2013 United States federal government shutdown: Difference between revisions

Timeline of events
	September 20, 2013: House passes appropriations bill H.J.Res 59, a continuing resolution that would fund the government until December 15, 2013. The bill included a controversial amendment that would defund the ACA.; September 27, 2013: Senate amends H.J.Res. 59, removing the House amendment that would defund the ACA. This is commonly referred to as a clean continuing resolution.; September 29, 2013: House amends H.J.Res. 59 a second time to add another amendment to defund the ACA. President Obama threatens veto; September 30, 2013: Senate amends H.J.Res. 59 again to remove the defunding amendment and return to a clean continuing resolution. House Speaker refuses to bring amended bill to vote; October 1, 2013: Government shuts down; October 2, 2013: Obama meets with Republican and Democratic leaders, but no agreement is reached. House begins passing "mini" appropriations bills. Senate Majority Leader refuses to bring "mini" bills to vote; October 9, 2013: President Obama invites the entire Congress to meet with him about the government shutdown and upcoming debt ceiling. Separate meetings for House Democrats, House Republicans, Senate Democrats, and Senate Republicans were suggested. The House leadership responded that they will send 18 members to meet with Obama.;

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On October 1, 2013, the United States federal government entered a shutdown after Congress failed to enact regular appropriations or a continuing resolution for the 2014 fiscal year.^[1] About 800,000 federal employees were indefinitely furloughed without pay, another 1.3 million were required to report to work without immediate pay, and many services were suspended; only those employees and services deemed "excepted" under the Antideficiency Act remained active.^[2] The most recent previous U.S. federal government shutdown was in 1995–96.^[3]

A "funding gap" was created when the two chambers of Congress failed to agree to a compromise continuing resolution. The Republican-led House of Representatives, pressured by conservative groups such as Heritage Action,^[4]^[5]^[6] offered several continuing resolutions with language delaying or defunding the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (commonly known as "Obamacare"). The Democratic-led Senate, offered several continuing resolutions (continuing funding at current sequester levels with no additional conditions). Political fights on this and other issues between the GOP House on one side and President Barack Obama and the Senate on the other have led to a budget impasse which threatens massive disruption.^[7]^[8]^[9]

The fight centered on the Continuing Appropriations Resolution of 2014 which was passed by the House of Representatives on September 20, 2013.^[10] The Senate stripped the bill of the measures related to the Affordable Care Act, and passed it in revised form on September 27, 2013.^[10] The House put the measures back and passed it again in the early morning hours on Sunday, September 29.^[10] The Senate refused to pass the bill while it still had measures to delay the Affordable Care Act, and the two sides could not develop a compromise bill by midnight on Monday, September 30, 2013, causing the federal government to shut down due to a lack of appropriated funds.

The first day of the 2014 federal fiscal year, October 1, 2013, was also when many of the Affordable Care Act's measures took effect.^[11] The health insurance exchanges created by the Affordable Care Act launched as scheduled on October 1.^[12]

Background

The United States Constitution requires government spending be approved in bills passed by the United States Congress. Some government functions such as the Federal Reserve System are completely self-funded. Others, like Social Security and Medicare are partially self-funded but may be subject to administrative shutdowns and failures of the government to meet its financial obligations. Some programs are fully or partially funded for multiple years and some are funded every year. All funding comes from the Congress expressing its will through law. This is the power of the purse given exclusively to Congress by the United States Constitution.

The legislation that sets government spending is called appropriations legislation. Since the 1990s, Congress has often failed to pass the twelve to thirteen appropriation bills that set government-wide spending, often passing "Continuing resolutions," to extend existing spending law at or near current levels, and "omnibus" bills that combine many appropriations bills into one. Budget negotiations can be difficult when the president is not of the party that controls one or both houses of Congress. The last budget was passed on April 29, 2009.^[13]

If the Congress fails to pass budgetary approval by the end of the fiscal year, a "funding gap" results. The Antideficiency Act requires government functions not excepted by the Act to begin shutting down immediately so that the Constitutional authority of Congress over spending is not breached. The Office of Management and Budget provides agencies with annual instructions on how to prepare for and operate during a funding gap according to the Antideficiency Act.^[14] Technically, seventeen federal government shutdowns precede the current one. Most were partial or for single days or weekends and involved few if any furloughs. The first was in 1976. Only the shutdowns of 1995–96 involved the whole federal government and were longer than four days.

Preceding events

In January 2013, Republican Sen. John Cornyn of Texas wrote that "It may be necessary to partially shut down the government in order to secure the long-term fiscal well being of our country, rather than plod along the path of Greece, Italy and Spain."^[16] The New York Times reported that plans to defund the Affordable Care Act began soon after Obama started his second term as President, involving a "loose-knit coalition of conservative activists" led by former Attorney General Edwin Meese III,^[17] who is also the Ronald Reagan Distinguished Fellow Emeritus in the The Heritage Foundation.^[18] Meese's coalition, the Conservative Action Project, produced a "Memo for the Movement" containing a "blueprint to defunding Obamacare", which said "Conservatives should not approve a CR unless it defunds Obamacare."^[19]

Supported by funding from the billionaire Koch brothers and conservative political action committees, the activists worked with Tea Party coalition members of Congress, such as Senators Ted Cruz and Mike Lee, to promote passage of an appropriations bill without any funding for the Affordable Care Act. The tax-exempt organization Freedom Partners, linked to the Koch brothers, distributed over $200 million in 2012 to non-profit organizations opposing the Affordable Care Act.^[17] Recipients of funding has included Heritage Action, Tea Party Patriots, and Center to Protect Patient Rights.^[17] Center to Protect Patient Rights donated to groups calling themselves the "Repeal Coalition", including American Commitment and 60 Plus Association, which sent a letter in August urging Republicans to delay the Affordable Care Act in any budget deal.^[17] The group Conservative 50 Plus Alliance also sent a petition with over 68,000 signatures to the Senate.^[17]

In mid-February 2013, FreedomWorks signed onto the defunding memo by the Conservative Action Project.^[19] On February 26, 2013, Nathanael Yellis of Heritage Action wrote the continuing resolution "is viewed as “must-pass” legislation and is our bargaining chip to defund Obamacare."^[20] On August 14, 2013, Joshua Withrow of FreedomWorks mentioned the continuing resolution set to expire September 30 which "must be renewed in order for the doors to stay open in Washington. The CR is the best chance we will get to withdraw funds from ObamaCare. This can be done by attaching bills by Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX) or Congressman Tom Graves (R-GA) to the CR, which will totally defund ObamaCare."^[21] Withrow also wrote "Senator Mike Lee (R-UT) and Congressman Mark Meadows (R-NC) are leading the charge to get their colleagues to commit to this approach, by putting their signatures to a letter affirming that they will refuse to vote for a CR that contains ObamaCare funding."^[21] Withrow wrote, "Support for the Cruz/Graves bills is absolutely meaningless without also signing the Lee/Meadows letter."^[21]

The New York Daily News said freshman Representative Mark Meadows of North Carolina's 11th congressional district put the federal government on the road to shutdown,^[22] saying calls to defund ObamaCare through spending bills languished until Meadows wrote an open letter on August 21, 2013 to House Speaker John Boehner and Majority Leader Eric Cantor encouraging them to "affirmatively de-fund the implementation and enforcement of ObamaCare in any relevant appropriations bills brought to the House floor in the 113th Congress, including any continuing appropriations bill."^[23]^[24] The document was signed by 79 of Meadows' colleagues in the House.^[24]^[25] CNN described Meadows as the "architect of the brink" for his letter suggesting that Obamacare be defunded in any continuing appropriations bill.^[25]

A day after the open letter by Meadows, James Rowley of Bloomberg wrote that defunding of ObamaCare in any appropriations bill was backed by 80 Republicans in the House of Representatives.^[26] Freshman Republican Senator Mike Lee of Utah also circulated a letter similar to the one by Meadows.^[26]

4

Conservative groups ran negative media campaigns to pressure Republicans in the House and Senate who had expressed doubts about the strategy into changing their positions. Republican Richard Burr, the senior Senator from North Carolina, called threatening a government shutdown over ObamaCare "the dumbest idea I've ever heard of."^[26] In response to Burr's remark, the Senate Conservatives Fund bought a radio ad to attack Burr.^[17] The Senate Conservatives Fund also ran radio ads against Republican Senators for not joining the effort in defunding Obamacare, including Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, Lamar Alexander of Tennessee, Johnny Isakson of Georgia, and Thad Cochran of Mississippi.^[26] Heritage Action (which opened operations in North Carolina in January 2011^[27]), ran critical Internet advertisements in the districts of 100 Republican lawmakers who failed to sign the letter by Meadows.^[17] Support for the plan spread among Republican congressional leaders. Referring to the letter written by Mark Meadows and signed by 79 other members of the House, David Wasserman of the nonpartisan Cook Political Report told the New York Times, "They've been hugely influential. When else in our history has a freshman member of Congress from North Carolina been able to round up a gang of 80 that's essentially ground the government to a halt?"^[17]

In August 2013, Heritage Action began its "Defund Obamacare Town Hall Tour",^[17] with The Heritage Foundation President Jim DeMint and Heritage Action CEO Michael A. Needham and others visiting nine cities: Fayetteville, AR on August 19; Dallas, TX on August 20; Tampa, FL on August 21; Nashville, TN on August 22; Birmingham, AL on August 23; Indianapolis, IN on August 26; Columbus, OH on August 27; Pittsburgh, PA on August 28; and Wilmington, DE on August 29.^[28] Tea Party Patriots, ForAmerica, and five other Tea Party groups^[29] planned the "Exempt America Tour" targeting six cities in order to pressure Republican Congressmen to support the effort to defund Obamacare:^[30] Lexington, KY (to put pressure on Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell); Austin, TX (targeting John Cornyn of Texas); Jackson, MS (to put pressure on Senator Roger Wicker); Columbia, SC on September 3 (targeting Senator Lindsey Graham): Richmond, VA on September 4 (aimed at House Majority Leader Eric Cantor), and DC on September 10 (featuring the speakers Mike Lee, Ted Cruz, Rand Paul, and others).^[31]

With Congress having failed to agree by late September 2013 on the budget for the fiscal year beginning October 1, members of the Senate proposed a resolution to continue funding the government at sequestration levels through December 2013 as a stop-gap measure, to allow more time to negotiate over final funding levels for the full fiscal year.^[32]

Republican Senators Ted Cruz, Mike Lee, and others then demanded a delay of or change to the Affordable Care Act in exchange for passing the resolution. On September 24, Cruz gave a 21-hour speech in the Senate to draw attention to his goals.^[33]

As the shutdown loomed on Sep 27, a number of Republican members of Congress made public statements in favor of shutting down the government. Rep. Michelle Bachmann was quoted in the Washington Post, in reference to the impending shutdown, "We’re very excited. It’s exactly what we wanted, and we got it. People will be very grateful." Rep. John Culberson told a Washington Post reporter that “It’s wonderful," and clapped his hands to emphasize the point. “We’re 100 percent united!”^[34] Bachmann later disputed having made that statement, telling CNN that she had been misquoted.^[35]

On Sep 30, the Republican-led House sent many proposals to continue funding the government through December while delaying or blocking the Affordable Care Act, each of which were blocked by the Democratic-led Senate.^[36] Even if the Senate had agreed to House demands, President Obama threatened to veto any bill that would delay the Affordable Care Act.^[37]

Once the shutdown had begun on October 1, a group of 30–40 Republicans in the House continued to pressure House Speaker John Boehner to refuse to allow a vote on any funding resolution that would not block or further delay the Affordable Care Act.^[38]^[39]^[40]

Much of the Affordable Care Act comes from mandatory spending, rather than discretionary spending, and a continuing resolution would not affect it. Some of the law’s funds also comes from multiple-year and no-year discretionary funds that are not affected by a continuing resolution.^[41]

Attempts to restore funding

Although there were reports that enough House Republicans could have allied with House Democrats to pass a clean continuing resolution without amendments to defund the Affordable Care Act (17 Republicans and all 200 Democrats were said to be needed to pass the resolution),^[42]^[43]^[44] House Speaker John Boehner (R-OH) would not allow a vote on such a resolution.^[45]

Mini-appropriations bills in House

On October 2, the House of Representatives proposed several piecemeal bills to fund national parks and museums, the NIH, and the city of Washington, D.C.^[46] After initially failing to reach 2/3 majority needed to suspend the rules, all three passed the House with bipartisan support,^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50] but Senate leadership and the president rejected these efforts, arguing that they represented an attempt to reduce political pressure on the GOP to resolve the shutdown by funding a few politically popular agencies while ignoring other important services. The piecemeal bill for the NIH has been criticized as an interference on the interlocking roles and responsibilities of public health agencies.^[51]

Over the next week, House Republicans continued this strategy with piecemeal bills for the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).^[52] Most congressional Democrats continued to oppose these bills in favor of passage of one full continuing resolution and they were ignored by the Senate.^[53]^[54]

The National Institutes of Health Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 passed the House on October 2, 2013. The bill would provide funding for the National Institutes of Health, the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research.^[55]
The District of Columbia Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 passed the House on October 2, 2013 and would provide funding for Washington, D.C..^[56]
The National Park Service Operations, Smithsonian Institution, National Gallery of Art, and United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 passed the House on October 2, 2013. The bill would provide funding for the National Park Service, which is the United States federal agency that manages all national parks, many national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties. It would also provide funding for the Smithsonian Institution, a group of museums and research centers, and other major museums affected by the shutdown.^[57]
The Pay Our Guard and Reserve Act (H.R. 3230) passed the House on October 3, 2013. The bill would provide funding for the "reserve components of the Armed Forces," a list which is defined as including the Army National Guard of the United States, the Army Reserve, the Navy Reserve, the Marine Corps Reserve, the Air National Guard of the United States, the Air Force Reserve, and the Coast Guard Reserve. The Congressional Budget Office reported the bill would result in a budget authority of $5.0 billion.^[58]
The Veterans Benefits Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 passed the House on October 3, 2013 and would provide funds for the United States Department of Veterans Affairs to pay Veterans benefits and for the GI bill.
The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 passed the House on October 4, 2013 and would provide funding for the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children, a federal assistance program of the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for healthcare and nutrition of low-income pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and infants and children under the age of five.
The Federal Emergency Management Agency Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 passed the House on October 4, 2013, and would provide funding for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, which is responsible for coordinating a response to disasters that occur in the United States and that overwhelm the resources of local and state authorities.
The Food and Drug Administration Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 passed the House on October 7, 2013. The bill would provide funding for the Food and Drug Administration at the annual rate of $2.3 billion, the same funding it received in FY 2013.^[59]
The Head Start Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 passed the House on October 8, 2013. The bill would provide funding for the Head Start Program, a program of the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides comprehensive education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and their families.^[60]

Debt ceiling

Analysts are concerned that the political gridlock will extend into mid-October, when Congress and the President must agree to raise the debt ceiling to avoid the prospect of defaulting on the public debt. Following the debate over the debt ceiling in May 2013, the Treasury Department was forced to engage in extraordinary measures to fund the government. In August 2013, the Treasury informed Congress that the extraordinary measures would be insufficient starting in mid-October and further specified, in late September, that the U.S. would begin to default on its debts if a new debt ceiling was not approved by October 17.^[61]^[62] On October 2, President Obama explicitly linked the government shutdown to the debt ceiling issue, stating that he would not reopen budget talks until Republicans pass a bill raising the debt limit.^[63] On October 7, Moody's released a memo stating that it was unlikely the U.S. would risk a default on its public debt, and that the nation instead "would continue to pay interest and principal on its debt".^[64] The memo further stated that the financial situation was more serious in 2011 than the current problem.^[65] However, such prioritizing of debt payments over all other needs would require that the government default on many other payment obligations, likely including a wide array of business contracts, employee salaries, social insurance benefits and other programs. The Council on Foreign Relations said that among the payments implicated are military wages, Medicare and Social Security payments and unemployment support.^[66]

Potential effects

Yalman Onaran of Bloomberg News wrote that the government's failure to raise the debt ceiling and pay its debt would "halt a $5 trillion lending mechanism for investors who rely on Treasuries, blow up borrowing costs for billions of people and companies, ravage the dollar and throw the U.S. and world economies into a recession that probably would become a depression," noting that a government default would be 23 times larger than the Lehman Brothers' bankruptcy during the Great Recession.^[67]

Effect on federal government operations

Office of Management and Budget Director Sylvia M. Burwell, on September 17, 2013, mandated an update for each federal agency's contingency plan which designates excepted agency operations, as required by the Antideficiency Act for a potential funding gap and shutdown. Burwell stated: "There is enough time for Congress to prevent a lapse in appropriations, and the Administration is willing to work with Congress to enact a short-term continuing resolution to fund critical Government operations and allow Congress the time to complete the full year 2014 appropriations. However, prudent management requires that agencies be prepared for the possibility of a lapse."^[68]^[69]^[70]

During the shutdown, most "non-excepted" government employees are furloughed. This puts about 800,000 public servants on indefinite unpaid leave starting October 1.^[71] The White House estimates that a one-week shutdown could cost the US economy $10 billion.^[72]

Key government functions, such as air traffic control, stay active under emergency funding statutes, though other related functions (such as training and support of these services) are suspended. Some agencies and departments—such as the United States Department of Veterans Affairs and Social Security Administration—are funded by long-term or mandatory appropriations and are also largely unaffected. The United States Postal Service is self-funded and will continue normal operations.^[68]^[73]

On October 5, the House unanimously passed a bill that would provide back pay to all furloughed federal employees after the shutdown is resolved, and Obama stated that he would sign the bill into law. Rep. Elijah Cummings said "Our hard-working public servants should not become collateral damage. This is not their fault and they should not suffer as a result."^[74]

List of agencies and affected operations

Effects on non-profit organizations

The 2013 ArtPrize in Michigan was affected by the shutdown due to several entries being displayed in and around the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum, part of the National Archives, which was affected in the shutdown.^[75]^[76]

Effect on businesses

Defense contractors and some manufacturers the government has hired are experiencing disruptions as the shutdown has prevented these companies from delivering goods and receiving payments for work already done.^[77] United Technologies announced that if the shutdown is not resolved by October 7, it will furlough 2,000 employees at a military helicopter manufacturing subsidiary, Sikorsky Aircraft. Another 2,000 United Technologies employees will be furloughed if the shutdown lasts beyond October 14 and an additional 1,000 if the shutdown lasts into November. Another United Technologies subsidiary, Pratt & Whitney, a manufacturer of aircraft engines, is also affected. The Sikorsky and Pratt & Whitney factories require civilian employees from the Defense Contract Management Agency to approve their products before they can be delivered to the government. These Defense Department employees have been furloughed.^[78]

Similarly, Lockheed Martin announced plans to furlough 3,000 employees on October 7. These employees work at government facilities or require government inspectors to complete their jobs. Lockheed said that the number of employees furloughed would increase if the shutdown continued.^[79]

Small businesses are facing delays in receiving loans from the Small Business Administration. Many of these companies may need to turn to alternative funding sources that charge much higher interest rates. One alternative source of credit, merchant cash advances, charge interest rates of between 40% and 100%.^[80]

Since U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the agency which regulates trade and inspects cargoes, has not shut down, imports and exports are continuing. However, many products require approval from other agencies before they can be brought into or out of the country. With many of these regulators furloughed, importers and exporters are experiencing delays. For instance, furloughs at the Environmental Protection Agency have resulted in a halt to all imports of pesticides to the United States. Imports of lumber and steel have also been delayed as have exports of semiconductor manufacturing equipment.^[81] Airbus was unable to deliver new airplanes to the airlines JetBlue and US Airways because Federal Aviation Administration personnel who certify airplanes were furloughed.^[82]^[83]

Effect on Native Americans

The shutdown has interrupted federal funding to Indian tribes, including programs that involve health, nutrition and foster care. Some tribes have been able to continue funding programs temporarily themselves but others have had to suspend programs immediately. The Crow Tribe of Montana furloughed 316 employees and suspended programs providing health care, bus services and improvements to irrigation.^[84]

Effect on the District of Columbia

The local budget of Washington, D.C. is set by the elected District government but must be approved by Congress. As a result, local government functions, such as neighborhood trash collection and motor vehicle services, can be affected by a federal government shutdown. In past lapses in Congressional appropriations, the city has shut down government services in a manner similar to the federal agencies. However, during the current shut down, the District government has remained operational using reserve funds already approved by Congress. If a shutdown continues, that fund will be exhausted on or about October 13. As a contingency, the Mayor of the District of Columbia informed the Obama administration that all local government personnel are excepted, meaning that they would continue to work even if the District government exhausts its reserve funds. As of October 1, the Office of Management and Budget has yet to respond.^[85]

The District of Columbia has suspended payments to healthcare providers and managed care organizations that provide services to the city's 220,000 low-income and disabled residents who qualify for Medicaid. The District's contingency funds, which are being used to keep other city services open during the shutdown, are not sufficient to pay the $89.2 million owed to insurers and the $23 million a week owed to healthcare providers.^[86]

A bill introduced by Republican Darrell Issa of California and passed by the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee would allow the District to spend its own local revenues independent of Congress. If the measure becomes law, it would prevent the District government from shutting down in the event of a lapse in federal appropriations.^[87]

The District of Columbia Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 (H.J.Res. 71) is continuing resolution that was passed by the House on October 2, 2013 that would provide funding for the District.^[56] As of October 8, 2013, the Senate still continue to refuse to vote on any of the House's mini-appropriations bills, including this one.^[53]

The District of Columbia Superior Court, which is operated by the federal government, remains largely open during a shutdown but will delay payments to witnesses, jurors, court-appointed lawyers, language interpreters and others until after appropriations are restored.^[88]

On October 9, D.C. Mayor Vincent C. Gray confronted Harry Reid and asked him to consider supporting the House bill which passed a day earlier, arguing that D.C. should be able to "spend [its] own money".^[89]^[90] The same day, Eleanor Holmes Norton, D.C. delegate to the House, asked the same of President Obama.^[91]^[92]

Effect on United States foreign policy

Asia-Pacific

On October 4, the White House announced that President Obama's upcoming trip to Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia, where he was scheduled to attend the 2013 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation meeting in Bali, would be cancelled due to the government shutdown.^[94] In addition, the Obama administration's efforts to push forward the proposed Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership trade pact with eleven other countries, including Japan, Australia and Chile, was compromised.^[95]

According to the Financial Times, the shutdown has undermined Washington's strategic plan to protect American interests from rising Chinese influence.^[95]

However, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry asserted that "None of what is happening in Washington diminishes one iota our commitment to our partners in Asia".^[96] Speaking to world leaders at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum in Indonesia, Secretary Kerry remarked "This is an example, really, of the robustness of our democracy."^[93]^[96]

Europe

On October 4, U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman announced that a scheduled meeting with European Union diplomats regarding the proposed Transatlantic Free Trade Area (TAFTA) would be postponed as U.S. officials could not travel to Brussels.^[97]

Middle East

On October 4, the White House warned that U.S. sanctions against Iran and Syria may suffer because the Office of Foreign Assets Control was unable to sustain its core functions with most of its staff furloughed.^[98] According to U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry, the shutdown has led to delays in security aid for Israel.^[96]

Economic effect

Moody's Analytics estimated that a shutdown of three to four weeks would cost the economy about $55 billion. Lost wages of Federal employees will amount to about $1 billion a week.^[99] Goldman Sachs estimated that a three-week shutdown would reduce the Gross Domestic Product of the United States by 0.9%.^[100] According to the Los Angeles Times, a two-week shutdown would reduce GDP growth in the fourth quarter by 0.3 to 0.4 percentage points. By comparison, the GDP has grown by less than 2% in 2013.^[101]

The negative economic effect of the shutdown will be particularly severe in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area. Approximately 700,000 D.C. area jobs could be affected at a cost of $200 million a day.^[102] The State of Maryland predicted that it would lose approximately $5 million a day in tax revenue.^[103]

Local communities across the country are also seeing a significant negative economic effect, particularly those communities that are heavily dependent on the Federal government. For instance, during the month of October, tourists spend about $2.7 million a day at the Grand Canyon National Park and other National Parks in Arizona.^[104] Xanterra Parks and Resorts, a concessioner which operates hotels, restaurants and other visitor services in 21 national parks, has reported that it is losing $1 million in revenue each day because the parks have closed.^[105] Several owners of tourist-oriented businesses located near national parks told NBC News that they were experiencing cancellations and declines in traffic that threatened their livelihoods. Julie Fox, a cafe owner in Moab, Utah (outside Arches National Park) said "Twenty percent of my yearly income comes from October and May. If it's anything like last time – 21 days – I'll lay off eight out of twelve people. It'll be like the dead of winter here."^[106]

Reactions

Domestic political

President Barack Obama said he would not cave in to "ideological" demands.^[107] "A shutdown", he stated, "will have a very real economic impact on real people, right away."^[108] He blamed Republicans for the shutdown.^[109] He also said of the Republicans in the house: "One faction, of one party, in one house of Congress, in one branch of government, shut down major parts of the government – all because they didn’t like one law."^[110] On October 2, Obama explicitly linked the government shutdown to the debt ceiling issue, stating that he would not reopen budget talks until Republicans pass a bill raising the debt limit.^[63] House minority leader Nancy Pelosi referred to the event as the "Tea Party Shutdown".^[111] Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell called the shutdown the prize of the Democratic leaders in Congress.^[112]

The White House believes that even without delaying or defunding the Affordable Care Act, the continuing resolution already represents a significant compromise. The White House proposed a budget that funded discretionary spending at $1.203 trillion. The continuing resolution provides $986 billion. According to Ezra Klein of The Washington Post, while the Obama administration was willing to accept this significantly lower level of spending, it felt that a new demand by House Republicans to delay or defund the Act represented "nothing less than an effort to use the threat of a financial crisis to nullify the results of the last election. " Klein continued: "As the White House sees it, Speaker John Boehner has begun playing politics as game of Calvinball, in which Republicans invent new rules on the fly and then demand the media and the Democrats accept them as reality and find a way to work around them." According to Klein, President Obama believes that "he will be handing his successor a fatally weakened office, and handing the American people an unacceptable risk of future financial crises, if he breaks, or even bends, in the face of Republican demands."^[113]

Economy

U.S. financial markets rose the next day as investors weighed the effects of the shutdown.^[114] However, in the U.K. markets fell.^[115] On October 7, a week after the start of the shutdown, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell below 15,000 to end at 14,936.^[116]

Public opinion

A Gallup poll released on October 9, a week after the shutdown had begun, found that 28% of Americans had a favorable opinion of the Republican Party, down 10 points from September, and the lowest rating for either party since Gallup started measuring party favorability in 1992. The Democratic Party had a 43% favorable rating, compared with 47% the previous month. President Obama’s job approval was at 44%, about the same as when the shutdown began.^[117]

An ABC News/Washington Post poll released on October 7, one week after the shutdown, found that 24% approved of Congressional Republicans' handling of the shutdown while 70% disapprove. For Congressional Democrats, 35% approved and 61% disapproved, while President Obama had a 45% approval and 51% disapproval rating.^[118]

A Fox News poll on Oct 3, blamed Republicans at 42% (25% for 'Republican leaders' and 17% for 'Tea Party'). 32% blamed Democrats (24% for 'President Obama' and 8% for 'Democratic leaders'). The rest, 20%, said all sides are to blame.^[119]^[120]

On the eve of the shutdown, a CNN/ORC poll found that 46% of the country would primarily fault congressional Republicans, 36% of the country would fault Obama, and 13% would fault both equally in the event of a shutdown.^[121] General sentiment was against the shutdown, with approximately 6 out of 10 respondents desiring a budget agreement and only 1 out of 3 respondents believing it to be more important to block the implementation of the Affordable Care Act by cutting government funding.^[122] Likewise, the predominant attitude towards Congress as a whole was one of strong dissatisfaction as surveyed in the Washington Post-ABC poll released on September 30. While congressional Republicans fared worst in the public eye as compared to Obama or their Democratic colleagues, both parties suffered higher disapproval than approval ratings for their handling of budget negotiations: Democrats by a margin of 34% in approval to 56% in disapproval and Republicans by a margin of 26% approving to 63% disapproving.^[123]

Tourists

The closure of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island caused frustration to many tourists especially for those who were from outside of the United States. Signs near the entrance of the Statue of Liberty ferry posted on October 1 to inform tourists of the closure and provide information on another option of sightseeing tour by ferry.^[124] The ferry operator also had staff to turn away many would-be visitors who were disappointed and angry with the decision to close the monument.^[125]^[126]

On October 11, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced that the state of New York had reached a deal with the federal government to open up the statue with New York state funding.^[127]

U.S. media

Media coverage of the government shutdown has been the subject of criticism from both sides of the political spectrum. Media Matters for America has stated that major media outlets have presented a "false equivalence" in their coverage of the shutdown. According to the group, media such as CNN, Fox News Channel and the Wall Street Journal have blamed both Democrats and Republicans for the impasse, when, the organization claims, public polls and congressional experts both hold the GOP largely responsible.^[128] Media Research Center has stated that broadcast networks ABC, NBC, and CBS have covered the shutdown with a bias against the Republican Party. According to the MRC, those networks "spent the two weeks prior to the shutdown almost universally pinning the blame on congressional Republicans, especially conservative/Tea Party House Republicans." According to the report, the three networks ran 39 stories about the possibility of a shutdown; of those, 21 blamed Republicans, none blamed Democrats, and four placed equal blame.^[129]

Slate and the Huffington Post have stated that Fox News featured criticism of Obama and minimization of the impact of the shutdown, while also acknowledging the political damage from the House GOP's shutdown strategy.^[130]^[131]

Radio host Glenn Beck said to 7.5 million listeners^[132] that the President and his "Marxist revolutionaries" have gone from nudge to shove and that "Your next step is shoot," adding that "Every Marxist communist revolution always ends in millions dead," explaining how the Soviets killed ten times more than the Nazis.^[133]

Libertarian economist Thomas Sowell said "Since we cannot read minds, we cannot say who — if anybody — 'wants to shut down the government.' But we do know who had the option to keep the government running and chose not to. The money voted by the House of Representatives covered everything that the government does, except for ObamaCare."^[134] In early September, Tea Party Patriots created a defunding "tool kit" which included talking points in case House Republicans were blamed for a shutdown.^[17]^[31] The suggested answer was "We are simply calling to fund the entire government except for the Affordable Care Act/Obamacare."^[17]

On October 7, 2013, conservative columnist Jim Geraghty of National Review Online accused Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid of sadism for refusing to bring mini-continuing resolutions to the Senate floor for a vote, saying that "Harry Reid doesn't want to minimize the pain of the shutdown. He wants to maximize it."^[135] Before the shutdown, Harry Reid said "the American people will not be extorted by Tea Party anarchists."^[136]

International reactions

United Kingdom — U.K. Prime Minister David Cameron stated the USA shutdown should serve as a reminder on how public expenditure should be prudently controlled; otherwise, a deficit is inevitable. The statement came to reinforce the unpopular austerity measures and promote them as being necessary.^[137] And he indicated in an interview with BBC Radio 4, that the U.S. inability to finalize its spending plan will impose a huge risk on the global economy.^[138]
People's Republic of China — An editorial in the state-run Xinhua news service, the official press agency of the country, said, “The United States, the world's sole superpower, has engaged in irresponsible spending for years.”^[139]
Japan — Finance Minister Taro Aso said, "I think this could likely result in a situation where the dollar will be sold and the yen will be bought." The falling dollar is bad news for Japan’s exporters, a key driver of growth in the world’s third-largest economy, because it erodes their repatriated profits.^[140]
Russia — Regarding the cancellation of a meeting between Obama and Putin, the press secretary for Putin said there is a “severe need of continued dialogue [on Syria and Edward Snowden]. But we understand this situation, which has developed in the United States. We hope that the situation will be settled.”^[141]
Australia — Newly elected Prime Minister Tony Abbott's first in-person meeting with Mr. Obama since winning office was cancelled due to the President's absence at the APEC meeting. Foreign Minister Julie Bishop called it disappointing, but said, "At the end of the day, it's his call. It's obviously a crucial time in the United States, so it's understandable. But clearly we want to encourage the United States to continue its rebalancing towards Asia."^[142]

Media

Jonathan Kay of the National Post wrote, "America's gerrymandered primary system, which often provides a boost for the most radicalized candidates, explains much of the difference [with American politics]. In Canadian politics, comparing universal medicine to a Nazi plot gets you thrown out of the party. In the United States, it makes you the front-runner."^[143]

David Blanchflower of The Independent wrote, "every country is in it together. Americans sneeze and Brits catch the flu."^[144]

Anthony Zurcher of the BBC wrote, "For most of the world, a government shutdown is very bad news – the result of revolution, invasion or disaster. Even in the middle of its ongoing civil war, the Syrian government has continued to pay its bills and workers' wages."^[145]

The News writes from Mexico that American leaders "are facing the unthinkable prospect of shutting down the government as they squabble over the inconsequential accomplishment of a 10-week funding extension. It isn't serious, but it certainly isn't funny."^[146]

Debate over national park closures

Some visitors were granted entry to the World War II Memorial on Sunday, October 6.

US Park Police guarded the barricaded World War II Memorial while allowing some groups to enter.

Related images...

The Atlantic wrote that "National Park Service closures have become the most visible face of the shutdown."^[147] All 401 units of the National Park System have been closed to the public since the shutdown began, as Congress has not appropriated funding for their operations and maintenance. Some conservative pundits, including Reince Priebus, RNC chair, and some Republican lawmakers, including U.S. Senator Ted Cruz, have charged that some of the closures are unnecessary and being overzealously enforced at the behest of the Obama administration.^[148]^[149]^[150]^[151]^[152] The National Park Service has responded that it is legally mandated to protect national park lands and, in the absence of available staff to patrol, maintain and administer the areas, must close them to the public. The vast majority of the agency's staff have been furloughed, leaving only a limited number of law enforcement rangers and firefighters on duty to protect life and property.^[153]^[154]^[155]^[156] A NPS press release said the shutdown of national parks would result in losses of $76 million a day in tourism-related sales among local communities.^[157] Richard Seamon, a law professor at the University of Idaho and former assistant solicitor general, told the Christian Science Monitor that the NPS risked vandalism, crime and legal liability if it left its properties open to the public during the shutdown. “If I were a lawyer for the Park Service, I’d advise it in no uncertain terms to close the parks to the public during the government shutdown, because it would be irresponsible to do otherwise. There are bound to be accidents or crimes that would have been avoided or ameliorated had officials been on duty to respond or patrol.” Leaving the parks open, he said, “would be a veritable open season for criminals.”^[158] A number of privately funded and privately operated enterprises, such as the Claude Moore Colonial Farm, have also been required to close because they operate on or within National Park Service property that has been closed to the public. Various concession-operated visitor amenities have also been closed because the NPS staff who oversee concessionaires have been furloughed, preventing the agency from managing and directing concession operations.^[156]^[159]^[160] Pisgah Inn, a private business on the Blue Ridge Parkway which operates under a concession agreement with the NPS, attempted to defy the closure order. On October 4, park rangers blocked the entrance to the inn and turned away visitors.^[161]^[162]^[163] Later the owner filed a legal complaint, and the Department of Interior allowed the lodge to reopen on October 9, 2013 in exchange for dropping the complaint.^[164]

On the first day of the shutdown, a large group of World War II veterans participating in an Honor Flight trip from Mississippi to the National World War II Memorial ignored the closure by the National Park Service and entered the memorial, alongside members of Congress of both political parties. The National Park Service declared that the gathering was protected by the First Amendment and rangers allowed the veterans to enter.^[165] The memorial is normally open to the public and patrolled by the U.S. Park Police 24 hours daily, and staffed by interpretive park rangers from 9:30 a.m. to 11:30 p.m.^[166]^[167]^[168]

While visiting the memorial on October 2, Congressman Randy Neugebauer publicly scolded a National Park Service ranger who was enforcing the agency's closure.^[169]^[170] As ordered by their superiors, the park rangers on duty at the memorial had been allowing World War II veterans into the site, but asking the general public to leave.^[169] A video recording taken by an NBC journalist showed Neugebauer angrily challenging the unidentified ranger, asking her, "How can you look at them . . . and deny them access?" When she replied that it was "difficult," the congressman added that the "Park Service should be ashamed of themselves." The ranger responded, "I'm not ashamed," to which the congressman shot back: "well, you should be."^[169]^[170]^[171]^[172] Neugebauer's actions were widely criticized in major media^[173]^[174]^[175] The Kansas City Star editorialized that Neugebauer was "full of misplaced moral outrage" and was wrong to attack the ranger publicly — "a public servant, handling a bad situation with much more professionalism than the self-important Neugebauer displayed."^[176] and a Congressional ethics complaint was proposed by a Congressional watch group.^[169] Neugebauer has said that his words were taken out of context.^[169]^[177] Vice President Joe Biden personally called the park ranger saying "I'm proud of you."^[178] A Huffington Post writer argued that Neugebauer's budget votes had helped lead to the closure of the memorial^[179] and David McCumber, the Washington bureau chief of Hearst Newspapers, said Neugebauer had shown "staggering hypocrisy" in attacking a ranger for enforcing the closure the congressman had helped create.^[180]

At Acadia National Park, a hiker who was violating the closure order fell and injured her knee on October 5. All four rangers on duty were required to respond (along with a team of five search and rescue volunteers) in order to carry the hiker out of the park on a litter. Park ranger Ed Pontbriand said the situation illustrated the reason why closing the park to the public was necessary. "We're so short of staff, we can't handle major incidents in the park. That's why we're asking people to do the right thing and honor the closure," he said.^[181]

As of October 10, 2013^[update], at the Lincoln Memorial, a volunteer named Chris Cox has maintained the grounds in preparation on the Million Veteran March.^[147]^[182]^[183] Later, he was asked politely to stop^{[according to whom?]} due to liability reasons.^[182]^[183]

Some states reached deals with the Department of Interior to allow National Park Service areas to reopen for tourism in October.^[184] Utah Governor Gary Herbert wired $1.67 million to the Department of Interior to reopen 8 national parks in the state for at least 10 days.^[184] Arizona reached a deal to reopen the Grand Canyon.^[184] New York reached a deal to reopen the Statue of Liberty.^[184] Colorado signed an agreement so Rocky Mountain National Park could reopen.^[184] South Dakota wanted to partially re-open Mt. Rushmore, but the NPS said only a full operation would be considered.^[184] On October 14, 2013 Mt. Rushmore on a day-by-day basis paid in part of the $15,200 per day by donations.^[185] Congressmen introduced legislation to reimburse states willing to fund national park operations during the shutdown.^[184]

References

This article incorporates public domain text from the BBG.gov website as indicated

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^ "Is Shutdown The New Normal?". ABC News. October 3, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
^ "National Park rangers ordered to keep visitors out of privately run businesses". The Washington Times. October 6, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
^ "No stranger to controversy, World War II Memorial again at center of bickering". NBC News. October 2, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
^ Kopan, Tal (October 3, 2013). "Sarah Palin: 'Barrycades' at WWII Memorial". Politico.Com. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
^ "Is it really necessary to shut down all the monuments in Washington?". The Week. October 2, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
^ ^a ^b NATIONAL PARK SERVICE CONTINGENCY PLAN, National Park Service
^ Matt Lee-Ashley (October 2, 2013). "National Parks Shutting Down Costs Local Communities $76 Million Per Day". ThinkProgress. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
^ Government shutdown: Do national parks really need to be barricaded?, Patrik Jonsson, The Christian Science Monitor, October 3, 2013
^ "Shutdown dramatics pull in private managers of public lands". The Washington Times. October 3, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
^ Lattanzio, Vince (October 3, 2013). "Founding Fathers' Tavern Closed by Government Shutdown". NBC 10 Philadelphia. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
^ Ostendorff, Jon (October 5, 2013). "Blue Ridge inn's act of defiance lasts about 2 hours". USA Today. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
^ "Pisgah Inn reopens, defies government shutdown". Citizen-Times. October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
^ Jenkins, Colleen (October 3, 2013). "Defiant N.C. innkeeper relents, will close due to federal shutdown". Reuters. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
^ "Blue Ridge Parkway inn reopens with federal blessing". USA Today. October 9, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2013. {{cite news}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
^ Shane III, Leo (October 1, 2013). "WWII veterans storm D.C. memorial closed by government shutdown". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
^ Operating Hours & Seasons – World War II Memorial – National Park Service, National Park Service
^ Ruane, Michael E.; Wilgoren, Debbi (September 25, 2013). "Visiting veterans storm closed war memorials". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 7, 2013.
^ Weinger, Mackenzie (October 1, 2013). "World War II memorial: Vets storm memorial, pols help". Politico.Com. Retrieved October 7, 2013. {{cite web}}: |first2= missing |last2= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Young , Adam D. (Posted: October 4, 2013 - 11:15am ; Updated: October 5, 2013 - 12:43am). "Watchdog group files ethics complaint against Neugebauer over WWII Memorial incident". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal Newspaper. Retrieved October 11, 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b "Congressman Confronts Park Ranger Over Closed WWII Memorial". NBC Washington. October 3, 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
^ GOP Rep to ranger: You should be ashamed, The Washington Post
^ Ramsey, Nick (October 3, 2013). "GOP congressman shames National Park ranger for doing her job". MSNBC. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
^ Arguing with the Public Is Not a Good Look for GOP Congressmen, Dashiell Bennett, The Atlantic Monthly, October 3, 2013
^ Shutdown Showdown, Brandon Watson, Austin Chronicle, October 3, 2013
^ Lawmaker lambasted for his rant at ranger, Trish Choate, Wichita Falls Times Record News, October 4, 2013
^ Bad Behavior in Washington, Editorial Board, Kansas City Star, October 4, 2013
^ Texas congressman says 'beef' wasn't with ranger, Associated Press, Midland Record-Telegram, October 4, 2013
^ [3], Tom Kludt, Talking Points Memo, October 8, 2013
^ [4], Jason Linkins, Huffington Post, October 3, 2013
^ As shutdown goes on, Republicans find no escape, David McCumber, Hearst Newspapers, October 4, 2013
^ Visitors determined to enjoy closed Acadia National Park a real problem for rangers, Abigail Curtis, Bangor Daily News, October 5, 2013
^ ^a ^b Munday, Dave (October 9, 2013). "Mount Pleasant resident takes mower to National Mall during shutdown". The Post and Courier. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Baker, Henry (October 10, 2013). "Man Mowing Lawn of National Mall is a Big Hit on the Web". Yahoo News. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Howard Berkes (October 11, 2013). "Some States Allowed To Reopen National Parks — And Foot The Bill". NPR. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
^ "Agreement Reached To Open Mount Rushmore". Keloland.Com. October 1, 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2013.

[1] Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects (PDF)

[WaPoWonkBlog-2] Absolutely everything you need to know about how the government shutdown will work, Brad Plumer, The Washington Post, September 30, 2013

[politico-3] "Government shutdown 2013". Politico.Com. Retrieved October 1, 2013.

[yahooheritage-4] Moody, Chris (October 9, 2013). "Meet one of the conservative advocacy groups behind the GOP's government shutdown strategy". Yahoo! News.

[hillheritage-5] Joseph, Cameron (October 9, 2013). "Heritage Action leader: Paul Ryan's shutdown offer off-target". The Hill.

[timeheritage-6] Miller, Zeke J (September 30, 2013). "Hidden Hand: How Heritage Action Drove DC To Shut Down". Time.

[WashingtonTimesDefund-7] House passes spending bill to defund Obamacare, Stephen Dinan, The Washington Times, September 20, 2013

[CNNDefund-8] House GOP launches shutdown battle by voting to defund Obamacare, Tom Cohen, CNN, September 20, 2013

[9] Espo, David (September 30, 2013). "Republican Unity Frays As Government Shutdown Looms". Huffington Post. AOL. Associated Press.

[59allactions-10] "H.J.Res 59 – All Actions". United States Congress. Retrieved September 23, 2013.

[11] Weisman, Jonathan; Peters, Jeremy W. (September 30, 2013). "Government Near Broad Shutdown in Budget Impasse". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2013.

[12] "What key dates do I need to know". Retrieved October 1, 2013.

[13] "PolitiFact Ohio | John Boehner says Senate Dems haven't passed a budget in more than 1,000 days". Politifact.com. March 28, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013.

[14] Brass, Clinton T. (February 18, 2011). "Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects, Congressional Research Service" (PDF). The Washington Post. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved October 7, 2013.

[meetings-15] Goldfarb, Zachary (October 9, 2013). "As financial markets show signs of worry, White House plans meetings with lawmakers". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 9, 2013.

[Cornyn2013-16] Cornyn, John (January 4, 2013). "Obama must engage Congress". Houston Chronicle.

[Stolberg2013-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; McIntyre, Mike (October 5, 2013). "A federal budget crisis months in the planning". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2013.

[meese-18] "Edwin Meese". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved October 11, 2013.

[kibbe-19] Matt Kibbe (February 14, 2013). "Coalition Letter: Congress Must Honor Sequester Savings and Defund ObamaCare Before It Is Too Late". FreedomWorks. Retrieved October 11, 2013.

[yellis-20] Nathanael Yellis (February 26, 2013). "Call Your Representative: Defund Obamacare Now". Heritage Action. Retrieved October 11, 2013.

[signed-21] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Joshua Withrow (August 14, 2013). "Have Your Members of Congress Signed the 'Defund ObamaCare' Letter? Find Out Here!". FreedomWorks. Retrieved October 11, 2013.

[road-22] Straw, Joseph (September 30, 2013). "Tea Party-backed Rep. Mark Meadows put government on road to shutdown". Daily News. New York. Retrieved October 8, 2013.

[defundletter-23] Meadows, Mark (August 21, 2013). "Letter to Boehner and Cantor" (PDF). Meadows.house.gov. Retrieved October 8, 2013.

[encouraging-24] "U.S. Rep. Mark Meadows Sends Letter to Boehner, Cantor Encouraging House Leadership to Defund Obamacare". High County Press. August 22, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013.

[architect-25] Caldwell, Leigh Ann (October 1, 2013). "Architect of the brink: Meet the man behind the government shutdown". CNN. Retrieved October 8, 2013.

[rowley-26] James Rowley (August 22, 2013). "Defunding of Health Law Backed by 80 House Republicans". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 10, 2013.

[heritage-27] Rob Christensen (January 11, 2011). "Heritage Foundation sinks its roots in N.C." The News & Observer. Retrieved October 11, 2013.

[heritagetour-28] "Heritage Action Defund Obamacare Town Hall Tour". Heritage Action. Retrieved October 12, 2013.

[11alive-29] Catalina Camia (August 27, 2013). "Tea Party groups push to block funding for Obamacare". USA Today. WXIA-TV. Retrieved October 12, 2013.

[blake-30] Aaron Blake (August 19, 2013). "Tea party groups to target skeptical GOP senators on defunding Obamacare". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 12, 2013.

[toolkit-31] "Get your Defunding Obamacare Toolkit". Tea Party Patriots. September 10, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2013.

[32] Linden, Michael; Stein, Harry (2013). "The Senate Continuing Resolution Is Already a Compromise". Center for American Progress. Retrieved October 1, 2013. The Democrat-controlled Senate passed a continuing resolution, or CR—a temporary funding measure meant to keep the government operating—that would set the relevant funding levels at an annualized total of $986 billion. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[33] Saenz, Arlette (September 25, 2013). "Ted Cruz's Obamacare All-Nighter Ends After 21 Hours". ABC News. Retrieved October 1, 2013. After the House of Representatives passed a continuing resolution, which strips Obamacare of its funding last week, Cruz vowed to use every procedural measure possible, including a filibuster, to keep the Senate from restoring the funding. But Cruz's overnight speech was technically not a filibuster and won't do much to delay or prevent the votes.

[WaPoExcited-34] On cusp of shutdown, House conservatives excited, say they are doing the right thing, Ed O’Keefe and Rosalind S. Helderman, The Washington Post, September 28, 2013

[mediaite-35] Bachmann Denies Saying Shutdown ‘Exactly What We Wanted’: WaPo and Obama ‘Misquoted Me’, Matt Wilstein, Mediaite, October 4, 2013

[36] US Congress Remains Divided in Budget Showdown The Globe and Mail

[37] "White House: Obama will veto House shutdown bill". CNBC. Retrieved October 1, 2013.

[keith30-38] Keith, Tamara (October 3, 2013). "Why a handful of hard-liners has a hold on Boehner". NPR.

[peterking30-39] "The shutdown begins (interview with Rep. Peter King)". CNN New Day. October 1, 2013.

[Douthat30-40] "Government shutdown (interview with Ross Douthat and Charles Blow)". Anderson Cooper 360 Degrees. October 1, 2013.

[41] Lowrey, Annie (September 24, 2013). "How to Gut Obamacare". The New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2013.

[42] Bendery, Jennifer (October 2, 2013). "Here's A Tally Of Which House Republicans Are Ready To Fund The Government, No Strings Attached". Huffington Post. Retrieved October 2, 2013.

[43] York, Byron (September 30, 2013). "How 30 House Republicans are forcing the Obamacare fight". Washington Examiner. Retrieved October 1, 2013. Boehner tries to walk a delicate line within his conference. But the chances are good that in the end, the majority of Republicans – the 200, or at least 175 – will take control. If Boehner offers them a "clean" continuing resolution, they will vote for it.

[44] Sargent, Greg (September 30, 2013). "John Boehner doesn't have to let the Tea Party paralyze whole government". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 2, 2013. "There are at least 180 or 190 members who are part of the governing wing of the House GOP conference," [GOP Rep. Charlie] Dent said.

[45] Easley, Jason (September 30, 2013). "Boehner Refuses to Allow Vote on Popular Democratic Bill That Would Avoid Government Shutdown". Politicususa. Retrieved October 1, 2013. House Republicans are admitting that the clean Continuing Resolution that passed the Senate would pass the House, but John Boehner won't allow a vote on it.

[46] Runtime: 01:22. "House GOP adds NIH, National Guard to shutdown bill strategy". The Washington Times. Retrieved October 4, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[47] Rubin, Richard. "White House Meeting Doesn't Break Congress Budget Impasse". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 4, 2013.

[48] Rogers, David (October 2, 2013). "Different era: Piecemeal bills stumble". POLITICO. Retrieved October 3, 2013.

[49] "House Passes Bills To Fund National Parks, DC And NIH". International Business Times. Retrieved October 4, 2013.

[50] "Latest GOP shutdown proposal fails; no separate funding for vets, parks – NBC Politics". NBC News. Retrieved October 4, 2013.

[51] Resnikoff, Ned (October 2, 2013). "Shutdown impairs cancer treatment for children". MSNBC. Retrieved October 3, 2013. Dr. Georges C. Benjamin, executive director of the American Public Health Association and former Maryland health secretary, called the bill a "joke." Public health agencies have interlocking roles and responsibilities which are stymied by a piecemeal funding approach, he told MSNBC.com. "It's a system," he said. "They need to stop the games, the cherrypicking. They don't understand the system well enough to do the cherrypicking."

[6and7mini-52] Kasperowicz, Pete (October 4, 2013). "House passes 6th, 7th 'mini' spending bills". The Hill. Retrieved October 7, 2013.

[mondayPetesecondweek-53] Kasperowicz, Pete (October 7, 2013). "Monday:Government shutdown enters second week". The Hill. Retrieved October 7, 2013.

[thirdweekend1-54] Kasperowicz, Pete (October 7, 2013). "GOP warns House of third weekend of work". The Hill. Retrieved October 7, 2013.

[hjres73sum-55] "H.J.Res. 73 – Summary". United States Congress. Retrieved October 8, 2013.

[hjres71sum-56] "H.J.Res. 71 – Summary". United States Congress. Retrieved October 8, 2013.

[hjres70sum-57] "H.J.Res. 70 – Summary". United States Congress. Retrieved October 8, 2013.

[cbo3230-58] "CBO – H.R. 3230" (PDF). Congressional Budget Office. Retrieved October 9, 2013.

[GOPplowsahead-59] Kasperowicz, Pete (October 7, 2013). "House GOP plows ahead". The Hill. Retrieved October 8, 2013.

[housetenthbill-60] Kasperowicz, Pete (October 8, 2013). "House sends tenth funding bill to Senate". The Hill. Retrieved October 9, 2013.

[61] "Q&A: 2013 US budget brawl". BBC News. October 1, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.

[62] "Paymentdates:". October 1, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.

[bbc-63] "Obama warns of US default danger". BBC. October 2, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013.

[64] Cowan, Jane (October 10, 2013). "Military families latest victims of US govt shutdown". ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved October 11, 2013.

[65] "Live updates: The shutdown". The Washington Post. October 9, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2013.

[CFR-66] U.S. Debt Ceiling: Costs and Consequences, Council on Foreign Relations

[67] Onaran, Yalman (October 7, 2013). "A U.S. Default Seen as Catastrophe Dwarfing Lehman's Fall". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 8, 2013.

[WPost-Yoder-2013-09-18-68] Yoder, Erik (September 18, 2013). "OMB to agencies: Start making shutdown plans". The Washington Post.

[OMB-memo-Burwell-2013-09-17-69] Burwell, Sylvia M. (September 17, 2013). "Planning for Agency Operations during a Potential Lapse in Appropriations" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved October 1, 2013.

[OMB_contingency_plans-70] "Agency Contingency Plans". Office of Management and Budget. undated. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) (Links to contingency plans Federal agencies, updated as revised plans arrive at the OMB).

[71] "Federal Agencies Lay Out Contingency Plans for Possible Shutdown". The New York Times. September 28, 2013Template:Inconsistent citations{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

[72] "Here's How a Government Shutdown Hurts the American People". The White House Blog. Retrieved October 1, 2013.

[73] "United States Postal Service homepage (see Alert)". United States Postal Service. Retrieved October 1, 2013. See File:United States Postal Service government shutdown screenshot.png for archived screenshot.

[PennLive-74] Federal workers will get back pay after shutdown, Congress and president say, Associated Press, October 5, 2013

[75] "Yes, even ArtPrize affected by potential federal shutdown". Michigan Radio.org. September 30, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013.

[76] "Federal government shutdown threatens ArtPrize venue Gerald Ford Presidential Museum". The Detroit News. September 30, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013.

[77] Hagerty, James (October 2, 2013). "Layoffs and Production Disruptions Loom at Firms Tied to U.S". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 3, 2013.(subscription required)

[78] Dowling, Brian (October 2, 2013). "UTC: Prolonged Shutdown Would Furlough Thousands Of Aerospace Workers". The Hartford Courant. Retrieved October 3, 2013.

[79] "Lockheed Martin, others to send workers home over government shutdown". NBC News. Reuters. October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2013.

[80] Needleman, Sarah E.; Loten, Angus; Simon, Ruth (October 2, 2013). "Small Firms Grapple With Roadblocks Caused by Shutdown". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 3, 2013.

[81] Morris, Betsy; Clark, Don; Esterl, Mike (October 7, 2013). "Federal Shutdown Starts to Crimp Trade". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 8, 2013.

[82] Ostrower, Jon (October 1, 2013). "Jet Deliveries to U.S. Customers Face Delays During Government Shutdown". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 3, 2013.

[83] Ostrower, Jon (October 4, 2013). "U.S. Airways Jet Delivery Delayed by FAA Shutdown". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 8, 2013.

[indian-84] Brown, Matthew (October 2, 2013). "Shutdown hits vulnerable Indian tribes as basics such as foster care, nutrition threatened". Minnesota Star-Tribune. Associated Press. Retrieved October 3, 2013.

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[86] Radnofsky, Louise (October 3, 2013). "Shutdown to Stop D.C. Medicaid Payments". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 3, 2013.

[87] Pershing, Ben (July 24, 2013). "House committee approves Issa's new District budget autonomy bill". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2013.

[88] Alexander, Keith (October 1, 2013). "D.C. Superior Court stops paying witnesses and jurors". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2013.

[89] Sherwood, Tom; Mollet, Melissa (October 10, 2013). "D.C. Mayor Crashes Senators' Press Conference". NBC4 Washington. Retrieved October 11, 2013.

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[94] Cancellation of Obama's Southeast Asia trip a boost for China's Xi, Los Angeles Times

[fttrade-95] Shutdown puts trade talks on ice, Financial Times

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[97] U.S. postpones trade negotiations with EU due shutdown, Reuters

[98] White House: Iran sanctions at risk amid shutdown, Associated Press

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[DC_area-102] Schulte, Brigid; Jouvenal, Justin (September 29, 2013). "Washington area could lose $200 million a day if shutdown occurs, economist says". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2013.

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[BIXanterra-105] National Parks Hotels Are Losing A Million Dollars Per Day During The Government Shutdown, Jennifer Polland, Business Insider, October 2, 2013

[NBCParks-106] Small businesses fear bankruptcy from national park shutdowns, Ben Popken, NBC News, October 1, 2013

[107] Talev, Margaret. "Obama Says He Won't Give Into 'Ideological' Budget Demand". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 4, 2013.

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[NPSShutdownPlan-156] NATIONAL PARK SERVICE CONTINGENCY PLAN, National Park Service

[thinkprogress-157] Matt Lee-Ashley (October 2, 2013). "National Parks Shutting Down Costs Local Communities $76 Million Per Day". ThinkProgress. Retrieved October 10, 2013.

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[160] Lattanzio, Vince (October 3, 2013). "Founding Fathers' Tavern Closed by Government Shutdown". NBC 10 Philadelphia. Retrieved October 7, 2013.

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[162] "Pisgah Inn reopens, defies government shutdown". Citizen-Times. October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 7, 2013.

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[165] Shane III, Leo (October 1, 2013). "WWII veterans storm D.C. memorial closed by government shutdown". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved October 1, 2013.

[NPSWWII-166] Operating Hours & Seasons – World War II Memorial – National Park Service, National Park Service

[167] Ruane, Michael E.; Wilgoren, Debbi (September 25, 2013). "Visiting veterans storm closed war memorials". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 7, 2013.

[168] Weinger, Mackenzie (October 1, 2013). "World War II memorial: Vets storm memorial, pols help". Politico.Com. Retrieved October 7, 2013. {{cite web}}: |first2= missing |last2= (help)

[Lubbock_Avalanche-Journal_2013-169] Young , Adam D. (Posted: October 4, 2013 - 11:15am ; Updated: October 5, 2013 - 12:43am). "Watchdog group files ethics complaint against Neugebauer over WWII Memorial incident". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal Newspaper. Retrieved October 11, 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[wwii2013-10-03-170] "Congressman Confronts Park Ranger Over Closed WWII Memorial". NBC Washington. October 3, 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2013.

[WaPoParks-171] GOP Rep to ranger: You should be ashamed, The Washington Post

[Ramsey-172] Ramsey, Nick (October 3, 2013). "GOP congressman shames National Park ranger for doing her job". MSNBC. Retrieved October 5, 2013.

[AtlanticWire-173] Arguing with the Public Is Not a Good Look for GOP Congressmen, Dashiell Bennett, The Atlantic Monthly, October 3, 2013

[AustinChronicle-174] Shutdown Showdown, Brandon Watson, Austin Chronicle, October 3, 2013

[TimesRecordNews-175] Lawmaker lambasted for his rant at ranger, Trish Choate, Wichita Falls Times Record News, October 4, 2013

[KCStar-176] Bad Behavior in Washington, Editorial Board, Kansas City Star, October 4, 2013

[MyWestTexas-177] Texas congressman says 'beef' wasn't with ranger, Associated Press, Midland Record-Telegram, October 4, 2013

[178] [3], Tom Kludt, Talking Points Memo, October 8, 2013

[179] [4], Jason Linkins, Huffington Post, October 3, 2013

[McCumber-180] As shutdown goes on, Republicans find no escape, David McCumber, Hearst Newspapers, October 4, 2013

[BangorNews-181] Visitors determined to enjoy closed Acadia National Park a real problem for rangers, Abigail Curtis, Bangor Daily News, October 5, 2013

[SC_post_and_courier_2013-182] Munday, Dave (October 9, 2013). "Mount Pleasant resident takes mower to National Mall during shutdown". The Post and Courier. Retrieved October 11, 2013.

[SC_mowing_man-183] Baker, Henry (October 10, 2013). "Man Mowing Lawn of National Mall is a Big Hit on the Web". Yahoo News. Retrieved October 11, 2013.

[berkes-184] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Howard Berkes (October 11, 2013). "Some States Allowed To Reopen National Parks — And Foot The Bill". NPR. Retrieved October 12, 2013.

[185] "Agreement Reached To Open Mount Rushmore". Keloland.Com. October 1, 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2013.

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