User:Zcc002/Bordetella

-There are about 16 different species of Bordetella likely descending from ancestors who lived in soil and/or water environments. B. pertussis and occasionally B. parapertussis cause pertussis (whooping cough) in humans, and some B. parapertussis strains only can colonise colonize sheep. It has also been known to cause bronchitis in cats and bronchopneumonia in pigs.

-The species B. bronchiseptica (gram-negative, aerobic) however has a broader host range, causing similar symptoms in a wide range of animals, while only occasionally affecting humans. These symptoms often manifest as chronic and asymptomatic respiratory infections. B. bronchiseptica is a small, coccoid coccobacillus shape sized at approximately 0.5 µm. It has peritrichous flagella that enables it to be motile. On a petri dish, colonies of this species appear small, grayish-white, smooth, and shiny. B. bronchiseptica is gram-negative. This species is also typically associated with kennel cough (Canine Respiratory Infectious Disease (CRID)) in dogs.

-Bacteria initially adhere to ciliated epithelial cells in the nasopharynx, and this interaction with epithelial cells is mediated by a series of protein adhesins.

-Other bacteria recycle this molecule back into the cytoplasm, but in Bordetella and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, it is released into the environment.

-Tracheal cytotoxin itself is able to reproduce paralysis of the ciliary escalator, inhibition of DNA synthesis in epithelial cells and ultimately killing of the same.

-Recently discovered activities of adenylate cyclase toxin, including transmembrane pore formation and stimulation of calcium influx, may also contribute to the intoxication of phagocytes.

-Binding of this protein to the consensus sequence represents gene expression by reducing transcription.

-It has peritrichous flagella that enables it to be motile. On a petri dish, colonies of this species appear small, grayish-white, smooth, and shiny. B. bronchiseptica is gram-negative.

Virulence factors[edit]

The virulence factors identified in the Bordetella are common to all three species. These include adhesins, such as filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), pertactin, tracheal colonization factor and fimbriae, and toxins, such as adenylate cyclase-hemolysin, dermonecrotic toxin and tracheal cytotoxin. These factors are then expressed and regulated most often by environmental stimuli. Differences in virulence factors relate to the loss of regulatory or control functions. Bordetella sp. is typically found to live within the hosts' respiratory tract and immune system and can transmit to new hosts. Bordetella pertussis also affects human adults and even with an 85% vaccination coverage over 160,000 related deaths occur each year all around the globe. There are few antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods but no change or progress have been discovered as of 2018. Most studies performed using Bordetella vaccines have many flaws and fail to come to an official conclusion.

Vaccines[edit]

The Bordetella vaccine is non-essential, but highly recommended for dogs especially if they will be coming in are expected to come into contact with other dogs, such as at dog parks, boarding facilities, dog shows, training classes, etc. (Burke). In fact, it can be required at certain facilities for entry. The vaccine can also be given to cats, but it is less commonly done because infection appears to be uncommon in adult cats. However, it may be a good idea to vaccinate a kitten if it is in a high-risk environment (i.e. living with multiple other cats) (Gardiner).

The Bordetella vaccine specifically targets Bordetella bronchiseptica, the species typically responsible for kennel cough. The vaccine introduces the bacteria (live or killed dead) to the body in order to develop an immunity. It is important to remember that the vaccine only protects against one species of Bordetella. Therefore, it is possible for a pet to become infected with another Bordetella species or contract kennel cough from another source, such as the parainfluenza virus, even after being vaccinated for B. bronchiseptica (Burke). The Bordetella vaccine is also only about 70% effective (Bryant).

Molecular structure of pertussis toxin complex (protein) highlighting alpha helices and beta pleated sheets. Also including the 5 different sub-units.

There are three 3 licensed ways to deliver the Bordetella vaccine to dogs: orally, intranasally, and subcutaneously (under the skin). The two 2 former methods are administered using live bacteria, while the latter is done with a killed bacteria. A comparative study done in 2013 by the School of Veterinary Medicine in Madison, Wisconsin studied the effectiveness of these three methods by vaccinating beagle puppies. The 40 beagles were divided into four groups; a group to test each of the three 3 methods, plus one unvaccinated control group. After 42 days, the dogs were exposed to Bordetella bronchiseptica. This study determined that the live intranasal Bordetella vaccine was more effective than the killed subcutaneous vaccine, and the live oral vaccine works equally as well as the live intranasal vaccine (Larson).