Jakarta

This article is about the capital city of Indonesia. For other uses, see Jakarta (disambiguation).

Jakarta Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta
Special Capital Territory of Jakarta
(From top to bottom): Jakarta Skyline, Jakarta Old Town, Bunderan HI, Monumen Nasional, Jakarta traffic, Istiqlal Mosque
Official seal of Jakarta Seal
Nickname:  The Big Durian
Motto(s):  Jaya Raya (Indonesian) (Victorious and Great)
Country	Indonesia
Province	Jakarta
Government
• Type	Special administrative area
• Governor	Fauzi Bowo
Area
• City	656 km2 (253 sq mi)
• Land	662.33 km2 (255.73 sq mi)
• Water	6,977.5 km2 (2,694.0 sq mi)
Elevation	7 m (23 ft)
Population  (2008)	8,500,000
• Density	12,957.31/km2 (33,559.3/sq mi)
• Metro	24,094,000
Time zone	UTC+7 (WIB)
Area code	+6221
Website	www.jakarta.go.id

Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of Java, it has an area of 661.52 square kilometres (255.41 sq mi) and a population of 8,489,910. Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political center. It is the most populous city in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, and is the twelfth-largest city in the world. The metropolitan area, Jabodetabek, is the second largest in the world. Jakarta is listed as a global city in the 2008 Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) research.

Established in the fourth century, the city became an important trading port for the Kingdom of Sunda. It grew as the capital of the colonial Dutch East Indies. It was made capital of Indonesia when the country became independent after World War II. It was formerly known as Sunda Kelapa (397–1527), Jayakarta (1527–1619), Batavia (1619–1942), and Djakarta (1942–1972).

Landmarks include the National Monument and Istiqlal Mosque. The city is the seat of the ASEAN Secretariat. Jakarta is served by the Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport, and Tanjung Priok harbour; it is connected by several intercity and commuter railways, and served by several bus lines running on reserved busways.

History

Further information: History of Jakarta

The former Stadhuis of Batavia, the seat of Governor General of VOC. The building now serves as Jakarta Historical Museum, Jakarta Old Town area.

Dutch Batavia in the 17th Century, built in what is now North Jakarta

The Jakarta area was part of the fourth century Indianized kingdom of Tarumanagara. In AD 39, King Purnawarman established Sunda Pura as a new capital city for the kingdom, located at the northern coast of Java. Purnawarman left seven memorial stones across the area with inscriptions bearing his name, including the present-day Banten and West Java provinces. After the power of Tarumanagara declined, its territories, including Sunda Pura, became part of the Kingdom of Sunda. The harbour area was renamed Sunda Kelapa as written in a Hindu monk's lontar manuscripts. By the fourteenth century, Sunda Kelapa became a major trading port for the kingdom. The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca, arrived in 1513 when the Portuguese were looking for a route for spices, especially black pepper.

The Kingdom of Sunda made a peace agreement with Portugal by allowing the Portuguese to build a port in 1522 in order to defend against the rising power of the Sultanate of Demak from central Java. In 1527, Fatahillah, a Sumatran Malay warrior from Demak attacked Kingdom of Sunda and succeeded in conquering the harbour on June 22 1527, after which Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta.

The Castle of Batavia, seen from West Kali Besar by Andries Beeckman circa 1656-58

Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta from the Sultanate of Banten, Dutch ships arrived in Jayakarta in 1596. In 1602, the British East India Company's first voyage, commanded by Sir James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and sailed on to Banten where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the center of British trade in Indonesia until 1682.

Apparently, Jayawikarta also made a trading connection with the English merchants, rivals of the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615. When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch later deteriorated, Jayawikarta's soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. But even with the help of fifteen British ships, Prince Jayakarta's army wasn't able to defeat the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival of Jan Pieterszoon Coen (J.P. Coen). The Dutch burned the English fort, and forced the English retreat on their ships. With this victory, Dutch power in the area was consolidated. In 1619 they renamed the city "Batavia."

Batavia c.1870

Commercial opportunities in the capital of the Dutch colony attracted Indonesian and especially Chinese immigrants, the increasing numbers creating burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. On 9 October 1740, 5,000 Chinese were massacred and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok outside the city walls. The city began to move further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 encouraged more people to move far south of the port. The Koningsplein, now Merdeka Square was completed in 1818, the housing park of Menteng was started in 1913, and Kebayoran Baru was the last Dutch-built residential area. By 1930 Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants, including 37,067 Europeans.

The city was renamed "Jakarta" by the Japanese during their World War II occupation of Indonesia. Following World War II, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from allied-occupied Jakarta during their fight for Indonesian independence and established their capital in Yogyakarta. In 1950, once independence was secured, Jakarta was once again made the national capital. Indonesia's founding president, Sukarno, envisaged Jakarta as a great international city. He instigated large government-funded projects undertaken with openly nationalistic and modernist architecture. Projects in Jakarta included a clover-leaf highway, a major boulevard (Jalan MH Thamrin-Sudirman), monuments such as The National Monument, major hotels, shopping centre, and a new parliament building.

In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of an abortive coup attempt which saw 6 top generals killed, and ultimately resulted in the downfall of Sukarno and the start of Suharto's "New Order. A propaganda monument stands at the place where the general's bodies were dumped. In 1966, Jakarta was declared a "special capital city district" (daerah khusus ibukota), thus gaining a status approximately equivalent to that of a state or province. Lieutenant General Ali Sadikin served as Governor from the mid-60's commencement of the "New Order" through to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged the arts, built several hospitals, and a large number of new schools. He also cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects—some for the benefit of the Suharto family—and tried to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city in order to stem the overcrowding and poverty. Land redistribution, structural adjustment, and foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom which changed the face of the city.

The boom ended with the 1997/98 East Asian Economic crisis putting Jakarta at the center of violence, protest, and political maneuvering. Long-time president, Suharto, began to lose his grip on power. Tensions reached a peak in the Jakarta riots of May 1998, when four students were shot dead at Trisakti University by security forces; four days of riots and violence ensued resulting in the loss of an estimated 1,200 lives and 6,000 buildings damaged or destroyed. The Jakarta riots targeted many Chinese Indonesians. Suharto resigned as president, and Jakarta has remained the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia. Jemaah Islamiah-connected bombings have occurred in the city since 2000 on an almost annual basis, although the 2009 bombing of two international hotels was the first since 2005.

Geography

Jakarta is located on the northwestern coast of Java, at the mouth of the Ciliwung River on Jakarta Bay, which is an inlet of the Java Sea. Jakarta is a lowland area with average height around 7 meter above the sea level. Based on Governor Decree in 2007, No. 171, the area of DKI Jakarta province consists of 662.33 km² land area and 6,977.5 km² sea area. It has more than 110 islands, which spread through out the Kepulauan Seribu, and has 27 rivers/drains/canals used as water sources, fishery and urban businesses. Most of the rivers flow from the hilly southern parts of the city northwards towards the Java Sea. The most important river is the Ciliwung River, which divides the city into the western and eastern principalities.

The northern part of Jakarta is constituted on a plain land, approximately eight meters above the sea level. This contributes to the frequent flooding. The southern parts of the city are hilly.

In the northern part there is a coastal area which extended around 35 km from west to east. This shore is a place where 9 rivers and 2 canals run into. The Southern and Eastern parts is Jawa Barat (West Java) Province, and Western part is the Banten Province, and Northern part is Sea of Java.

Toward the south and east side of Jakarta there are some lake/swamp by which the total area reached 121.40 hectares. These areas are suitable for water reservation region and also ideal for settlement due to its fresher climate. Furthermore, manufacturing activities are mostly occurred in Jakarta Utara (North Jakarta) and Jakarta Timur (East Jakarta), while business and office administration activities are mostly occurred in Jakarta Barat (West Jakarta), Jakarta Pusat (Central Jakarta), and Jakarta Selatan (South Jakarta).

The Thousand Islands, which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay north of the city.

Climate

Jakarta has a hot and humid equatorial/tropical climate (Af) according to the Köppen climate classification system. Located in the western-part of Indonesia, Jakarta's wet season rainfall peak is January with average monthly rainfall of 400 millimetres (16 in), and its dry season low point is August with a monthly average of 70 millimetres (2.8 in). The city is humid throughout the year with daily temperature range of 25° to 36°C (77°-97°F).

Climate data for Jakarta
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Source: weather2travel.com

Cityscape

File:Jakarta at moonlight.jpg

Jakarta's Central Business District

Landmarks and tourist attractions

File:Monumen nasional jakarta.jpg

The National Monument

File:Irian Barat Statue.JPG

West Irian Liberation Statue, one of the many Sukarno era monuments in the city.

Jakarta's most recognizable landmark is National Monument, standing right in the center of Merdeka Square, the central park of the city. While other landmarks are religious buildings, such as Istiqlal Mosque and Jakarta Cathedral. The Wisma 46 building in Central Jakarta is currently the highest building in Jakarta and Indonesia. Jakarta has many museums, such as National Museum of Indonesia, Fatahillah Museum, Wayang (Puppet) Museum, Satria Mandala Museum, and Maritime Museum.

Some tourist attractions are Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Ragunan Zoo, Jakarta Old Town, and Ancol Dreamland complex on Jakarta Bay, include Dunia Fantasi theme park, Sea World, Atlantis Water Adventure, and Gelanggang Samudra.

Jakarta is one of most attractive shopping places in Southeast Asia apart from Singapore. There are also many shopping malls with the big area (more than 100,000 metres square), including Grand Indonesia, Plaza Indonesia, Senayan City, Plaza Senayan, Pondok Indah Mall, Mal Taman Anggrek, Mal Kelapa Gading, Mal Artha Gading, Mall of Indonesia, and Pacific Place. Beside traditional market likes Blok M, Tanah Abang, Senen, Glodok, Mangga Dua, Cempaka Mas, and Jatinegara. As a shopping city, every June-July Jakarta conducts annual Jakarta Great Sale. It takes place in the malls and department stores across the city with many offering special discounts and deals.

Jakarta is also famous for its nightlife, with a very cosmopolitan atmosphere in the city's southern clubs (Blowfish, Dragonfly, Red Square) and more local clubs in the north (Stadium, Millenium, Golden Crown).

Parks

Jakarta has several parks such as Taman Suropati, Taman Langsat, Taman Martha Tiahahu, Taman Lapangan Banteng, and Taman Medan Merdeka.

Taman Suropati is located in Menteng garden city subdistrict, Central Jakarta. The park is surrounded by several Dutch colonial buildings. Taman Suropati was known as Burgemeester Bishopplein during the Dutch colonial time. The park is circular shaped with a surface area of 16,322 m2. There are several modern statues in the park made by artists of the ASEAN countries, which contributes to the other nickname of the park "Taman persahabatan seniman ASEAN" ("Park of the ASEAN artists relationship").

Taman Lapangan Banteng (Banteng Field Park) is located in Central Jakarta. It is about 4,5 hectares. The most notable landmark inside the park is the Monumen Pembebasan Irian Barat (Monument of the Liberation of Irian Barat). During the 1980s, the park is used as a bus terminal. In 1993, the park turned into a public space again and has become a recreation place for people and occasionally also used as an exhibition place or other events.

Taman Monas (Monas Park) or Taman Medan Merdeka (Medan Merdeka Park) is the park where the symbol of Jakarta, Monas or Monumen Nasional (National Monument) is located. The large open space was created by Dutch Governor General Herman Willem Deandels (1870) and was completed in 1910 under the name of Koningsplein. on 10 Januari 1993, President Soeharto initiate the action toward the beautification of the park. Several features in the park is a deer park and 33 trees that represents the 33 provinces of Indonesia.

Culture

Tanjidor orchestra celebrating the Chinese New Year.

As the economic and political capital of Indonesia, Jakarta attracts many foreign as well as domestic immigrants. Many of the immigrants come from other parts of Indonesia, bringing along a mixture of languages, dialects, traditional foods and customs.

A nickname for Jakarta is "The Big Durian".

The Betawi (Orang Betawi, or "people of Batavia") is a term used to describe the descendants of the people living in and around Batavia and recognized as an ethnic group from around the 18th-19th century. The Betawi people are mostly descended from various Southeast Asian ethnic groups brought or attracted to Batavia to meet labor needs, and include people from parts of Indonesia. The language and the culture of these immigrants is distinct from that of the Sundanese or Javanese. The language is more based on the East Malay dialect and enriched by loan words from Sundanese, Javanese, Chinese, and Arabic. Nowadays, the Jakarta-dialects used by people in Jakarta are loosely based on the Betawi language.

The parade of Ondel-ondel, a Betawi large puppet-mask dance.

Ironically, the Betawi arts are rarely found in Jakarta due to their infamous low-profile and most Betawi have moved to the border of Jakarta, displaced by new immigrants. It is easier to find Java or Minang based wedding ceremonial instead of Betawi weddings in Jakarta. It is easier to find Javanese Gamelan instead of Gambang Kromong (a mixture between Betawi and Chinese music) or Tanjidor (a mixture between Betawi and Portuguese music) or Marawis (a mixture between Betawi and Yaman music). However, some festivals such as the Jalan Jaksa Festival or Kemang Festival include efforts to preserve Betawi arts by inviting artists to give performances.

There has also been a significant Chinese community in Jakarta for many centuries. Officially, they make up 6% of the Jakarta population, though this number may be under-reported.

Jakarta has several performing art centers, such as the Taman Ismail Marzuki (TIM) art center in Cikini, Gedung Kesenian Jakarta near Pasar Baru, Balai Sarbini in Plaza Semanggi area, Bentara Budaya Jakarta in Palmerah area, Pasar Seni (Art Market) in Ancol, and traditional Indonesian art performances at the pavilions of some Provinces in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah. Traditional music is often found at high-class hotels, including Wayang and Gamelan performances. Javanese Wayang Orang performance can be found at Wayang Orang Bharata theater near Senen bus terminal. As the nation's largest city and capital, Jakarta has lured much national and regional talent who hope to find a greater audience and more opportunities for success.

Jakarta is hosting several prestigious art and culture festivals as well as exhibitions, such as the annual Jakarta International Film Festival (JiFFest), Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival, Jakarta Fashion Week, Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival (JFFF), Flona Jakarta (Flora and Fauna exhibition, held annually on August in Lapangan Banteng park featuring flowers, plant nursery, and pets), also Indonesia Creative Products and Jakarta Arts and Crafts exhibition. The Jakarta Fair is held annually from mid June to mid July to celebrate the anniversary of the city. It is largely centered around a trade fair, however this month-long fair also has featured entertainments, arts and music performances by local bands and musicians.

Several foreign art and culture centers also established in Jakarta, mainly serve to promote culture and language through learning centers, libraries, and art galleries. Among these foreign art and cultural centers are Netherlands Erasmus Huis, UK British Council, France Centre Culturel Français, Germany Goethe-Institut, Japan Foundation, and Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Cultural Center.

Museums

Jakarta has several museums featuring general as well as specific themes of interest. The museums in Jakarta cluster around the Central Jakarta Merdeka Plain area, Jakarta Old Town, and Taman Mini Indonesia Indah. The museums in Jakarta are: National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta Historical Museum, Wayang Museum, Ceramics and Fine Arts Museum, Maritime Museum, Bank Indonesia Museum, Bank Mandiri Museum, Textile Museum, Satria Mandala Military Museum, Indonesia Museum, Indonesian Fauna Museum, Asmat Museum, Insect Museum, Sport Museum, Transportation Museum, Telecommunication Museum, Petrol and Gas Museum, Electricity and New Energy Museum, Pusaka (Heirloom) Museum, Stamp Museum, Bayt al-Qur’an and Istiqlal Islamic Museum, and Jakarta Cathedral Museum.

• National Monument (Monas). The National Monument is one of the monuments in Jakarta erected to commemorate the Indonesian people fighting against the Dutch colonialist. The monument is located in central Jakarta, it is at the Lapangan monas (Monas square). The monument, with its unique style and is 137 m in height, was made of marbles. The flaming torch shape weighing 14.5 kg and is plated with 35 kg gold is placed on the top of the monument. The torch symbolizes the Indonesian people fighting for independence. The monument, erected at a 80-hectare land was officially opened for public on 12 July 1975, is known as Tugu Monas. The architect for this monument was Soedarsono and F. Silaban and the consultant was Ir. Rooseno. Before it is popular with Tugu Monas, the monument had five names, they were Lapangan Gambir, Lapangan Ikada, Lapangan Merdeka, Lapangan Monas and Taman Monas. Parks, two ponds and the open-air sport field surrounds the monument. This monument is the symbol of Jakarta. Inside the monument is the museum and a hall for meditation and it is equipped with the elevator.

National Museum of Indonesia, also known as Gajah (elephant) museum

• The National Museum of Indonesia, the offical name, is also known as the Gajah (elephant) museum. It is called Gajah museum because there is an elephant statue in the front yard of this museum. The statue that was made of the bronze was the gift given by the Thai King to the President of Indonesia, Ir. Soekarno. The museum considered the biggest museum in Southeast Asia was built by the Science Institution of Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen on April 24 1778 and it was first officially inaugurated in 1868 by the Art Union (Persatuan Kesenian) and the Batavia Science Institution. The museum houses vast collections of prehistoric, ethnographic and archaeological artifacts, including one of the world's largest collections of Southeast Asian ceramics and Hindu Javanese art.

• The Jakarta History Museum (also known as Fatahillah Museum) is housed in the former City Hall located in Subdistrict Kota, the old historic part of Jakarta. Originally called the Stadhuis, this building was the administrative headquarters of the Dutch East India Company, and later of the Dutch Government. It was built in 1710 by Governor General van Riebeeck, and it contains dungeons and water prisons. Most prisoners, both Dutch rebels and Indonesian "natives" were publicly executed on the square in front of it, called the Stadhuisplein - now known as Fatihillah Square. Today, the Jakarta History Museum displays the history of Jakarta from prehistoric days to the founding of the town of Jayakarta in 1527 by Prince Fatahillah of Banten, and through Dutch colonization from the 16th century onwards until Indonesia’s Independence in 1945.

• The Maritime Museum. The Maritime museum is located not far from Sunda Kelapa port in Jakarta Kota. Built in 1652, the museum was the two buildings and functioned as the Trade affairs office and as the warehouses for the various spices belonging to the Dutch colonialist. Up to now, the Maritime museum has been renovated several times and the year of the renovation is available at the entrance gate, among of which are 1718, 1719 and 1771.

• Textile Museum. The museum houses a large collections of textiles related to the religious and social practices of the major islands of the archipelago, including batik, ikat and kain ulos.

• Gedung Proklamasi (Proclamation Building). The historical site of Indonesian independence, where on August 17th, 1945 Soekarno-Hatta (Indonesian first president and vice-president) declared the nation's independence.

• Museum Wayang (Puppet Museum) is dedicated to puppetry, one of Indonesia's most famous traditional art forms. On display are the wayang kulit shadow puppets, three-dimensional wooden puppets and special dance masks. Wayang performances are presented in this building every Sunday.

• Purna Bhakti Pertiwi Museum stores the belongings of the former President of Indonesia, Soeharto. Some of the museum collections are Soeharto’s speech, rifles used in the revolution era, military uniforms and KRI Harimau – the battle ship used in the military operation of Mandala and in the freedom of Irian Jaya in 1963.

• Lubang Buaya marks the site where a failed coup d' etat by Partai Komunis Indonesia (Indonesian Communist Party) met its end, alongside the bodies of several high-ranking generals who were tortured to death for not cooperating the revolutionaries.

Cuisine

Jakarta has a vast range of food available at hundreds of eating complexes located all over the city. There is also international foods, especially Chinese, Japanese, and Korean food because of the cosmopolitan population.

The local cuisine of Jakarta is usually tagged with the label betawi (Indonesian for "Batavian").

• Sop iga sapi, beef spare rib soup that takes a simple Dutch dish and piles on Indonesian spices.
• Soto betawi, coconut milk broth with beef tendons, intestines, tripe.
• Kerak telor, omelette from egg cooked with glutinous rice and served with shredded coconut and a dried shrimp topping.
• Ketoprak, rice roll, tofu, bean sprout, crackers in peanut sauce.
• Bubur Dingin, lit. "Cold Porridge", with beef sweet soup
• Nasi Ulam, rice cooked in coconut milk served with fried minced beef, sweet fried tempe, many other toppings, cucumber, and sambal (chili sauce).

Media

Main article: Communications in Indonesia

Newspapers

Jakarta has several daily newspapers such as Bisnis Indonesia, Investor Daily, Jakarta Globe, The Jakarta Post, Indo Pos, Seputar Indonesia, Kompas, Media Indonesia, Republika, Pos Kota, Warta Kota, Lampu Merah and Suara Pembaruan.

Television

• Government television: TVRI.
• Private national television: TPI, RCTI, Metro TV, Indosiar, StarANTV, SCTV, Trans TV, TV ONE, Trans 7, and Global TV.
• Local television: Jak-TV, O-Channel, and Space-Toon.
• Cable television: First Media, TelkomVision
• Satellite television: Indovision, Astro Nusantara, TelkomVision, Aora TV

Radio

Main article: List of radio stations in Jakarta

Economy

Jakarta's economy depends heavily on financial service, trading, and manufacturing. The manufacturing industry is well-diversified with significant electronics, automotive, chemicals, mechanical engineering and biomedical sciences manufacturing sectors. Jakarta is the most luxurious and busiest city in Indonesia. In 2009, 13% of the population had an income per capita in excess of US$ 10,000 (Rp 108,000,000).

The economic growth of DKI Jakarta in 2007 was 6.44%; this number was higher than the economic growth in the previous year, which was 5.95%. During this period, the highest growth was reached by transportation and communication sector (15.25%), construction sector (7.81%) and trade, hotel and restaurant sector (6.88%).

During 2006, GRDP (Growth Regional Domestic Product) at current price of DKI Jakarta reached 501.77 trillion rupiahs, while in 2007, it reached 566.45 trillion rupiahs. The biggest contribution to GDRP was given by finance, ownership and business services (28.65%); trade, hotel and restaurant sector (20.36%), and manufacturing industry sector (15.97%).

In 2007, per capita GRDP of DKI Jakarta inhabitants at current price increase 11.63% compared to previous year, which was 55.98 million rupiahs in 2006 to 62.49 million rupiahs in 2007. However, in order to get the real value of per capita GRDP, it can be derived from GRDP at 2000 constant price, which was increased from 34.80 million rupiahs in 2006 to 36.73 million rupiahs in 2006.

Both GRDP by at current market price and GRDP by at 2000 constant price in 2007 for Municipality of Central Jakarta (Jakarta Pusat) is higher than other municipalities in DKI Jakarta, which is 145.81 million rupiahs and 80.78 million rupiahs.

In September 2007, a new law was brought into effect which attempted to regulate aspects of public order. It forbids the giving of money to beggars, buskers and hawkers, bans squatter settlements on river banks and highways, and prohibits spitting and smoking on public transportation. Unauthorized people cleaning car windscreens and managing traffic at busy intersections will also be penalized. Critics of the new legislation claim that such laws will be difficult to enforce and it tends to ignore the desperate poverty of many of the capital's inhabitants.

Demographics

Based on the estimation result of the National Socio-Economic Survey (Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasionsal (Susenas)) in the middle of 2007, the numbers of people of DKI Jakarta Province was 9.06 million. The area of DKI Jakarta is only 662.33 km², hence the population density was reached to 137,000 people / km², and it became the densest region in Indonesia.

Population growth rate was increased from 0.15 percent (1990-2000) to 1.11 percent (2000-2007). Because the number of new comers from outside Jakarta region were tend to increase, so the achievement of the family planning programs was not really significant.

Like many big cities in developing countries, Jakarta suffers from major urbanization challenges. The population has risen sharply from 1.2 million in 1960 to 8.8 million in 2004, counting only its legal residents. The population of greater Jakarta is estimated at 23 million, making it the second largest urban area in the world.

The rapid population growth has outgrown the government's ability to provide basic needs for its residents. As the third biggest economy in Indonesia, Jakarta has attracted a large number of visitors. The population during weekdays is almost double that of weekends, due to the influx of residents residing in other areas of Jabodetabek. Because of government's inability to provide adequate transportation for its large population, Jakarta also suffers from severe traffic jams that occur almost every day. Air pollution and waste management are also severe problems. By 2025 the population of Jakarta may reach 24.9 million, not counting millions more in surrounding areas.

Administration

Map of the Cities (Kotamadya) of DKI Jakarta. Each Cities are divided into Subdistricts (Kecamatan)

Officially, Jakarta is not a city, but rather a province with special status as the capital of Indonesia. It is administered much like any other Indonesian province. For example: Jakarta has a governor (instead of a mayor), and is divided into several sub-regions with their own administrative systems. As a province, the official name of Jakarta is Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta (roughly translated as "Special Capital City District of Jakarta" or "Special Capital Territory of Jakarta"). It also known in its shorter name DKI Jakarta.

Jakarta, as a province, is divided into five cities (kota or kotamadya), formerly municipalities, each headed by a mayor, and one regency (kabupaten) headed by a regent. In August 2007, Jakarta held its first ever election to pick a governor; the election was won by Fauzi Bowo. The city's governors have previously been appointed by local parliament. The poll is part of a country-wide decentralization drive, allowing for direct local elections in several areas.

List of 5 Cities/Municipalities (Kota Administrasi/Kotamadya) of Jakarta:

• Central Jakarta (Jakarta Pusat) is Jakarta's smallest city and home to most of Jakarta's administrative and political center. It is characterized by large parks and Dutch colonial buildings. Important landmarks of Jakarta is located in this territory, such as the National Monument (Monas, popularly has become the symbol of Jakarta itself), Istiqlal Mosque (the largest mosque in Southeast Asia), and numerous museums.
• West Jakarta (Jakarta Barat) has the most concentration of small-scale industries in Jakarta. West Jakarta is also popularly known as Jakarta's Chinatown, some of the well-known landmark is the Chinese Langgam building and the Toko Merah building. West Jakarta also contains part of the Jakarta Old Town.
• South Jakarta (Jakarta Selatan), previously planned as a satellite city, is now the location of large upscale shopping centers and affluent residential areas. Jakarta Selatan functions as Jakarta's ground water buffer, but recently the green belt areas are threatened by new developments. Most CBD area of Jakarta is concentrated in South Jakarta. The number of upscale nightclubs and shopping streets make this area particularly attractive. Other landmark is the Ragunan zoological garden (containing the Schmutzer Primate Center, one of the largest primate center in the world) and Setu Babakan (a center of Betawi cultural village).
• East Jakarta (Jakarta Timur) territory is characterized with several industrial sectors erected in this city. There is also still some area of swamps and rice fields in this city. East Jakarta has some well-known touristic area, globally and nationally, such as Indonesia Miniature Park (Taman Mini Indonesia Indah), Pancasila Sakti Monument, Kawasan Wiladatika, Jayakarta Prince tomb, Pasar Burung (special market selling any types of birds), jewel trading center, Fruit center Condet, and the small-scale industrial village. Cibubur camping ground is also located in this municipality. It is served by one airport, the Halim Perdanakusuma airport.
• North Jakarta (Jakarta Utara) is the only city in Jakarta that is bounded by the sea (Java Sea). It is the location of the Tanjung Priok Port. Big-scale and medium-scale industries are concentrated in North Jakarta. North Jakarta contains the location of Jakarta Old Town, formerly known as Batavia since the 17^th century, and was a center of VOC trade activity in Dutch East Indies. Also located in North Jakarta is Ancol Dreamland (Taman Impian Jaya Ancol), currently the largest integrated tourism area in South East Asia.

The only Regency (Kabupaten) of Jakarta is:

• Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu), formerly a subdistrict of North Jakarta, is a collection of 105 small islands located on Java Sea. It has a high conservation value because of its unique and special ecosystems. Marine tourism, such as diving, water bicycle, and wind surfing, is the most important touristic activities in this territory. The main transportation between these islands are speed boat or small ferries.

Jakarta's Cities/Municipalities (Kota Administrasi/Kotamadya)

City/Regency	Area (km2)	Total population (registered)(2007)	Total population (2007)	Population Density (km2)
South Jakarta	141.27	1,730,680	2,100,930	14,872
East Jakarta	188.03	2,159,785	2,421,419	12,878
Central Jakarta	48.13	880,286	889,680	18,485
West Jakarta	129.54	1,562,837	2,172,878	16,774
North Jakarta	146.66	1,200,958	1,453,106	9,908
Thousand Islands	8.7	19,915	19,980	2,297

Transportation

Jalan Thamrin, the main avenue in Central Jakarta

One of the most populous cities in the world, Jakarta is strained by transportation problems. In Indonesia most communal transport is provided by mikrolets, which are privately run minibuses although these normally stay off the main roads.

Road transport

Despite the presence of many wide roads, Jakarta suffers from congestion due to heavy traffic, especially in the central business district. To reduce traffic jams, some major roads in Jakarta have a 'three in one' rule during rush hours, first introduced in 1992, prohibiting fewer than three passengers per car on certain roads.

Motorised bajaj

Auto rickshaws, called bajaj, provide local transportation in the back streets of some parts of the city. From the early 1940s to 1991 they were a common form of local transportation in the city. In 1966, an estimated 160,000 rickshaws were operating in the city; as much as fifteen percent of Jakarta's total workforce was engaged in rickshaw driving. In 1971, rickshaws were banned from major roads, and shortly thereafter the government attempted a total ban, which substantially reduced their numbers but did not eliminate them. An especially aggressive campaign to eliminate them finally succeeded in 1990 and 1991, but during the economic crisis of 1998, some returned amid less effective government attempts to control them.

TransJakarta bus service in Jakarta

The TransJakarta bus rapid transit service operates on seven reserved busway corridors in the city; connected seven main points of Jakarta, such as Blok M, Jakarta Kota, Pulo Gadung, Kali Deres, Lebak Bulus, Ragunan, and Kampung Rambutan. The first TransJakarta line, from Blok M to Jakarta Kota opened in January 2004.

An outer ring road is now being constructed and is partly operational from Cilincing-Cakung-Pasar Rebo-Pondok Pinang-Daan Mogot-Cengkareng. A toll road connects Jakarta to Soekarno-Hatta International Airport in the northwest of Jakarta. Connected via toll road is the port of Merak and Tangerang to the west, connected Bogor, Puncak to the south, and connected Bekasi, Cikarang, Karawang, Cikampek, Purwakarta, and Bandung to the east.

Railway

The elevated Gambir station in Central Jakarta

Numerous railways serve Jakarta, connecting the city to its neighboring regions: Depok and Bogor to the south, Tangerang and Serpong to the west, and Bekasi, Karawang, and Cikampek to the east. The major rail stations are Gambir, Jakarta Kota, Jatinegara, Pasar Senen, Manggarai, and Tanah Abang. During peak hours, the number of passengers greatly exceeds the system's capacity, and crowding is common.

Two lines of the Jakarta Monorail are under construction: the green line serving Semanggi-Casablanca Road-Kuningan-Semanggi and the blue line serving Kampung Melayu-Casablanca Road-Tanah Abang-Roxy. In addition, there are plans for a two-line metro (MRT) system, with a north-south line between Kota and Lebak Bulus, with connections to both monorail lines; and an east-west line, which will connect with the north-south line at the Sawah Besar station. The current project, which began in 2005, has been delayed due to a lack of funds, and the project has been abandoned by the developer PT Jakarta Monorail in March 2008. The government is now looking for new investors.

On 30 November 2007, KRL(Commuter Train) Ciliwung Blue Line began operation. It serves Jakarta's circle line, which was used in the 80s. The fare price is Rp3500,00. It serves Manggarai, Sudirman, Karet, Tanah Abang, Duri, Angke, Kampung Bandan, Rajawali, Kemayoran, Pasar Senen, Gang Sentiong, Kramat, Pondok Jati, and Jatinegara. The train can carry 400 passengers.

An unconventional light weight pneumatically powered railway, called Aeromovel System, has been in operation at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) since 1989. The TMII's line is a pilot project for future urban implementations, initially intended to serve as the Kota-Blok M connector. Aeromovel is a transportation technology of Automated People mover (APM) originally developed in Brazil.

Waterway

On 6 June 2007, the city administration started to introduce the Waterway, a new river boat service along the Ciliwung River.

Air

Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK) is Jakarta's major airport and Indonesia's primary international gateway. It is used by both private and commercial carriers connecting Jakarta with other Indonesian cities and international destinations, and is Indonesia's busiest airport handling more than 30 million passengers annually. A second airport, Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport (HLP) serves mostly private and VVIP/presidential flights.

Sea

Sea transportation becomes preferable alternative transportation especially for inter insular transportation. The main seaport for this transportation mode is the Tanjung Priok seaport.

Education

See also: List of universities in Indonesia

Jakarta is home to many universities. The biggest is University of Indonesia who has two location in Salemba and Depok. Beside UI, three others of government universities are Jakarta State University, Jakarta State Polytechnic, and Jakarta Islamic State University. Nowadays, the oldest of which is the privately-owned Universitas Nasional (UNAS). There are also many other private universities in Jakarta, such as Trisakti University , Atma Jaya University, and Tarumanagara University, which are three of the few largest private universities in Indonesia. STOVIA was the first high school in Jakarta, established since 1851. As the largest city and the capital, Jakarta houses a large number of students from various parts of Indonesia, many of whom reside in dormitories or home-stay residences. Similar to other large cities in developing Asian countries, there are many professional schools. For basic education, there are a variety of primary and secondary schools, tagged with public (national), private (national and bi-lingual national plus) and international schools. Two of the major international schools located in Jakarta are the Jakarta International School and the British International School (BIS).

Sports

The Bung Karno Stadium is capable of hosting 100,000 spectators

Since Soekarno's era, Jakarta has often been chosen as the venue for international sport events, such as being the host of Asian Games in 1962, host of Asian Cup 2007 and several times hosting the regional-scale Sea Games. Jakarta is also home of several professional soccer clubs. The most popular of them is Persija, which regularly plays its matches in the Lebak Bulus Stadium. Another premiere division team is Persitara. The champions of Galatama competition, Warna Agung and Jayakarta soccer club, also homebase in Jakarta. The biggest stadium in Jakarta is the Bung Karno Stadium with a capacity of 100,000 seats. For basketball, the Kelapa Gading Sport Mall in Kelapa Gading, North Jakarta, with a capacity of 7,000 seats, is the home arena of the Indonesian national basketball team. Many international basketball matches are played in this stadium. The Senayan sports complex comprises several sport venues, which include the Bung Karno soccer stadium, Madya Stadium, Istora Senayan, a shooting range, a tennis court and a golf driving range. The Senayan complex was built in 1959 to accommodate the Asian Games in 1962. In 2011, Jakarta, together with Bandung, will once again host the Southeast Asian Games. Preparations to host the event have started since the conclusion of the 2007 Thailand Southeast Asian Games. The Indonesian Polo Association, as the governing body of polo in Indonesia, have stated its commitment to host the SEA Games polo tournament in Indonesia after polo is confirmed to be absent in the 2009 Laos Southeast Asian Games. The Indonesian Polo Team were placed last in the 2007 Southeast Asian Games.

See also: Indonesian 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bid

Problems

A trash dump in Bantar Gebang, Bekasi

Sanitation

Surveys show that "less than a quarter of the population is fully served by improved water sources. The rest rely on a variety of sources, including rivers, lakes and private water vendors. Some 7.2 million people are [without clean water]."

Flooding

During the wet season, Jakarta suffers from flooding due to clogged sewage pipes and waterways, deforestation near rapidly urbanizing Bogor and Depok, and the fact that 40% of it is below sea level. Major floods occurred in 1996 when 5,000 hectares of land were flooded and 2007. Losses from infrastructure damage and state revenue were at least 5.2 trillion rupiah (572 million US dollars) and at least 85 people were killed and about 350,000 people forced from their homes.. Approximately 70% of Jakarta's total area was flooded with water up to four meters deep in parts of the city.

Twin towns — Sister cities

See also List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia

Jakarta has sister relationships with a number of towns and regions worldwide:

Beijing, PRC Berlin, Germany Budapest, Hungary Istanbul, Turkey Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Los Angeles, United States Manchester, United Kingdom Manila, the Philippines New Mumbai, India New South Wales, (state) in Australia

Paris, France Rotterdam, Netherlands Seoul, South Korea Pyongyang, North Korea

See also

• 2005 Java-Bali Blackout
• 2007 Jakarta flood
• 2007 Java earthquake
• Jakarta Old Town
• Jakarta riots of May 1998
• List of Governors of Jakarta

External links

• Official website
• Jakarta Official Travel Website
• Jakarta Tourism Guide
• Business In Jakarta

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