List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom: Difference between revisions
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==Since 1721== |
==Since 1721== |
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{{Disputed list|Regency|date=November 2017}} |
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|+ By century and [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|sovereign]] |
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| [[#18th century|George I]] |
| [[#18th century|George I]] |
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| [[#18th century|George II]] |
| [[#18th century|George II]] |
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| [[#George III|George III]]{{efn-ur|[[George IV of the United Kingdom|The Prince of Wales]] reigned as [[Regency Acts|Prince Regent from 8 February 1811]].<ref name="magazine">{{cite book|ref=harv|title=The Lady's Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3EEAAAAQAAJ|date=31 January 1830|page=PA384}}</ref> Restrictions on his power were lifted on 1 February 1812.{{r|magazine}}}} |
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| [[#George III|George III]] |
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| [[#George IV|George IV]] |
| [[#George IV|George IV]] |
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| [[#William IV|William IV]] |
| [[#William IV|William IV]] |
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! scope=row colspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [[British general election, 1761|1761]] |
! scope=row colspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [[British general election, 1761|1761]] |
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! scope=row style="text-align:center" rowspan=24 | [[George III of the United Kingdom|'''George III''']]<br/>[[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1801-1816).svg|50px]]<br/>{{small|(1760{{ndash}} |
! scope=row style="text-align:center" rowspan=24 | [[George III of the United Kingdom|'''George III''']]<br/>[[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1801-1816).svg|50px]]<br/>{{small|(1760{{ndash}}[[Regency era|1820]])}} |
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Revision as of 15:08, 3 November 2017
- Top left: Walpole became the first Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1721.
- Top right: Pitt the Younger became the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801.
- Bottom left: Lloyd George was the last Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922.
- Bottom right: Baldwin was Prime Minister when the country was renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927.
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of the Government of the United Kingdom, and chairs Cabinet meetings. There is no specific date when the office of Prime Minister first appeared, as the role was not created but rather evolved over a period of time.[1] The term was used in the House of Commons in 1805[2] and it was certainly in parliamentary use by the 1880s,[3][4] and in 1905 the post of Prime Minister was officially given recognition in the order of precedence.[5] Modern historians generally consider Sir Robert Walpole, who led the government of Great Britain from 1721 to 1742,[6][7] as the first Prime Minister. Walpole is also the longest-serving Prime Minister by this definition.[8] However, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman was the first Prime Minister and Margaret Thatcher the longest-serving Prime Minister to have been officially referred to as such.[5][9]
Strictly, the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (of Great Britain and Ireland) was William Pitt the Younger.[10] The first Prime Minister of the current United Kingdom (the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) was David Lloyd George,[11] although the country was not renamed officially until 1927 when Stanley Baldwin was serving as Prime Minister.[12]
Due to the gradual evolution of the post of Prime Minister, the title is applied to early Prime Ministers only retrospectively;[13] this has sometimes given rise to academic dispute. Lord Bath and Lord Waldegrave are both sometimes listed as prime ministers.[14] Bath was invited to form a ministry by King George II when Henry Pelham resigned in 1746,[15] as was Waldegrave in 1757 after the dismissal of William Pitt the Elder,[16] who dominated the government during the Seven Years' War. Neither was able to command sufficient parliamentary support to form a government; Bath stepped down after two days,[14] and Waldegrave after three.[16] Modern academic consensus does not consider either man to have held office as Prime Minister,[17] and they are not listed.
Before 1721
Before the Georgian era, the Treasury of England was led by the Lord High Treasurer.[18] By the late Tudor period, the Lord High Treasurer was regarded as one of the Great Officers of State[18] and tended to be the dominant figure in government: the Duke of Somerset, Lord High Treasurer (1547–1549),[19] served as Lord Protector to his nephew King Edward VI;[19] Lord Burghley, Lord High Treasurer (1572–1598),[20] was the dominant minister among Queen Elizabeth I's ministers;[20] Burghley's son Lord Salisbury succeeded his father as chief minister to Elizabeth I (1598–1603) and later served King James I as Lord High Treasurer (1608–1612).[21]
By the late Stuart period, the Treasury was often run not by a single individual such as a Lord High Treasurer but by a committee of Lords of the Treasury,[22] led by the First Lord of the Treasury. The last Lords High Treasurer, Lord Godolphin (1702–1710)[23] and Lord Oxford (1711–1714),[24] ran the government of Queen Anne.
After the succession of King George I in 1714, the arrangement of a commission of Lords of the Treasury as opposed to a single Lord High Treasurer became permanent.[25] For the next three years, the government was headed by Lord Townshend, who was appointed Secretary of State for the Northern Department.[26] Subsequently, Lord Stanhope and Lord Sunderland ran the government jointly,[27][28] with Stanhope managing foreign affairs and Sunderland managing domestic affairs.[27][28] Stanhope died in February 1721[27] and Sunderland resigned two months later;[28] Townshend and Robert Walpole were then invited to form the next government.[29][26] From that point, the holder of the office of First Lord also unofficially held the status of Prime Minister. It was not until the Edwardian era that the title Prime Minister was constitutionally recognised.[13] With only few exceptions, the Prime Minister still holds the office of First Lord by constitutional convention.[30]
Since 1721
| 18th to 19th century | |
|---|---|
| 20th to 21st century |
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See also
| This article is part of a series on |
| Politics of the United Kingdom |
|---|
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 United Kingdom portal |
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- Downing Street
- Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
- List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by tenure
- Living Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
- Records of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
- List of current heads of government in the United Kingdom and its dependencies
- Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom
- List of British governments
- List of successful votes of no confidence in British governments
- List of United Kingdom general elections
- Template:Books-inline
Notes
- ^† Died in office / ^‡ assassinated.
- ^§ Hung parliament.
- ^ The Prince of Wales reigned as Prince Regent from 8 February 1811.[31] Restrictions on his power were lifted on 1 February 1812.[31]
- ^ Including honorifics and constituencies for elected MPs.
- ^ Including political factions and electoral alliances where applicable.
- ^ Defined as a period of government under one or two predominant ministers.[32]
- ^ Elevated to the Peerage of Great Britain on 6 February 1742.
- ^ Served as First Lord until 8 June 1757 and from 12 June.
- ^ Elevated to the Peerage of Great Britain on 4 August 1766.
- ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1784 general election.
- ^ Served as Chancellor from 11 August 1873.
- ^ Elevated to the Peerage of the United Kingdom on 12 August 1876.
- ^ Served as Commons Leader until 21 August 1876.
- ^ Served as Lord Keeper from 12 August 1876 to 4 February 1878.
- ^ Served as Lords Leader from 21 August 1876.
- ^ Served as Chancellor from 16 December 1882.
- ^ Served as First Lord from 14 January 1887.
- ^ Served as Foreign Secretary from 14 January 1887.
- ^ Served as Foreign Secretary until 12 November 1900.
- ^ Served as Lord Privy Seal from 12 November 1900.
- ^ Served as Secretary of State from 30 March to 5 August 1914.
- ^ Served as Chancellor until 27 August 1923.
- ^ The Liberal Party withdrew on 28 September 1932.[72]
- ^ Served as Commons Leader until 19 February 1942.
- ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1950 general election.
- ^ Served as Minister until 20 December 1946.
- ^ Served as Minister until 1 March 1952.
- ^ Earl of Home until 23 October 1963. Elected MP on 7 November.
- ^ Served as Minister from 1 November 1968.
Citations
- ^ Hennessy (2001), pp. 39–40.
- ^ Viscount Castlereagh, President of the Board of Control (29 April 1805). "Military Commissioners' Bill". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 4. House of Commons. col. 496. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Sir John Eardley-Wilmot (20 March 1885). "Boroughs to Lose One Member". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 296. House of Commons. col. 156–157. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Sir Donald Horne Macfarlane (14 April 1885). "Central Asia – Russia and Afghanistan – the Russo–Afghan Frontier – Russian Advances". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 296. House of Commons. col. 1634–1635. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Marriott (1923), p. 83.
- ^ Clarke (1999), p. 266.
- ^ Hennessy (2001), p. 39.
- ^ "Parties and Prime Ministers". BBC News. 19 May 1998. Archived from the original on 18 March 2004. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Mackay, Robert (28 December 1987). "Thatcher longest serving British prime minister". United Press International. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ Burt (1874), p. 106.
- ^ Seaman (2003).
- ^ Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 (PDF) (chpt. 4). 12 April 1927. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ a b Leonard (2010), p. 1.
- ^ a b Carpenter (1992), p. 37.
- ^ Leonard (2010), p. 47.
- ^ a b Leonard (2010), p. 65.
- ^ "Prime ministers of the United Kingdom (1730–2011)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Treasury". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b Pollard, Albert (1904). . The Cambridge Modern History. Vol. 2 – via Wikisource.
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Burghley, William Cecil, Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Salisbury, Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Chapman (2002).
- ^ Stephen, Leslie (1890). . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 22. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- ^ Fisher Russell Barker, George (1890). . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 24. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- ^ Chapman (2002), p. 15.
- ^ a b McMullen Rigg, James (1899). . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 57. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Stanhope, Earls". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sunderland, Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Orford, Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ "First Lord of the Treasury". gov.uk. Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b The Lady's Magazine. 31 January 1830. p. PA384.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ "Ministry". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. n.d. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 1.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 14.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 17.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 28.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 34.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 36.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 42.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 46.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 54.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 61.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 64.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 73.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 77.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 85.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 94.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 98.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 101.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 106.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 116.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 120.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 123.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 128.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 136.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 142.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 151.
- ^ a b c Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 161.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 167.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 174.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 183.
- ^ a b c d Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 196.
- ^ a b c Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 213.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 222.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 231.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 239.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 244.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 252.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 262.
- ^ a b c Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 273.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 281.
- ^ "Resignation letter by Liberal ministers to Ramsay MacDonald". Letter to Ramsay MacDonald. Samuel papers. 28 September 1932. SAM/A/89/84.
{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 289.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 295.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 305.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 315.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 320.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 329.
- ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 333.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 343.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 350.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 358.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 384.
- ^ Eccleshall & Walker (2002), p. 392.
- ^ "Brown is UK's new prime minister". BBC News. 27 June 2007. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "David Cameron is UK's new prime minister". BBC News. 12 May 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Theresa May vows to be 'one nation' prime minister". BBC News. 13 July 2016. Archived from the original on 14 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
Bibliography
- Burt, Llewellyn C. (1874). A synoptical history of England (2nd ed.). London: Lockwood.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Carpenter, Clive, ed. (1992). The Guinness UK Data Book. Guinness. ISBN 978-0-85112-522-0.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Chapman, Richard A. (31 January 2002). "History: from earliest times to the present day". The Treasury in Public Policy-Making. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-86426-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Clarke, John (1999). "House of Hanover". In Fraser, Antonia (ed.). The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England. University of California Press (published February 2000). ISBN 978-0-520-22460-5.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Eccleshall, Robert; Walker, Graham, eds. (1 June 2002). Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-66230-2.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Hennessy, Peter (5 October 2001). "The Platonic Idea and the Constitutional Deal". The Prime Minister: The Office and Its Holders Since 1945. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-29313-0.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Leonard, Dick (15 December 2010). Eighteenth-Century British Premiers: Walpole to the Younger Pitt. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-0-230-30463-5.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Marriott, John (1923). English Political Institutions: An Introductory Study (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. OL 17361473W.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Seaman, L.C.B. (2 September 2003). "The Downfall of Lloyd George, 1922". Post-Victorian Britain 1902–1951. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-95491-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
Further reading
- Bogdanor, Vernon, ed. (2010). From New Jerusalem to New Labour: British Prime Ministers from Attlee to Blair. Palgrave Macmillan UK (published 20 October 2016). ISBN 978-0-230-29700-5.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|publicationdate=ignored (|publication-date=suggested) (help) - Browne, J. Houston (1858). Lives of the Prime Ministers of England: From the Restoration to the Present Time. Vol. 1. London: Thomas Cautley Newby.
- Davidson, Jonathan (30 November 2010). Downing Street Blues: A History of Depression and Other Mental Afflictions in British Prime Ministers. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-5793-9.
- Grube, Dennis (11 October 2013). Prime Ministers and Rhetorical Governance. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-1-137-31836-7.
- King, Anthony Stephen, ed. (1985). The British Prime Minister (2nd ed.). Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-0635-2.
- Leonard, Dick (10 July 2008). Nineteenth Century Premiers: Pitt to Rosebery. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-0-230-22725-5.
- Parker, Robert J. (15 March 2011). British Prime Ministers. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-1242-3.
- Quinault, Roland (17 March 2011). British Prime Ministers and Democracy: From Disraeli to Blair. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-1105-0.
External links
- "Past Prime Ministers". gov.uk. Government of the United Kingdom.
- "Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline". BBC History. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011.
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