User talk:Jgggana/sandbox

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Assignment #1 (Microbial Fuel Cells)[edit]

Microbial fuel cells

The facts in the article are adequately cited from sixty sources that mostly consist of reliable peer-reviewed journal and academic press entries. Citation was however, missing on the History section that elaborates on microbial fuel cell function discovery. A few suspect source materials were also identified to be official websites ([41], [43]), self-published ([53]), blog posts ([44]) and promotional ([28], [51], [40]). Additionally, hyperlinks were not present for some references, but were legitimate scientific journal entries, or were directed to missing pages ([47], [3], [48]). No presence of plagiarism or paraphrasing was detected in the article.

The article material is mostly relevant to the article topic and has a clear and understandable lead that elaborates on microbial fuel cells aptly. All sections and images were relevant and well structured to Microbial fuel cell discussion, while more important sections such as Types, Application and Generation Process were appropriately discussed further. If anything, the viewpoint on biorecovery could have been represented and updated for more application elaboration. For example, biorecovery in microbial fuel cells have also been found to reduce pollution like acidic mine drainage by oxidizing acidic metals like Fe(II) to goethite (Cheng et al., 2010).[1]

No claims or biases were identified, as each statement was expressed in a heavily cited and neutrally factual-based manner. The talk page contained a number of conversations and edits from 2006 to 2016, that indicate the article has been collectively discussed and edited on several occasions.


Jgggana (talk) 20:41, 17 September 2017 (UTC)[reply]

Assignment #2 -- Bioelectrogenesis[edit]

While the article has an appropriate description on the fundamental details of bioelectrogenesis, some points brought up in the article (electrogenic organisms, bioelectrogenic mechanism, applications) could be further examined and described. This lack of topic detail is evident given the article’s importance scale value of mid-importance and start class rating, which means only basic and incomplete information was supplied in the article. For example, the article acknowledges that certain microbes exhibit bioelectrogenesis and are used to create MFCs, but fails to explain much further than that as to the mechanism of microbial bioelectrogenesis. Additionally, the application mentioned, MFCs, needs a more reliable source cited for it.

Effectively, the article could be edited to expound on bioelectrogenic microbes, which are said to be present in all ecosystems (Chabert, 2015) [2] such as Geobacter sulfurreducens (Bond, 2003) [3] and Dietzia sp. RNV-4 (Sacco, 2017) [4], among others. Adding this information will improve the content of the article by introducing the reader to more concrete examples of bioelectrogenic organisms (specifically microbes), and to highlight the diversity of bioelectrogenic organisms. The article could also discuss the general microbial mechanism on how and why they generate electricity could be explained further. For instance, it was found that electricity production mechanism in microbes was linked with the degradation of organic matter (Potter,1911)[5]. Furthermore, the potential applications of bioelectrogenesis (especially in microbes) could also be discussed, such as its use to desalinate brackish water, carbon dioxide sequestering, hydrogen production, and sustainable water treatment by reducing organic waste (Gude, 2013)[6]. This will educate the reader on the benefits presented by bioelectrogenesis towards varying applications, and the underlying theme towards how microbes are notably able perform those functions through bioelectrogenesis..

There are five reliable and fact-checked sources referenced, which is enough to consider the article as notable. Each of the sources were from independent authors, having four sources from legitimate peer-reviewed scientific journals, and one source from an appropriate textbook. The article also contains significant coverage with three of the appropriate sources being cited for more than just a passing sentence in the article.

Jgggana (talk) 03:28, 28 September 2017 (UTC)[reply]

References[edit]

Jgggana's Peer Review[edit]

Jgggana added much needed information to the relatively empty article on Bioelectrogenesis. A neutral tone was kept however this was easy due to the lack of expansion on the information given. When they add more information in the future they need to be sure to keep this neutral tone throughout. The initial clean up of the existing intro section is good, yet it still lacks an exact definition of what Bioelectrogenesis is. The last sentence “Plant cells also exhibit light-induced electrogenesis.” was kept yet this topic is never mentioned in the rest of the article. This either needs to be explained, or removed. Jgggana’s added material reads more like a list of things about bioelectrogenesis but lacks reasoning for their significance. The information about decomposition, fermentation, and variance in electrical energy lacks explanations of their significance and at times can be confusing. What happens to the electrical currents generated through decomposition? What about the electricity from fermenting electrogenic microbes? What is the significance of varying electrical energy production under differing conditions? These questions arise from reading this information and provide ideas to expand on. The 2nd and 3rd sources both appear legit and relatively recent which allows the reader to assume it is up to date and correct information. However the first source is over 100 years old! This source appears to be citing relatively general information and would be improved if a more recent and updated source was given for such general facts to ensure they are up to date and correct. More sources should also be added as 3 sources may lead to a biased presentation of information. Overall the writing mostly suffered from a lack of flow, clarity, and expansion, which can be resolved through the addition of information allowing for better organization of the article.

Joshdalmann (talk) 07:47, 9 November 2017 (UTC)[reply]

Draft[edit]

Bioelectrogenesis[edit]

Bioelectrogenesis is the generation of electricity by living organisms, a phenomenon that belongs to the science of electrophysiology. The nerve impulse is a bioelectric event.[7] In biological cells, electrochemically active transmembrane ion channel and transporter proteins, such as the sodium-potassium pump, make electricity generation possible by maintaining a voltage imbalance from an electrical potential difference between the intracellular and extracellular space. The sodium-potassium pump simultaneously releases three Na ions away and influxes two K ions towards the intracellular space. This generates an electrical potential gradient from the uneven charge separation created. The process consumes metabolic energy in the form of ATP. [8] [9]

Bioelectrogenesis in Fish[edit]

The term usually refers to the electricity-generating ability in some aquatic creatures, such as the electric eel, electric catfish, and to a lesser extent the black ghost knifefish. Fish exhibiting such bioelectrogenesis often also possess electroreceptive abilities (which are more widespread) as part of an integrated electric system.[10] Electrogenesis may be utilized for electrolocation, self-defense, electrocommunication and sometimes the stunning of prey.[11]

Bioelectrogenesis in Microbial Life[edit]

The first examples of bioelectrogenic microbial life was identified in brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisi) by M. C. Potter in 1911, using an early iteration of a microbial fuel cell (MFC). It was founded that chemical action in the breakdown of carbon such as fermentation and carbon decomposition in yeast is linked to the production of electricity. [12]

Decomposition of organic or inorganic carbon by bacteria is paired with the release of electrons extracellularly towards electrodes, which generate electric currents. The microbe's released electrons are transferred by biocatalytic enzymes or redox-active compounds from the cell to the anode in the presence of a viable carbon source. This creates an electrical current as electrons move from anode to a physically separated cathode.[13][14]

There are several mechanisms for extracellular electron transport. Some bacteria use nanowires in biofilm to transfer electrons towards the anode. The nanowires are made of pili that act as a conduit for the electrons to pass towards the anode.[15][16]

Electron shuttles in the form of redox-active compounds like flavin, which is a cofactor, are also able to transport electrons. These cofactors are secreted by the microbe and reduced by redox participating enzymes such as Cytochrome C embedded on the microbe's cell surface. The reduced cofactors then transfer electrons to the anode and are oxidized. [17][18]

In some cases, electron transfer is mediated by the cellular membrane embedded redox participating enzyme itself. Cytochrome C on the microbe's cell surface directly interacts with the anode to transfer electrons. [19][20]

Electron hopping from one bacteria to another in biofilm towards an anode through their outer membrane cytochromes is also another electron transport mechanism.[21]

These bacteria that transfer electrons in the microbe's exterior environment are called exoelectrogens.[22][23]

Electrogenic bacteria are present in all ecosystems and environments. This includes environments under extreme conditions such as hydrothermal vents and highly acidic ecosystems, as well as common natural environments such as soil and lakes. These electrogenic microbes are discovered and identified through the identification of microbes that reside in electrochemically active biofilms formed on MFC electrodes such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[24][25]

  1. ^ Cheng, Shaoan, et al. "Efficient Recovery of Nano-Sized Iron Oxide Particles from Synthetic Acid-Mine Drainage (AMD) Water using Fuel Cell Technologies." Water Research, vol. 45, no. 1, 2011, pp. 303-307.
  2. ^ Chabert, Nicolas, Oulfat Amin Ali, and Wafa Achouak. "All Ecosystems Potentially Host Electrogenic Bacteria." Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands), vol. 106, no. Pt A, 2015, pp. 88.
  3. ^ Bond, Daniel R., and Derek R. Lovley. "Electricity Production by Geobacter Sulfurreducens Attached to Electrodes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 69, no. 3, 2003, pp. 1548-1555.
  4. ^ Sacco, Natalia J., M. C. Bonetto, and Eduardo Cortón. "Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Electrogenic Bacterium, Dietzia Sp. RNV-4." Plos One, vol. 12, no. 2, 2017, pp. e0169955.
  5. ^ Potter, M. C. "Electrical Effects Accompanying the Decomposition of Organic Compounds." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character, vol. 84, no. 571, 1911, pp. 260-276.
  6. ^ Bahareh Kokabian, Veera Gnaneswar Gude. "Beneficial Bioelectrochemical Systems for Energy, Water, and Biomass Production." Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology, 2013.
  7. ^ Nicholls, John G.; Martin, A. Robert; Fuchs, Paul A.; Brown, David A.; Diamond, Mathew E.; Weisblat, David A. (2012). From Neuron to Brain. 5. Sinauer. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-87893-609-0.
  8. ^ Baptista, V. "Starting Physiology: Bioelectrogenesis." Advances in Physiology Education, vol. 39, no. 4, 2015, pp. 397-404.
  9. ^ Schoffeniels, E., et al. Molecular Basis and Thermodynamics of Bioelectrogenesis. vol. 5, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 1990, doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2143-6.
  10. ^ Bullock, T. H.; Hopkins, C. D.; Ropper, A. N.; Fay, R. R. (2005). From Electrogenesis to Electroreception: An Overview. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-23192-1.
  11. ^ Castello, M. E.; A. Rodriguez-Cattaneo; P. A. Aguilera; L. Iribarne; A. C. Pereira; A. A. Caputi (2009). "Waveform generation in the weakly electric fish Gymnotus coropinae (Hoedeman): the electric organ and the electric organ discharge". Journal of Experimental Biology. 212 (9): 1351–1364. doi:10.1242/jeb.022566. PMID 19376956. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Potter, M. C. (1911). Electrical effects accompanying the decomposition of organic compounds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character, 84(571), 260-276.
  13. ^ Raghavulu, SV, et al. "Relative Effect of Bioaugmentation with Electrochemically Active and Non-Active Bacteria on Bioelectrogenesis in Microbial Fuel Cell." Bioresource Technology, vol. 146, 2013, pp. 696-703.
  14. ^ Velvizhi, G., and S. Venkata Mohan. "Electrogenic Activity and Electron Losses Under Increasing Organic Load of Recalcitrant Pharmaceutical Wastewater." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 37, no. 7, 2012, pp. 5969-5978.
  15. ^ McCarthy, Kevin D., et al. "Extracellular Electron Transfer Via Microbial Nanowires." Nature, vol. 435, no. 7045, 2005, pp. 1098-1101.
  16. ^ Gorby, Yuri A., et al. "Electrically Conductive Bacterial Nanowires Produced by Shewanella Oneidensis Strain MR-1 and Other Microorganisms." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 103, no. 30, 2006, pp. 11358-11363.
  17. ^ Kotloski, NJ, and JA Gralnick. "Flavin Electron Shuttles Dominate Extracellular Electron Transfer by Shewanella Oneidensis." Mbio, vol. 4, no. 1, 2013, pp. e00553-12-e00553-12.
  18. ^ Kumar, Ravinder, et al. "Exoelectrogens in Microbial Fuel Cells Toward Bioelectricity Generation: A Review." International Journal of Energy Research, vol. 39, no. 8, 2015, pp. 1048-1067.
  19. ^ Bond, Daniel R., and Derek R. Lovley. "Electricity Production by Geobacter Sulfurreducens Attached to Electrodes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 69, no. 3, 2003, pp. 1548-1555.
  20. ^ Inoue, K., et al. "Specific Localization of the c-Type Cytochrome OmcZ at the Anode Surface in Current-Producing Biofilms of Geobacter Sulfurreducens." Environmental Microbiology Reports, vol. 3, no. 2, 2011, pp. 211-217.
  21. ^ Bonanni, PS, D. Massazza, and JP Busalmen. "Stepping Stones in the Electron Transport from Cells to Electrodes in Geobacter Sulfurreducens Biofilms." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 15, no. 25, 2013, pp. 10300-10306.
  22. ^ Kumar, Ravinder, et al. " Exoelectrogens in Microbial Fuel Cells Toward Bioelectricity Generation: A Review." International Journal of Energy Research, vol. 39, no. 8, 2015, pp. 1048-1067.
  23. ^ TerAvest, Michaela A., and Caroline M. Ajo‐Franklin. " Transforming Exoelectrogens for Biotechnology using Synthetic Biology." Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol. 113, no. 4, 2016, pp. 687-697.
  24. ^ Chabert, N., Amin Ali, O., & Achouak, W. (2015). All ecosystems potentially host electrogenic bacteria. Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 106(Pt A), 88.
  25. ^ Garcia-Munoz, J., et al. "Electricity Generation by Microorganisms in the Sediment-Water Interface of an Extreme Acidic Microcosm." International Microbiology, vol. 14, no. 2, 2011, pp. 73-81.
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