User:Mr. Ibrahem/Squamous cell skin cancer

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Squamous cell skin cancer
Other namesCutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), epidermoid carcinoma, squamous cell epithelioma
SCC of the skin tends to arise from pre-malignant lesions, actinic keratoses; surface is usually scaly and often ulcerates (as shown here).
SpecialtyDermatology, plastic surgery, otorhinolaryngology
SymptomsHard lump with a scaly top, ulceration[1]
Complications{Metastasis
Risk factorsUltraviolet radiation, actinic keratosis, lighter skin, arsenic exposure, radiation therapy, poor immune system function, HPV infection[1]
Diagnostic methodTissue biopsy[2][3]
Differential diagnosisKeratoacanthoma, actinic keratosis, melanoma, warts, basal cell cancer[4]
PreventionDecreased UV radiation exposure, sunscreen[5][6]
TreatmentSurgical removal, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy[2][7]
PrognosisUsually good[5]
Frequency2.2 million (2015)[8]
Deaths51,900 (2015)[9]

Squamous-cell skin cancer (SCC), is a type of skin cancer that typically presents as a hard, rough, scaly topped lesion, which may ulcerate.[1] Onset is often over months.[4] SSC is more likely to spread to distant areas than basal cell cancer.[10] When confined to the outermost layer of the skin, a precancerous or in situ form of SCC is known as Bowen's disease.[1]

The greatest risk factor is high total exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.[1] Other risks include prior scars, chronic wounds, actinic keratosis, lighter skin, Bowen's disease, arsenic exposure, radiation therapy, poor immune system function, previous basal cell carcinoma, and HPV infection.[2][11] Risk from UV radiation is related to total exposure, rather than early exposure.[12] Tanning beds are becoming another common source of ultraviolet radiation.[12] It begins from squamous cells found within the skin.[13] Diagnosis is often based on skin examination and confirmed by tissue biopsy.[2][3] Other common skin cancers include basal cell cancer, and melanoma.[14]

Decreasing exposure to ultraviolet radiation and the use of sunscreen appear to be effective methods of preventing squamous-cell skin cancer.[5][6] Treatment is typically by surgical removal.[2] This can be by simple excision if the cancer is small otherwise Mohs surgery is generally recommended.[2] Other options may include application of cold and radiation therapy.[7] In the cases in which distant spread has occurred chemotherapy or biologic therapy may be used.[7]

As of 2015, about 2.2 million people have SCC at any given time.[8] It makes up about 20% of all skin cancer cases.[15] About 12% of males and 7% of females in the United States developed SCC at some point in time.[2] While prognosis is usually good, if distant spread occurs five-year survival is ~34%.[4][5] In 2015 it resulted in about 51,900 deaths globally.[9] The usual age at diagnosis is around 66.[4] Following the successful treatment of one case of SCC people are at high risk of developing further cases.[2]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f DE, Elder; D, Massi; RA, Scolyer; R, Willemze (2018). "Squamous cell carcinoma". WHO Classification of Skin Tumours. Vol. 11 (4th ed.). Lyon (France): World Health Organization. pp. 35–45. ISBN 978-92-832-2440-2. Archived from the original on 2022-07-11. Retrieved 2022-08-08.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Gandhi, SA; Kampp, J (November 2015). "Skin Cancer Epidemiology, Detection, and Management". The Medical Clinics of North America. 99 (6): 1323–35. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.06.002. PMID 26476255.
  3. ^ a b "Skin Cancer Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 21 June 2017. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d Ferri, Fred F. (2016). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1199. ISBN 9780323448383. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.14. ISBN 978-9283204299.
  6. ^ a b Jou, PC; Feldman, RJ; Tomecki, KJ (June 2012). "UV protection and sunscreens: what to tell patients". Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 79 (6): 427–36. doi:10.3949/ccjm.79a.11110. PMID 22660875.
  7. ^ a b c "Skin Cancer Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 21 June 2017. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  8. ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Cakir, BÖ; Adamson, P; Cingi, C (November 2012). "Epidemiology and economic burden of nonmelanoma skin cancer". Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America. 20 (4): 419–22. doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2012.07.004. PMID 23084294.
  11. ^ Opel, Sophia (2016). Skin Cancer for the Plastic Surgeon (1 ed.). UCL Press. pp. 61–76. ISBN 9781910634394. JSTOR j.ctt1g69xq0.9. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  12. ^ a b Gallagher, RP; Lee, TK; Bajdik, CD; Borugian, M (2010). "Ultraviolet radiation". Chronic Diseases in Canada. 29 Suppl 1: 51–68. PMID 21199599.
  13. ^ "NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms". National Cancer Institute. 2011-02-02. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  14. ^ "Skin Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)". NCI. 2013-10-25. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  15. ^ Stratigos, A; Garbe, C; Lebbe, C; Malvehy, J; del Marmol, V; Pehamberger, H; Peris, K; Becker, JC; Zalaudek, I; Saiag, P; Middleton, MR; Bastholt, L; Testori, A; Grob, JJ; European Dermatology Forum, (EDF).; European Association of Dermato-Oncology, (EADO).; European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, (EORTC). (September 2015). "Diagnosis and treatment of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline". European Journal of Cancer. 51 (14): 1989–2007. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2015.06.110. PMID 26219687.
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