Friedrich Wachowiak

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Friedrich Wachowiak
Born(1920-02-13)13 February 1920
Dortmund, Weimar Republic
Died16 July 1944(1944-07-16) (aged 24)
Caen, German-occupied France
Buried
Cimetière militaire allemand de Champigny-St. André
Plot 17—grave 2032
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service/branchBalkenkreuz (Iron Cross) Luftwaffe
Years of service1939–44
RankLeutnant (second lieutenant)
UnitJG 52, JG 3
Battles/wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Friedrich Wachowiak (13 February 1920 – 16 July 1944) was a German military aviator who served in the Luftwaffe during World War II. As a fighter ace, he was credited with 89, potentially up to 140, aerial victories—that is, 89 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft—claimed in an unknown number of combat missions. All of his documented victories were claimed over the Eastern Front.

Wachowiak was born in Somborn, present-day part of Dortmund, and following fighter pilot training was posted to Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) in July 1940. He claimed his first aerial victory on 24 June 1941 during Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross in April 1942. In 1943 and early 1944, he served as a fighter pilot instructor and came back to the front in May 1944. He was then posted to Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing) and was killed in action on 16 July 1944 fighting against the Western Allies over Normandy.

Career[edit]

Wachowiak was born on 13 February 1920 in Somborn, present-day part of Dortmund, at the time in the Province of Westphalia of the Weimar Republic. Trained as fighter pilot,[Note 1] Wachowiak was posted to 8. Staffel (8th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) on 29 July 1940 holding the rank of Obergefreiter.[2] At the time, 8. Staffel was commanded by Oberleutnant Günther Rall. The Staffel was subordinated to III. Gruppe (3rd group) of JG 52 temporarily headed by Hauptmann Wilhelm Ensslin after its former commander Major Wolf-Heinrich von Houwald was killed in action on 24 July.[3]

The rise of General Ion Antonescu in Romania in 1940 led to a reorganization of his country's armed forces. In this, he was supported by a military mission from Germany, the Luftwaffenmission Rumänien (Luftwaffe Mission Romania) under the command of Generalleutnant (equivalent to major general) Wilhelm Speidel [de].[4][5] III. Gruppe of JG 52 was transferred to Bucharest in mid-October and temporarily renamed I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 28 (JG 28—28th Fighter Wing) until 4 January 1941.[6] Its primary task was to train Romanian Air Force personnel.[4][7] The Gruppe was placed under the command of Major Gotthard Handrick who had previously served on the staff of Luftwaffenmission Rumänien.[8] 8. Staffel arrived at Pipera Airfield on 15 October where they stayed until 18 November when they moved to Leipzig-Mockau Airfield. Three days later, 8. Staffel moved to Parndorf in Austria.[9] On 30 November, the Staffel began relocating back to Pipera Airfield where they arrived on 2 December, staying there until 27 May 1941.[10]

War against the Soviet Union[edit]

On 21 June 1941, III. Gruppe was ordered to Mizil in preparation of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Its primary objective was to provide fighter protection for the oil fields and refineries at Ploiești.[11] The invasion of the Soviet Union began on 22 June. The next day, the Gruppe moved to Mamaia, the northern district of Constanța on the Black Sea coast.[12] There, Wachowiak claimed his first two aerial victories on 24 June. He was credited with shooting down two Soviet Ilyushin DB-3 bombers in the morning near Constanța. Two days later, he claimed another DB-3 bomber in the same combat area.[13]

III./JG 52 emblem

The Gruppe moved to Belaya Tserkov on 1 August during the Battle of Kiev and also used an airfield at Yampil from 6 to 8 August.[14] There, Wachowiak claimed two Polikarpov I-16 fighter on 4 August near Kiev.[13] Five days later, he was credited with a Tupolev SB-2 bomber. On 17 August, Wachowiak shot down a Polikarpov I-15 fighter.[15] On 27 August, III. Gruppe had reached an airfield named Stschastliwaja located approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) east-southeast of Oleksandriia where they stayed until 12 September.[16] The Gruppe then moved to an airfield at Taganrog on 2 November where they stayed until 1 January 1942.[17] In December 1941, Wachowiak claimed nine aerial victories, an I-16 fighter on 5 December, another I-16 the next day followed by two further I-16 fighters on 7 December. On 9 December, he was credited with three I-15 fighters. His last claims of 1941 were filed on 11 December over two SB-2 bombers.[18] For this, Wachowiak was awarded the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) on 15 December.[19]

On 1 January 1942, III. Gruppe relocated to Kharkov where they fought in the Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive and remained until 29 April.[20] Wachowiak claimed his first aerial victories in 1942 on 15 January over two Polikarpov I-153 fighters.[21] On 22 January, he received the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold).[22] On 5 April, Wachowiak was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) following his 46th aerial victory.[23][24] On 29 April, III. Gruppe had relocated to Zürichtal, a small village at the Inhul in the former German settlement west of Feodosia in the Crimea during the Crimean campaign. On 1 May, the Gruppe was subordinated to VIII. Fliegerkorps and was supporting the 11th Army in the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula and the Siege of Sevastopol.[25] Here, Wachowiak claimed five aerial victories taking his total to 53.[26]

On 12 May, German forces launched Operation Fredericus, also referred to as the Second Battle of Kharkov, with the objective to eliminate the Izium bridgehead over Seversky Donets. That day, III. Gruppe was moved to the Kharkov-Rogan airfield, southeast of Kharkov, and subordinated to the Stab (headquarters unit) of JG 52. Two days later, III. Gruppe predominantly flew fighter escort missions for Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers from VIII. Fliegerkorps attacking Soviet ground forces on the northern pincer, and claimed 52 aerial victories for the loss of one aircraft damaged.[27] That day, Wachowiak became an "ace-in-a-day" when he shot down five Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1 fighters.[28] On 26 June, III. Gruppe then moved to Bely Kolodez where they stayed until 3 July. By this date, Wachowiak had accumulated 64 aerial victories, making him the fourth most successful fighter pilot of III. Gruppe.[29]

On 28 June, German forces had launched Case Blue, the strategic summer offensive in southern Russia. On 7 July, Army Group A began their advance towards the oil fields in the Caucasus.[30] On 13 August, III. Gruppe had reached Mineralnye Vody in the North Caucasus region.[31] Here, Wachowiak claimed two I-153 fighters shot down on 25 August and two MiG-1 fighters the next day.[32] On 27 August, III. Gruppe reached an airfield named Gonschtakowka located north-northeast of Mozdok on the Terek. The Gruppe stayed at Gonschtakowka until 19 September.[33] In this period, Wachowiak claimed eight aerial victories, a MiG-1 on 28 August, an I-16 on 29 August, a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter on 5 September, another LaGG-3 and a Petlyakov Pe-2 bomber on 7 September, another LaGG-3 the next day, a MiG-1 on 14 September, and a Sukhoi Su-2 light bomber on 17 September.[34] On 19 September, III. Gruppe reached an airfield named Soldatskaya, west of Mozdok. The Gruppe would remain here until 1 January 1943 but would also use airfields at Mozdok and Digora.[33]

Instructor, Western Front and death[edit]

His grave at the Champigny-Saint-André German war cemetery

In 1943 and early 1944, Wachowiak served as a fighter pilot instructor.[22] While serving with II. Gruppe of Ergänzungs-Jagdgeschwader 1 (EJG 1—1st Supplementary Fighter Wing), a Luftwaffe replacement training unit, he trained Croatian fighter pilots of the Croatian Air Force Legion at Saint-Jean-d'Angély.[35] Some of these pilots later served with 15. Staffel of JG 52.[22]

In May 1944, Wachowiak was posted to 7. Staffel of JG 52.[2] At the time, III. Gruppe was based at Cape Chersonez located at the Sevastopol Bay and led by Major Wilhelm Batz.[36] He claimed first aerial victory following his tour as a fighter pilot instructor on 6 May over an Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft. The following day, he was credited with the destruction of a Yakovlev Yak-9 fighter.[37] The Gruppe then relocated a few times before moving to an airfield at Roman on 18 May.[38] There, Wachowiak claimed his last documented aerial victory when he shot down a Pe-2 bomber on 29 May.[39]

The Staffel, under the commanded by Oberleutnant Eberhard Fischler Graf von Treuberg, was withdrawn from the Eastern Front and transferred west to fight in Defense of the Reich. The Staffel was subordinated to III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 3 "Udet" (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing) led by Major Karl-Heinz Langer. There, the Staffel was later redesignated and became the 12. Staffel of JG 3.[40][41] The transfer order had been issued on 29 May. The pilots and ground staff were taken by train to Salzwedel. The Staffel was then ordered to Chartres Airfield.[42]

Wachowiak was killed in action on 16 July 1944 on the Normandy invasion front. He was among the first pilots killed following the relocation to the Western Front. Of the original sixteen pilots transferred, only two pilots survived the war.[42] Wachowiak was shot down in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 165507—factory number) during aerial combat with a Supermarine Spitfire near Écouché.[43] According to Mathews and Foreman, Wachowiak may have been shot down by Spitfire fighters from the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) No. 403 Squadron. He was posthumously recommended for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub), but the recommendation was not approved.[22]

Summary of career[edit]

Aerial victory claims[edit]

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Wachowiak was credited with 140 aerial victories.[44] Schreier lists him with 130 aerial victories.[23] According to Obermaier, the exact number of aerial victories Wachowiak was credited with is not exactly known. Obermaier states that he claimed at least 86 aerial victories on the Eastern Front. His mother testified that he had claimed approximately 120 aerial victories, while his comrades claim that he shot down about 140 aircraft.[2] Spick also states that Wachowiak was credited with at least 86 aerial victories, all of which claimed over the Eastern Front in an unknown number of combat missions.[45] According to Rall, who was Wachowiak's commanding officer and regular wingman, Wachowiak had approximately 100 aerial victories by August 1942.[46] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 89 aerial victories, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front.[47]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 44423". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[48]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Wachowiak an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Barbas, Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[22]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 5 December 1941
1 24 June 1941 07:15 DB-3 Constanța[49] 14 15 October 1941 07:35 I-26 (Yak-1)[50]
2 24 June 1941 07:30 DB-3 Constanța[49] 15 24 October 1941 12:44 I-15[51]
3 26 June 1941 05:20 DB-3 Constanța[49] 16 24 October 1941 16:19 I-16[51]
4 4 August 1941 05:55 I-16[52] 17 31 October 1941 11:27 I-153[53]
5 4 August 1941 06:10 I-16 Kiev[52] 18 9 November 1941 13:53 I-26 (Yak-1)[53]
6 9 August 1941 05:42 SB-2[54] 19 9 November 1941 13:55 Su-2 (Seversky)[53]
7 17 August 1941 13:30 I-15[54] 20 9 November 1941 14:02 V-11 (Il-2)[53]
8 30 August 1941 15:17 DB-3 east of Dnepropetrovsk[55] 21 22 November 1941 13:45 I-61 (MiG-3)[56]
9 6 September 1941 12:58 R-10 (Seversky) north of Kremenchuk[55] 22 28 November 1941 10:28 I-61 (MiG-3) northwest of Rostov[56]
10 25 September 1941 07:30 I-26 (Yak-1)[55] 23 28 November 1941 10:30 I-61 (MiG-3) northwest of Rostov[56]
11 26 September 1941 12:30 I-16[55] 24 29 November 1941 07:25 I-61 (MiG-3)[56]
12 27 September 1941 10:50 DB-3 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Skorochadowo[57] 25 5 December 1941 10:08 I-16[56]
13 28 September 1941 07:55 SB-2 east-southeast of Poltava[57]
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[58]
Eastern Front — 6 December 1941 – 28 April 1942
26 6 December 1941 08:30 I-16[59] 37 22 February 1942 15:40 I-26 (Yak-1)[60]
27 7 December 1941 13:51 I-16[59] 38 22 February 1942 15:44 V-11 (Il-2)[60]
28 7 December 1941 13:55 I-16[59] 39 1 March 1942 11:42 I-26 (Yak-1)[60]
29 9 December 1941 12:31 I-15[59] 40 1 March 1942 11:45 I-26 (Yak-1)[60]
30 9 December 1941 12:33 I-15[59] 41 9 March 1942 12:35 I-61 (MiG-3)[60]
31 9 December 1941 12:35 I-15[59] 42 9 March 1942 12:40 I-61 (MiG-3)[60]
32 11 December 1941 13:35 SB-2[59] 43 17 March 1942 14:28 I-61 (MiG-3)[60]
33 11 December 1941 13:38 SB-2[59] 44 18 March 1942 12:28 SB-2[60]
34 15 January 1942 09:35 I-153[61] 45 18 March 1942 16:38 I-153[60]
35 15 January 1942 09:40 I-153[61] 46 7 April 1942 13:10 I-61 (MiG-3)[62]
36 22 February 1942 15:38 Pe-2[60]
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[63]
Eastern Front — 29 April – November 1942
47 29 April 1942 16:50 I-61 (MiG-3)[64] 67 26 August 1942 17:02 MiG-1 PQ 44423[65]
48 30 April 1942 14:30 I-61 (MiG-3)[64] 68 26 August 1942 17:04?[Note 2] MiG-1 PQ 44472[65]
south of Mozdok
49 1 May 1942 05:05 I-61 (MiG-3) 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Sety (Saly)[66] 69 28 August 1942 14:00 MiG-1 PQ 44451[67]
vicinity of Mozdok
50 2 May 1942 08:55 U-2[66] 70 29 August 1942 17:00 I-16 PQ 44363[67]
north of Nizhnii Kurp
51 2 May 1942 12:43 I-26 (Yak-1)[66] 71 5 September 1942 06:22 LaGG-3 PQ 49454[68]
vicinity of Wosnessnokaja
52 8 May 1942 11:12 I-153[66] 72 7 September 1942 08:43 LaGG-3 PQ 44454, south of Mozdok[69]
53 8 May 1942 13:20 I-153[66] 73 7 September 1942 08:47 Pe-2 PQ 44454, south of Mozdok[69]
54 13 May 1942 09:08 MiG-1[70] 74 8 September 1942 06:37?[Note 3] LaGG-3 PQ 44477[69]
55 13 May 1942 09:12 MiG-1[70] 75 14 September 1942 11:32 MiG-1 PQ 44513[71]
56 13 May 1942 13:15 MiG-1[70] 76 17 September 1942 14:28 Su-2 (Seversky) PQ 54322[72]
57 13 May 1942 13:18 MiG-1[70] 77 21 September 1942 16:25 MiG-3 PQ 44554[72]
58♠ 14 May 1942 08:10 MiG-1[73] 78 21 September 1942 16:28 MiG-3 PQ 44524[72]
59♠ 14 May 1942 08:16 MiG-1[73] 79 26 September 1942 14:42 MiG-1 PQ 44472[74]
south of Mozdok
60♠ 14 May 1942 09:37 MiG-1[73] 80 26 September 1942 14:46 MiG-1 PQ 44323[74]
vicinity of Malgobek
61♠ 14 May 1942 09:44 MiG-1[73] 81 6 November 1942 11:22 LaGG-3 PQ 44871[75]
62♠ 14 May 1942 12:07 MiG-1[73] 82 7 November 1942 11:03 Il-2 PQ 44843[75]
63 22 June 1942 05:10 LaGG-3[76] 83 7 November 1942 14:03 Il-2 PQ 44813[75]
64 23 June 1942 14:48 MiG-1[76] 84 7 November 1942 14:08 Il-2 PQ 44752, south of Salugardan[75]
65 25 August 1942 15:30 I-153 PQ 44273[65] 85 27 November 1942 11:15 Il-2 PQ 44762[77]
66 25 August 1942 15:35 I-153 PQ 44244[65] 86 29 November 1942 13:34 MiG-3 4 km (2.5 mi) northeast of Ardonskaya[77]
– 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[78]
Eastern Front — May 1944
87 6 May 1944 09:04?[Note 4] Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 35442[39]
vicinity of Sevastopol 		89 29 May 1944 08:58 Pe-2 PQ 68724[39]
30 km (19 mi) north-northwest of Piatra Neamț
88 7 May 1944 07:25?[Note 6] Yak-9 PQ 35611[39]
Black Sea, 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Sevastopol

Awards[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[1]
  2. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 17:06.[63]
  3. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 06:35.[63]
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 09:40.[63]
  5. ^ The "m.H." refers to an Ilyushin Il-2 with rear gunner (mit Heckschütze).
  6. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 08:35.[63]
  7. ^ According to Scherzer as pilot in the 8./Jagdgeschwader 52.[83]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  2. ^ a b c Obermaier 1989, p. 219.
  3. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 168.
  4. ^ a b Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, pp. 23–31.
  5. ^ Weal 2004, p. 54.
  6. ^ Weal 2004, p. 55.
  7. ^ Weal 2004, p. 56.
  8. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 23.
  9. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 24.
  10. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 25.
  11. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 53.
  12. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 60.
  13. ^ a b Barbas 2010, p. 327.
  14. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 62.
  15. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 328.
  16. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 63.
  17. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 66.
  18. ^ Barbas 2010, pp. 333–334.
  19. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 284.
  20. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 92.
  21. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 334.
  22. ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1362.
  23. ^ a b Schreier 1990, p. 175.
  24. ^ Weal 2004, p. 71.
  25. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 93.
  26. ^ Barbas 2010, pp. 338–339.
  27. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 514–516.
  28. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 340.
  29. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 96.
  30. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 98.
  31. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 100.
  32. ^ Barbas 2010, pp. 346–347.
  33. ^ a b Barbas 2010, p. 102.
  34. ^ Barbas 2010, pp. 347–350.
  35. ^ Savić & Ciglić 2002.
  36. ^ Schreier 1990, p. 190.
  37. ^ Barbas 2010, pp. 184, 376.
  38. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 186.
  39. ^ a b c d Barbas 2010, p. 376.
  40. ^ Prien & Stemmer 1996, p. 442–443.
  41. ^ Schreier 1990, p. 135.
  42. ^ a b Barbas 2010, p. 187.
  43. ^ Prien & Stemmer 1996, p. 464.
  44. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 329.
  45. ^ Spick 1996, p. 235.
  46. ^ Rall 2007, p. 114.
  47. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1362–1364.
  48. ^ Planquadrat.
  49. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003, p. 68.
  50. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 74.
  51. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 75.
  52. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 69.
  53. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003, p. 76.
  54. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 70.
  55. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003, p. 71.
  56. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2003, p. 77.
  57. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 72.
  58. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1362–1363.
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2005, p. 153.
  60. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2005, p. 157.
  61. ^ a b Prien et al. 2005, p. 154.
  62. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 158.
  63. ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1363.
  64. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 542.
  65. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 554.
  66. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 544.
  67. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 555.
  68. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 556.
  69. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 557.
  70. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 545.
  71. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 558.
  72. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 559.
  73. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 546.
  74. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 560.
  75. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 563.
  76. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 549.
  77. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 564.
  78. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1363–1364.
  79. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 180.
  80. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 209.
  81. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 491.
  82. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 433.
  83. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 763.

Bibliography[edit]

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  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  • Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1939–1942. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-52677-864-2.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces – Biographies and Victory Claims – Volume 4 S–Z. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-21-9.
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  • Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard (1996). Messerschmitt Bf 109 im Einsatz bei der III./Jagdgeschwader 3 in 1940 – 1945 [Messerschmitt Bf 109 in Action with the III./Jagdgeschwader 3 in 1940 – 1945] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-33-5.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/II—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/II—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-64-9.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/II—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/II—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-70-0.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2005). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/I—Winterkampf im Osten—6.12.1941 bis 30.4.1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/I—Winter War in the East—6 December 1941 to 30 April 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-76-2.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/II—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/II—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-77-9.
  • Rall, Günther (2007) [2004]. Braatz, Kurt [in German] (ed.). Günther Rall: Mein Flugbuch—Erinnerungen 1938–2004 [Günther Rall: My Flight Book—Recollections 1938–2004] (in German). Moosburg, Germany: NeunundzwanzigSechs Verlag. ISBN 978-3-9807935-3-7.
  • Savić, Dragan; Ciglić, Boris (2002). Croatian Aces of World War 2. London, England: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-435-1.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Schreier, Hans (1990). JG 52 Das erfolgreichste Jagdgeschwader des 2. Weltkriegs [JG 52 The Most Successful Fighter Wing of World War II] (in German). Berg am See: K. Vowinckel. ISBN 978-3-921655-66-5.
  • Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.
  • Weal, John (2004). Jagdgeschwader 52: The Experten. Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 15. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-786-4.
  • Zabecki, David T., ed. (2019). The German War Machine in World War II. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-44-086918-1.
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