bridges and roads that had to be cleared from fallen trees and turned over lorries, as well as thousands of homes losing power due to downed power lines and a storm surge that reached up to 3 m (9.8 ft) above the normal high tide mark.[133][134][135][136][137]

In Denmark, an 81-year-old man was killed when a car driving in the opposite direction swerved to avoid a fallen tree, resulting in a frontal collision with the elderly man's car.[138] In Belgium, a 63-year-old woman died when a 20 m (66 ft) Christmas tree fell on her at a market in Oudenaarde.[135] In the Netherlands, a 39 year old care worker died after being struck by a tree while riding a tandem bicycle.[139] In Germany, a 62-year-old man was killed by a falling fence.[140] In Austria, an 81-year-old man was killed by a falling tree.[141]

Strong Rainfall in combination with the Storm lead to widespread flooding in parts of Germany.[142] A sailing accident on the Elbe River in Saxony is believed to have been caused by gusty winds and high water Levels. One Person remains missing.[143] A 64-year-old man was found dead in Thuringia after he fell into the River Werra while working at a flood regulation gate.[144]

Further information (in German): 2023 Christmas flood in Germany [de]

Storm Gerrit (Bodo)

Storm Gerrit
Area affectedIreland, United Kingdom, Norway, France
Date of impact26–30 December 2023
Maximum wind gust143 km/h (89 mph) - Fair Isle, Scotland[145]
Fatalities3 [146]

Storm Gerrit was named by the Met Office on 26 December 2023.[147] The storm system was also named as Bodo by the Free University of Berlin.[148] The storm's wind, rain and snow have had a severe impact on the British Isles and Norway.

The storm's impact on travel was only increased by the fact that it had occurred over Boxing Day, a day when road travel was expected to be heavier than usual. On 26 December there were many yellow weather warnings in force with a yellow wind warning for the south coast of England extending from Cornwall to Essex, nearly all of both Wales and Scotland were placed under a yellow weather warning, as well as large areas of Northwest and North-central England.

A rain warning for much of Wales and the north-west of England was also announced, as well as a rain and wind warning for Northern Ireland. A rain and snow warning was also in effect for parts of western and central Scotland where heavy snowing caused blizzard conditions. Wind strengths were as high as 60–70 mph (97–113 km/h) for some parts, mainly around the southern and western coasts.[147]

For the Republic of Ireland, orange wind warnings were put up on the 27 December for the following counties; Clare, Cork, Kerry and Galway with a broad yellow wind warning covering the rest of the country.[149]

In some areas widespread disruptions to bus and rail services have occurred with many ScotRail services experiencing delays from restrictions and extreme weather like flooding and downed trees.[150] The highest wind velocity officially recorded by the Met Office was a gust of 89 mph (143 km/h) in Fair Isle, Scotland.[151] Also recorded were gusts of 86 mph (138 km/h) in Kincardineshire in eastern Scotland,[152] and of 69 mph (111 km/h) at the Isle of Wight and Stornoway in Scotland.[153]

A major incident was declared in Greater Manchester, where a "localised tornado" swept through the Tameside area (Stalybridge), damaging about 100 properties and leaving thousands of homes without power. Eye witnesses reported a period of strong winds only lasting between 5 and 10 minutes.[154] The twister was given a preliminary T5.[155] As a result of the storm, three fatalities have been recorded when a 4x4 plunged into the River Esk on the North York Moors National Park due to the hazardous driving conditions.[156]

On 29 December, Gerrit continues to cause problems with strong winds and wintery showers for Shetland with ferry delays of at least 2 hours, and some ferry cancellations.[157]

The storm was named after Dutch meteorologist Gerrit Hiemstra by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, after retiring from the Dutch public news broadcaster NOS Journaal, where Hiemstra worked from 1998 until 2023.[158]

Storm Geraldine (Costa)

Storm Geraldine
Area affectedIreland, United Kingdom, France
Date of impact30 December 2023 – 1 January 2024

Storm Geraldine was named by Météo-France on 30 December 2023, and was later named Costa by the Free University of Berlin.[159]

Yellow wind warnings were in force for much of Ireland especially the south coast on 30 December as well as the United Kingdom. On 31 December a yellow rain warning was active in the north-west of England with a large yellow wind warning along the south coast of Wales and England there was also a yellow wind warning in force for the following counties in southwestern parts of Ireland; Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick.[149][160]

In France a large yellow wind warning covers much of the north of the country with a orange wind and rain warnings up for Pas-de-Calais.[161]

The storm system dissipated shortly after in the North Sea on 1 January 2024.

Storm Henk (Annelie)

Storm Henk
Area affectedUnited Kingdom, Netherlands, France, Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Poland, The Baltics
Date of impact2–5 January 2024
Maximum wind gust151 km/h (94 mph) – The Needles, Isle of Wight[162]
Fatalities2[163][164][165]

Storm Henk was named by the Met Office on 2 January 2024 and subsequently Annelie by the FUB the same day,[166] due to the threat of very strong winds.[167]

An amber wind warning is currently in effect for the south-central regions of the UK, spanning from the Scilly Isles, along the north coast of Devon and Cornwall, through the Midlands, reaching up to the north of London, and extending further into East Anglia along the Essex and Suffolk coasts, including the Hemsby area of the Norfolk coast. This warning is issued due to the anticipated threat of winds ranging between 60 and 80 miles per hour in certain areas. Additionally, there is a broader yellow warning surrounding the amber one, indicating a wider area of concern for potentially impactful winds.[168] The Environment Agency issued 27 flood warnings for Oxfordshire on 5 January after the River Cherwell burst its banks.[169]

Exeter Airport reported a winds speeds of 80 mph, with the Isle of Wight recording 94 mph.[162] In Ipswich despite the amber wind warning the Orwell Bridge has remained open.[170]

A woman has been taken to hospital after being hit by a tree during Storm Henk in Orpington. The incident happened just before 3.15pm on 2 January. Police, London Ambulance Service and London Fire Brigade attended and found a woman injured. She was taken to hospital for treatment where her injuries were assessed as not life-threatening.[171]

A man had died after a falling tree crushed a car during Storm Henk on 2 January 2024.[163] Emergency services were also called to the A433 Tetbury Road, about eight miles north of Malmesbury, following the fatal road traffic collision at around 3.15pm. Two cars were struck by a huge tree after it was uprooted by strong winds and fell into the road. One vehicle was completely crushed, whilst another sustained less significant damaged. An occupant of one of the cars was pronounced dead at the scene.[163] An 87-year-old woman died when the car she was driving hit a fallen tree. The crash occurred on the B4526 near Crays Pond, Oxfordshire at around 5.25pm on 2 January 2024.[172]

The London Eye was briefly closed for safety checks after a roof hatch in one of the pods was blown open by high winds while passengers were aboard. London Eye described the incident as an "isolated technical issue".[173]

In The Netherlands, strong winds may have contributed to a tragic incident where a 75-year-old man fell off his bicycle and drowned. The storm also led to the collapse of a dyke, affecting water levels in the Maas River.

Storm Brigitta

Storm Brigitta
Area affectedGermany, United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Netherlands
Date of impact3–6 January 2024

Storm Brigitta is a small but damaging storm that was named by the Free University of Berlin (FUB) on 3 January 2024.[174] The storm system has prompt a yellow rain warning for the south and east of the United Kingdom. Heavy rainfall is anticipated to cause major flooding disruption in the wake of Storm Henk moving through two days earlier. Major incidents have been declared across the UK with widespread flooding causing travel chaos.[175]

In France a red flood warning has been issued for Pas-de-Calais and a orange flood warning for the Ardennes, including Lille. There is also a broad yellow wind and flood warning for the north half of the country.

In Germany a level 3 red warning for rain has been issued for western parts of the country with a level 2 orange warning for rain encompassing the red warning.[176]

Storm Hipolito

Storm Hipolito
Area affectedAzores
Date of impact8-14 January 2024

Hipolito was named by the Portuguese Institute of the Sea and the Atmosphere (IPMA) on 8 January 2024.[177]

The system is to bring strong winds and heavy rain to the Azores. A orange wind and rain warning is in force for the central group of islands.[178] Regional Civil Protection and Fire Service of the Azores (SRPCBA) informs that a total of 53 occurrences on six islands, namely São Miguel, Terceira, Graciosa, São Jorge, Pico and Faial.[179]

The latest reported situations are related to flooding of roads, flooding of homes, falling trees, falling structures and damage to structures.[180]

Storm Irene (Gertrud)

Storm Irene
Area affectedFrance, Spain, Canary Islands, Portugal, Azores
Date of impact14 January 2024 – present

Storm Irene was named by Meteo France on 14 January 2024 and Gertrud the same day by FUB.[181] [182] Storm Irene's effects was expected to be felt from 15 to 16 January in the Canary Islands, and on 16–17 January for the Iberian Peninsula and parts of France; more intensity is expected for the western part which is packed with gusts of strong or very strong wind and persistent rain.[183]

A yellow wind and rain warning has been issued for parts of the Azores and the Madeira Islands on 16 January. The entire country of Portugal is also under the same yellow wind and rain warning for an additional day. Additionally, there is an orange wind, rain, and coastal event warning in effect for the southern parts of Madeira.[184]

In northern France, a broad yellow snow and ice warning is currently in force.[185]. Furthermore, there is an orange wind warning for specific regions in northern Spain.[186]

Season effects

Storm Dates active Highest wind gust Lowest pressure First reported by Areas affected Fatalities (+missing) Damage Refs
Agnes 25–29 September 2023 135 km/h (84 mph), Capel Curig, United Kingdom[15] 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) United Kingdom Ireland, United Kingdom 0 Moderate [187]
Babet 16–22 October 2023 185 km/h (115 mph) Cairn Gorm, United Kingdom 977 hPa (28.85 inHg) United Kingdom Spain, Portugal, France, Ireland, United Kingdom (especially Angus, Scotland), Germany, Denmark, Sweden 10 (+2) 3 (indirect deaths) Major
Aline 18–27 October 2023 146 km/h (91 mph): at Quiberon, France 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) Spain Iberian Peninsula, Portugal, Spain, France, Jersey, Guernsey, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy 0 Unspecified
Bernard 21–26 October 2023 Unspecified Unspecified Portugal Morocco, Iberian Peninsula, France, United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain 2 Unspecified [188]
Celine 28 October–3 November 2023 Unspecified Unspecified Portugal Portugal, Spain, France, Iberian Peninsula 1 Unspecified [189][52]
Ciarán 29 October–4 November 2023 207 km/h (129 mph): Pointe du Raz, France 953 hPa (28.14 inHg)[1] United Kingdom Ireland, United Kingdom, Benelux, France, Spain, Czech Republic, Italy, Channel Islands 16 [190][191] Major [58][192][193]
Domingos 3–5 November 2023 Unspecified Unspecified Spain Portugal, Spain, France, United Kingdom, Ireland, Belgium, Channel Islands (indirectly), Iberia, Andalusia, Balearic Islands 1 Moderate [194][90]
Elisa 9–11 November 2023 Unspecified Unspecified France France, Channel Islands, Ireland 0 Minor [91]
Debi 12–13 November 2023 145 km/h (90 mph): at North Pennines, United Kingdom 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) Ireland Ireland, United Kingdom, Netherlands 0 Major [195]
Frederico 15–21 November 2023 Unspecified 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) France France, United Kingdom, Channel Islands, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Turkey, Moldova, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Israel, Cyprus, Georgia, Syria, Armenia Unspecified Major [102][105]
Alexis 22–24 November 2023 Unspecified 1,000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Italy[118] Italy (especially Sicily, Lampedusa, Pantelleria), Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Malta, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia Unspecified Moderate [196][107]
Bettina 25–28 November 2023 Unspecified 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) Italy[118] Italy, Turkey, Greece, Moldova, Russia, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Croatia, Slovenia, Ukraine, especially Crimea, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania 22 Major [197][111][114][113]
Oliver 28–30 November 2023 Unspecified 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Germany Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy, Balkan Peninsula, Poland, Moldova, Ukraine, Baltics 1 Moderate
Ciro 30 November–3 December 2023 Unspecified 991 hPa (29.26 inHg) Italy[118] Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Croatia, Poland, Czech Republic Unspecified Moderate
Elin 9–10 December 2023 130 km/h (81 mph): at Capel Curig, United Kingdom 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) Ireland[123] Ireland, United Kingdom 0 Moderate [123]
Fergus 9–11 December 2023 129 km/h (80 mph): at North Pennines, United Kingdom 979 hPa (28.91 inHg) Ireland[123] Ireland, United Kingdom 0 Major [123]
Pia 20–22 December 2023 185 km/h (115 mph): at Cairn Gorm summit, United Kingdom 960 hPa

(28.34 inHg)

Denmark United Kingdom, Scandinavia, Netherlands, Belgium, Germany 6 (1) Major
Gerrit 26-30 December 2023 143 km/h (89 mph): at Fair Isle, Scotland 972 hPa (28.70 inHg) United Kingdom United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway 3 Major [156]
Geraldine 30 December 2023-1 January 2024 Unspecified Unspecified France United Kingdom, Ireland, France Unspecified Moderate
Henk 2-5 January 2024 151 km/h (94 mph): at The Needles, Isle of Wight, United Kingdom 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) United Kingdom United Kingdom, Netherlands, France, Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Poland, The Baltics 2 Major [198]
Brigitta 3-6 January 2024 Unspecified 987 hPa (29.15 inHg) Germany Germany, United Kingdom, Netherlands, France, Belgium Unspecified Major [174]
Hipolito 9-14 January 2024 Unspecified 972 hPa (28.70 inHg) Portugal Azores Unspecified Minor
Irene 14 January 2024-present Unspecified Unspecified France France, Spain, Canary Islands, Portugal, Azores Unspecified Unspecified

See also

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