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Islamophobia in the Media[edit]

Islamophobia in the media refers to the occurrence or perception thereof that several media outlets tend to cover Muslims or Islam-related topics in a negative light.

Peter Oborne of The Independent claimed that newspapers such as The Sun tend to highlight crimes committed by Muslims in an undue and disproportionate manner.[1] According to Nathan Lean, editor-in-chief of Aslan Media and a researcher at Georgetown University, the media plays a major role in promoting Islamophobia across the world.[2] Professor Humayun Ansari said that politicians and the media are still fuelling Islamophobia.[3] Shafi Khan, a friend of the murdered students at the 2015 Chapel Hill shooting said that politicians such as Bobby Jindal and the media were responsible for the death of his three dead friends.[4] Vox Mediaeditor Max Fisher claimed that Fox News is only a small component of the Islamophobia on U.S media.[5]

According to Elizabeth Poole in the Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies, the media has been criticized for perpetrating Islamophobia. She cites a case study examining a sample of articles in the British press from between 1994 and 2004, which concluded that Muslim viewpoints were underrepresented and that issues involving Muslims usually depicted them in a negative light. Such portrayals, according to Poole, include the depiction of Islam and Muslims as a threat to Western security and values.[6] Benn and Jawad write that hostility towards Islam and Muslims are "closely linked to media portrayals of Islam as barbaric, irrational, primitive and sexist."[7] Egorova and Tudor suggest that expressions used in the media such as "Islamic terrorism", "Islamic bombs" and "violent Islam" have resulted in a negative perception of Islam.[8] John E. Richardson's 2004 book (Mis)representing Islam: the racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers, criticized the British media for propagating negative stereotypes of Muslims and fueling anti-Muslim prejudice.[9] In another study conducted by John E. Richardson, he found that 85% of mainstream newspaper articles treated Muslims as a homogeneous mass who were imagined as a threat to British society.[10]

In 2009 Mehdi Hasan in the New Statesman criticized Western media for over-reporting a few Islamist terrorist incidents but under-reporting the much larger number of planned non-Islamist terrorist attacks carried out by "non-Irish white folks".[11] Indeed, the violence perpetrated by Irish liberation groups such as the Irish Republican Army and Irish National Liberation Army has been quite extensive. Whether or not the conflict is legitimate, there have been hundreds of bombings and murders.[12] According to Mehdi Hasan's claim, these tend to not be reported in the same manner as actions taken by groups oriented in the Middle East. A 2012 study indicates that Muslims across different European countries, such as France, Germany and the United Kingdom, experience the highest degree of Islamophobia in the media.[13]

In 2009, a group of Muslim-Americans planned to construct an interfaith community center in Manhattan at 45-51 Park Place, formerly a Burlington Coat Factory. Initial media coverage of the project was largely positive. However, in the months that followed the coverage took a decidedly negative turn and media outlets dubbed the project the "Ground Zero Mosque." This is significant, as the project was neither a mosque nor was it located at Ground Zero. By 2010, media outlets like The New York Post and Fox News "began publishing and broadcasting sensational stories detailing New Yorkers’ outrage over the project."[14]

Media personalities have been accused of Islamophobia. The obituary in The Guardian for the Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci described her as "notorious for her Islamaphobia" [sic].[15]

Some media outlets are working explicitly against Islamophobia. In 2008 Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting ("FAIR") published a study "Smearcasting, How Islamophobes Spread Bigotry, Fear and Misinformation." The report cites several instances where mainstream or close to mainstream journalists, authors and academics have made analyses that essentialize negative traits as an inherent part of Muslims' moral makeup.[16] FAIR also established the "Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism", designed to monitor coverage in the media and establish dialogue with media organizations. Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, the Islamic Society of Britain's "Islam Awareness Week" and the "Best of British Islam Festival" were introduced to improve community relations and raise awareness about Islam.[17] In 2012 the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation stated that they will launch a TV channel to counter Islamophobia.[18]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "The shameful Islamophobia at the heart of Britain's press". The Independent.
  2. ^ "Media blamed for promoting Islamophobia". arabnews.com.
  3. ^ Humayun Ansari. "Islamophobia rises in British society". aljazeera.com.
  4. ^ "CNN Guest Blames Fox And Bobby Jindal After Muslim Shooting - The Daily Caller". The Daily Caller.
  5. ^ "It's not just Fox News: Islamophobia on cable news is out of control". Vox.
  6. ^ Poole, E. (2003) p. 217
  7. ^ Benn; Jawad (2004) p. 165
  8. ^ See Egorova; Tudor (2003) pp. 2–3, which cites the conclusions of Marquina and Rebolledo in: "A. Marquina, V. G. Rebolledo, ‘The Dialogue between the European Union and the Islamic World’ in Interreligious Dialogues: Christians, Jews, Muslims, Annals of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, v. 24, no. 10, Austria, 2000, pp. 166–8. "
  9. ^ Richardson, John E. (2004). (Mis)representing Islam: the racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 90-272-2699-7.
  10. ^ Richardson, J. E. (2009). "‘Get Shot of the Lot of Them’: Election Reporting of Muslims in British Newspapers." Patterns of Prejudice 43(3-4): 355-377.
  11. ^ Mehdi Hasan (9 July 2009). "Know your enemy". New Statesman. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
  12. ^ McCluskey, Molly (17 August 2014). "'The Troubles' belie Northern Ireland success". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  13. ^ Kunst, Sam, & Ulleberg: "Perceived islamophobia: Scale development and validation", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Advance online publication (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.11.001
  14. ^ DeFoster, Ruth. "Orientalism For A New Millennium: Cable News And The Specter Of The “Ground Zero Mosque”." Journal Of Communication Inquiry 39.1 (2015): 63-81. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 4 Mar. 2015.
  15. ^ Obituary of Oriana Fallaci – The Guardian, 16 September 2006. "Controversial Italian journalist famed for her interviews and war reports but notorious for her Islamaphobia"
  16. ^ Steve Rendall and Isabel Macdonald, Making Islamophobia Mainstream; How Muslim-bashers broadcast their bigotry, summary of Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting report, at its website, November/December 2008.
  17. ^ Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic studies, p. 218
  18. ^ "OIC will launch channel to counter Islamophobia". Arab News. April 19, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2013.

Category:Anti-Islam

References[edit]

Annotated Bibliography[edit]

A focused look into the sensationalist reaction of various media outlets to the proposed "Ground Zero Mosque." The article identifies a clear set of islamophobic talking points in American mass media.
• DeFoster, Ruth. "Orientalism For A New Millennium: Cable News And The Specter Of The “Ground Zero Mosque”." Journal Of Communication Inquiry 39.1 (2015): 63-81. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 4 Mar. 2015.

This article focuses on a study which aims at analyzing the depiction of Muslims in the media and the consequence of Islamophobia in mass media. It discusses stereotyping of Muslims and explores Muslim perceptions of media effects on their collective self-esteem. It concludes that media portrayals of Muslims has affected their acculturation and marginalization.
• "Muslims In The Media: Intercultural Consequences Of An Islamophobic Media System." Conference Papers -- International Communication Association (2011): 1-38. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 4 Mar. 2015.

The goal of this study is to determine the possible factors leading to increased Islamophobia through an examination of public opinion in the United States and Europe. Predictors of anti-Muslim attitudes include being politically more conservative and being older in all countries, and paying close attention to news coverage of the Park51 Islamic Community Center ("Ground Zero Mosque") in the United States.
• Ogan, Christine, et al. "The Rise Of Anti-Muslim Prejudice: Media And Islamophobia In Europe And The United States." International Communication Gazette 76.1 (2014): 27-46. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 4 Mar. 2015.

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