This page will list some bibliographical references about individual languages of Vanuatu. It is meant to be edited by anyone who is knowledgeable about Vanuatu linguistics.

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General references on Vanuatu languages[edit]

Tryon, Darrell, 1976. New Hebrides Languages: An Internal Classification. Pacific Linguistics Series C - No. 50. Canberra: Australian National University.

Bislama[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/bis

Camden, Pastor Bill. 1979. Parallels in structure of lexicon and syntax between New Hebrides Bislama and the South Santo language as spoken at Tangoa. Pacific Linguistics, A-57:51-117.
Charpentier, Jean-Michel 1979. Le pidgin bislama(n) et le multilinguisme aux Nouvelles-Hébrides. Langues et Civilisations à Tradition Orale 35. Paris: SELAF.
Crowley, Terry. 1990. Beach-la-Mar to Bislama: The emergence of a national language in Vanuatu. Oxford Studies in Language Contact. Oxford: Clarendon Press. xxi + 422pp.
Crowley, Terry. 1995. An illustrated Bislama-English and English-Bislama dictionary. Vila: Pacific Languages Unit and Vanuatu Extension Centre, University of the South Pacific. (Revised 2004.) vii + 478pp. * Builds on the work of Camden (1977) and other sources to provide a very comprehensive modern dictionary of modern Bislama, together with a comprehensive English index.
Crowley, Terry. 2004. Bislama Reference Grammar. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication No. 31. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
Darrell T. Tryon and Jean-Michel Charpentier. 2004. Pacific Pidgins and Creoles: Origins, Growth and Development. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2004. xix + 559 pp. Hardcover ISBN 3-11-016998-3.

Northern Vanuatu languages[edit]

Banks & Torres languages[edit]

General references covering the Torres & Banks area (with data from its 17 languages)

François, Alexandre (2005), "Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages", Oceanic Linguistics, 44 (2): 443–504, doi:10.1353/ol.2005.0034, S2CID 131668754

François, Alexandre (2007), "Noun articles in Torres and Banks languages: Conservation and innovation", in Siegel, Jeff; Lynch, John; Eades, Diana (eds.), Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic indulgence in memory of Terry Crowley, Creole Language Library 30, Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 313–326
François, Alexandre (2009), "Verbal aspect and personal pronouns: The history of aorist markers in north Vanuatu", in Pawley, Andrew; Adelaar, Alexander (eds.), Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: A festschrift for Bob Blust, vol. 601, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 179–195

François, Alexandre (2011a), "Where *R they all? The history and geography of *R loss in Southern Oceanic", Oceanic Linguistics, 50 (1): 142–199, doi:10.1353/ol.2011.0009, S2CID 55766987

François, Alexandre (2011b), "Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence", Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra, hdl:1885/29283, S2CID 42217419.
François, Alexandre (2012), "The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages", International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2012 (214): 85–110, doi:10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022, S2CID 145208588
François, Alexandre (2013), "Shadows of bygone lives: The histories of spiritual words in northern Vanuatu", in Mailhammer, Robert (ed.), Lexical and structural etymology: Beyond word histories, Studies in Language Change, vol. 11, Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton, pp. 185–244 (preprint)

François, Alexandre (2014), "Trees, Waves and Linkages: Models of Language Diversification" (PDF), in Bowern, Claire; Evans, Bethwyn (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics, London: Routledge, pp. 161–189, ISBN 978-0-41552-789-7.

Dorig[edit]

Link to WP entry: Dorig language

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/wwo

References

François, Alexandre (2010), "Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: Resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment", Phonology, 27 (3): 393–434, doi:10.1017/S0952675710000205, S2CID 62628417

Hiw[edit]

Link to WP entry: Hiw language

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/hiw

References

François, Alexandre (2010a), "Pragmatic demotion and clause dependency: On two atypical subordinating strategies in Lo-Toga and Hiw (Torres, Vanuatu)", in Bril, Isabelle (ed.), Clause hierarchy and Clause linking: The Syntax and Pragmatics interface, Studies in Language Companion Series 121, Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 499–548, ISBN 978-90-272-0588-9
François, Alexandre (2010b), "Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: Resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment", Phonology, 27 (3): 393–434, doi:10.1017/S0952675710000205, S2CID 62628417

Mota[edit]

Link to WP entry: Mota language

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mtt

References

Codrington, Robert H.; Palmer, Jim (1896), A Dictionary of the Language of Mota, Sugarloaf Island, Banks' Islands, with a short grammar and index, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge

Mwotlap[edit]

Link to WP entry: Mwotlap language

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mlv

References

François, Alexandre (2000), "Vowel shifting and cloning in Motlav: historical explanation vs. formal description", in Klamer, Marian (ed.), Proceedings of AFLA 7 (The Seventh Meeting of Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association), Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, pp. 49–68
François, Alexandre (2001), Contraintes de structures et liberté dans l'organisation du discours. Une description du mwotlap, langue océanienne du Vanuatu. PhD dissertation, Université Paris-IV Sorbonne. 1078 pp.
François, Alexandre (2003), La sémantique du prédicat en mwotlap (Vanuatu), Collection Linguistique de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, Leuven-Paris: Peeters, ISBN 90-429-1271-5
François, Alexandre (2003), "Of men, hills and winds: Space directionals in Mwotlap", Oceanic Linguistics, 42 (2): 407–437, doi:10.1353/ol.2003.0021, S2CID 16908769

François, Alexandre (2005a), "A typological overview of Mwotlap, an Oceanic language of Vanuatu", Linguistic Typology, 9 (1): 115–146, doi:10.1515/lity.2005.9.1.115, S2CID 55878308

François, Alexandre (2006), "Serial verb constructions in Mwotlap", in Dixon, R.M.W.; Aikhenvald, Alexandra (eds.), Serial Verb Constructions: A cross-linguistic typology, Explorations in Linguistic Typology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 223–238
François, Alexandre (2004), "Chains of freedom: Constraints and creativity in the macro-verb strategies of Mwotlap", in Bril, Isabelle; Ozanne-Rivierre, Françoise (eds.), Complex predicates in Oceanic languages: Studies in the dynamics of binding and boundness, Empirical Approaches to Language Typology, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 107–143

Other northern Vanuatu languages[edit]

Northeast Ambae[edit]

Link to WP entry: East Ambae language

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/omb

Ivens, W. G. (1940). "A Grammar of the Language of Lobaha, Lepers' Island, New Hebrides, Melanesia". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 10 (2): 345–363. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00087553. S2CID 162967830.
Hyslop, Catriona. (2001). The Lolovoli Dialect of the North-East Ambae Language, Vanuatu. Pacific Linguistics 515. Canberra: Australian National University.

Sungwadia[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mrb

Henri, Agnès (2011). Le sungwadia. Éléments de description d'une langue du Vanuatu. Collection linguistique de la Société de Linguistique de Paris. Vol. 97. Leuven: Peeters. p. 463.

Tamambo[edit]

Link to WP entry: Tamambo language

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mla

References

Jauncey, Dorothy G. (1997). A Grammar of Tamambo, the Language of Western Malo, Vanuatu. Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University, Canberra.

Jauncey, Dorothy G. (2002), "Tamambo", in Lynch, J., Ross, M. & Crowley, T. (ed.), The Oceanic Languages, Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, pp. 608–625{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)

Riehl, Anastasia K.; Jauncey, Dorothy (2005). "Illustrations of the IPA: Tamambo". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 35 (2): 255–259. doi:10.1017/S0025100305002197. S2CID 232350020.

Comment: add 2011 grammar reference

Links

Dorothy Jauncey (2011). "Dictionary of Tamambo, Malo".

Central Vanuatu languages[edit]

South Efate[edit]

Link to WP entry: South Efate language
Link to OLAC entry http://www.language-archives.org/language/erk
Read and hear example texts in South Efate: http://www.eopas.org/transcripts?language_code=erk

Anon. 1868. Nalag nig Efat. Trans. D. Morrison. Sydney: Mason, Firt, nigar asler (Mason, Firth and Co).
Anon. 1892. Tusi nalag Efate Niu Ebrites. Sydney: F. Cunninghame and Co.
Anon. 1979. Natus nalag (213 pp).
Bible. 1864. Nadus iskei nig Fat. Aneityum: Mission Press.
Bible. 1866. Nafsanwi nig Iesu Krist nag Mark. Trans. D. Morrison. Sydney: Sheriff and Downing.
Bible. 1874. Kenesis natus a bei nag Moses ki mtir i. Trans. Cosh, J. Sydney: British and Foreign Bible Society.
Bible. 1875? Nafisan nafousien. Sydney: F. Cunninghame and Co.
Bible. 1883. The Gospel according to Luke. Trans. Macdonald, D.D. Melbourne: M.L. Hutchinson.
Bible. 1885. The Gospel according to John, Tus Nanrognrogona Uia ni Iesu Kristo nag Ioane i mitiria. Trans. Mackenzie, J., Macdonald, D.D. Sydney: F. Cunninghame and Co.
Bible. 1919. Natus bei ni nafisan ni Efate. Sydney: Epworth Press.
Bible. 1919. Tusi tab fao (New Testament). Trans. Mackenzie, J., Macdonald, D.D. Melbourne: British and Foreign Bible Society.
Bible. 1923. Scripture History. Sydney: Epworth Printing and Publishing House.
Bible. 1923. Nafakoron ni aliat. Erakor Efate, New Hebrides. Nouméa: Imprimerie A.-L. Laubreaux.
Bible. n.d. Nawisien nig Nagmer Apostol. Sydney: F. Cunninghame and Co.
Clark, Ross. 1973. Transitivity and case in eastern Oceanic languages. Oceanic Linguistics 12(1–2). 559–606.
––––– 1978. The New Hebridean outliers. In Wurm, S.A. and L.Carrington, (eds.), Second International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics: proceedings. Fascicle 2: eastern Austronesian. (Pacific Linguistics Series) Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. 911–928.
––––– 1982. “Necessary” and “unnecessary” borrowing. In Halim, A. (ed.), Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Vol.3: Accent on variety. C 76 ed. (Pacific Linguistics Series): Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. 137–143.
––––– 1985. The Efate dialects. Te Reo 28.:3–35.
––––– 1996. Linguistic consequences of the Kuwae eruption. In J. M. Davidson, G. Irwin, B. F. Leach, A. Pawley and D. Brown (eds.), Oceanic culture history: essays in honour of Roger Green. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication. 275–285.
––––– n.d. The Efate-Tongoa dialects (Ms).
Codrington, Robert Henry (R. H.). 1885. The Melanesian Languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Lynch, John. 2000. South Efate phonological history. Oceanic Linguistics 39(2):320–338.
––––– 2001. The linguistic history of Southern Vanuatu. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
––––– 2004. The Efate-Erromango Problem in Vanuatu Subgrouping. Oceanic Linguistics 43(2):311–338.
Thieberger, Nicholas 2006a. A Grammar of South Efate: An Oceanic Language of Vanuatu Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication, No. 33. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
––––– 2006b. The benefactive construction in South Efate. Oceanic Linguistics, Volume 45, no. 2, 297-310.
––––– 2007. The demise of serial verbs in South Efate. Diana Eades, John Lynch and Jeff Siegel (eds.), Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic Indulgence in Memory of Terry Crowley. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 237-251.
––––– 2011a. Natrauswen nig Efat. Melbourne: The author. ISBN 978-1-921775-50-5.
––––– 2011b. A dictionary of South Efate. Melbourne: The author. ISBN 978-1-921775-51-2.
––––– 2012. Mood and Transitivity in South Efate. Oceanic Linguistics. Volume 51, no. 2, 387-401.
Thieberger, Nicholas and Chris Ballard. 2008. Daniel Macdonald and the 'compromise literary dialect' in Efate, central Vanuatu. Oceanic Linguistics, Volume 47, no.2: 365-382

Other Central Vanuatu languages[edit]

Southern Vanuatu languages[edit]

Anejom̃[edit]

Link: Aneityum language

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/aty

Lynch, John (2000). A grammar of Anejom̃. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics (507). ISBN 0858834847.

Lynch, John; Philip Tepahae (2000). Diksonari blong Anejom̃ : nitasviitai a nijitas antas Anejom̃. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics (510). ISBN 0858835088.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Other languages - waiting on more detailed information[edit]

<ADD DETAILS HERE>

Akei[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/tsr

Ambae, East[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/omb

Ambae, West[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/nnd

Amblong[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/alm

Ambrym, North[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mmg

Ambrym, Southeast[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/tvk

Aore[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/aor

Apma[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/app

Araki[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/akr

Aulua[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/aul

Axamb[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/ahb

Baetora[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/btr

Baki[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/bki

Bierebo[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/bnk

Bieria[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/brj

Burmbar[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/vrt

Butmas-Tur[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/bnr

Dakaka[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/bpa

Dixon Reef[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/dix

Efate, North[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/llp

Efate, South[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/erk

Emae[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mmw

Eton[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/etn

Fortsenal[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/frt

Futuna-Aniwa[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/fut

Hano[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/lml

Ifo[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/iff

Katbol[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/tmb

Koro[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/krf

Kwamera[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/tnk

Labo[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mwi

Lakon[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/lkn

Lamenu[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/lmu

Larevat[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/lrv

Lehali[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/tql

Lelepa[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/lpa

Lenakel[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/tnl

Letemboi[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/nms

Lewo[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/lww

Lingarak[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/lgk

Litzlitz[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/lzl

Lonwolwol[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/crc

Lorediakarkar[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/lnn

Löyöp[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/urr

Mae[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mme

Maewo, Central[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mwo

Mafea[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mkv

Link to ELAR entry: http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/guerin2007mavea

Guerin, Valerie (2011). A grammar of Mav̋ea: An Oceanic language of Vanuatu. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.

Guerin, Valerie; Aoyama, Katsura (2009). "Illustrations of the IPA: Mavea". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 39 (2): 249–262. doi:10.1017/S0025100309003958. S2CID 232343731.

Guerin, Valerie (2008). Discovering Mav̋ea: Grammar, Texts, and Lexicon. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hawai'i at Manoa.

Guerin, Valerie (2007). "Definiteness and specificity in Mav̋ea". Oceanic Linguistics. 46 (2): 538–553. doi:10.1353/ol.2008.0001. S2CID 144048096.

Maii[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mmm

Malfaxal[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mlx

Malo[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mla

Malua Bay[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mll

Maragus[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mrs

Maskelynes[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/klv

Mele-Fila[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mxe

Merei[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/lmb

Merlav[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mrm

Morouas[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mrp

Mosina[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/msn

Mpotovoro[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mvt

Namakura[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/nmk

Nambas, Big[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/nmb

Narango[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/nrg

Nasarian[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/nvh

Navut[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/nsw

Nokuku[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/nkk

Paama[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/pma

Piamatsina[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/ptr

Polonombauk[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/plb

Port Sandwich[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/psw

Port Vato[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/ptv

Repanbitip[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/rpn

Rerep[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/pgk

Roria[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/rga

Sa[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/sax

Sakao[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/sku

Seke[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/ske

Shark Bay[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/ssv

Sie[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/erg

South West Bay[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/sns

Sowa[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/sww

Tambotalo[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/tls

Tangoa[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/tgp

Tanna, North[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/tnn

Tanna, Southwest[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/nwi

Tasmate[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/tmt

Tiale[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/mnl

Toga[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/lht

Tolomako[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/tlm

Tutuba[edit]

Link to OLAC entry: http://www.language-archives.org/language/tmi

Naito, Maho (2008). A descriptive study of the Tutuba language (in Japanese). Ph.D. dissertation, Kyoto University.

Naito, Maho (2006). "Tutuba apicolabials: Factors influencing the phonetic transition from apicolabials to labials". Oceanic Linguistics. 45 (1): 217–228. doi:10.1353/ol.2006.0017. S2CID 145228974.

Access to publications on Tutuba, written in Japanese, by Maho Naito