User:Mr. Ibrahem/Prostate cancer

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Prostate cancer
Other namesCarcinoma of the prostate, adenocarcinoma of the prostate[1]
Position of the prostate
SpecialtyOncology, urology
SymptomsNone, difficulty urinating, blood in the urine, pain in the pelvis, back, or when urinating[2][3]
Usual onsetAge > 50[4]
Risk factorsOlder age, family history, race[4]
Diagnostic methodTissue biopsy, medical imaging[3]
Differential diagnosisBenign prostatic hyperplasia[2]
TreatmentActive surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy[3]
Prognosis5-year survival rate 99% (US)[5]
Frequency1.2 million new cases (2018)[6]
Deaths359,000 (2018)[6]

Prostate cancer is the development of cancer in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system.[7] Most prostate cancers are slow growing; however, some grow relatively quickly.[2][4] The cancer cells may spread from the prostate to other areas of the body, particularly the bones and lymph nodes.[8] It may initially cause no symptoms.[2] In later stages, it can lead to difficulty urinating, blood in the urine or pain in the pelvis, back, or when urinating.[3] A disease known as benign prostatic hyperplasia may produce similar symptoms.[2] Other late symptoms may include feeling tired due to low levels of red blood cells.[2]

Factors that increase the risk of prostate cancer include older age, a family history of the disease, and race.[4] About 99% of cases occur in males over the age of 50.[4] Having a first-degree relative with the disease increases the risk two to threefold.[4] Other factors that may be involved include a diet high in processed meat, red meat or milk products or low in certain vegetables.[4] An association with gonorrhea has been found, but a reason for this relationship has not been identified.[9] An increased risk is associated with the BRCA mutations.[10] Prostate cancer is diagnosed by biopsy.[3] Medical imaging may then be done to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.[3]

Prostate cancer screening is controversial.[4][11] Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing increases cancer detection, but it is controversial regarding whether it improves outcomes.[11][12][13] Informed decision making is recommended when it comes to screening among those 55 to 69 years old.[14][15] Testing, if carried out, is more reasonable in those with a longer life expectancy.[16] While 5α-reductase inhibitors appear to decrease low-grade cancer risk, they do not affect high-grade cancer risk and thus are not recommended for prevention.[4] Supplementation with vitamins or minerals does not appear to affect the risk.[4][17]

Many cases are managed with active surveillance or watchful waiting.[3] Other treatments may include a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy or chemotherapy.[3] When it only occurs inside the prostate, it may be curable.[2] In those in whom the disease has spread to the bones, pain medications, bisphosphonates and targeted therapy, among others, may be useful.[3] Outcomes depend on a person's age and other health problems as well as how aggressive and extensive the cancer is.[3] Most men with prostate cancer do not end up dying from the disease.[3] The 5-year survival rate in the United States is 98%.[5] Globally, it is the second most common type of cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in men.[18] In 2018, it occurred in 1.2 million men and caused 359,000 deaths.[6] It was the most common cancer in males in 84 countries,[4] occurring more commonly in the developed world.[19] Rates have been increasing in the developing world.[19] Detection increased significantly in the 1980s and 1990s in many areas due to increased PSA testing.[4] Studies of males who died from unrelated causes have found prostate cancer in 30% to 70% of those over age 60.[2]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Mullangi, Sanjana; Lekkala, Manidhar Reddy (2023). "Adenocarcinoma". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Archived from the original on 2022-05-16. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Prostate Cancer Treatment (PDQ) – Health Professional Version". National Cancer Institute. 2014-04-11. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Prostate Cancer Treatment (PDQ) – Patient Version". National Cancer Institute. 2014-04-08. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Chapter 5.11". World Cancer Report. World Health Organization. 2014. ISBN 978-9283204299.
  5. ^ a b "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Prostate Cancer". NCI. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  6. ^ a b c Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (November 2018). "Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries". Ca: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 68 (6): 394–424. doi:10.3322/caac.21492. PMID 30207593. Archived from the original on 2021-04-17. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  7. ^ "Prostate Cancer". National Cancer Institute. January 1980. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  8. ^ Ruddon, Raymond W. (2007). Cancer biology (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0195175431. Archived from the original on 2015-09-15.
  9. ^ Caini S, Gandini S, Dudas M, Bremer V, Severi E, Gherasim A (August 2014). "Sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Cancer Epidemiology. 38 (4): 329–38. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2014.06.002. PMID 24986642.
  10. ^ Lee MV, Katabathina VS, Bowerson ML, Mityul MI, Shetty AS, Elsayes KM, et al. (2016). "BRCA-associated Cancers: Role of Imaging in Screening, Diagnosis, and Management". Radiographics. 37 (4): 1005–1023. doi:10.1148/rg.2017160144. PMID 28548905.
  11. ^ a b "Prostate Cancer Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 6 February 2018. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018. Controversy exists regarding the value of screening... reported no clear evidence that screening for prostate cancer decreases the risk of death from prostate cancer
  12. ^ Catalona WJ (March 2018). "Prostate Cancer Screening". The Medical Clinics of North America. 102 (2): 199–214. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2017.11.001. PMC 5935113. PMID 29406053.
  13. ^ "PSA testing". nhs.uk. 3 January 2015. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  14. ^ "Final Recommendation Statement: Prostate Cancer: Screening – US Preventive Services Task Force". www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org. USPSTF. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  15. ^ Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Bibbins-Domingo K, Caughey AB, Davidson KW, et al. (May 2018). "Screening for Prostate Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement". JAMA. 319 (18): 1901–1913. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3710. PMID 29801017.
  16. ^ Cabarkapa S, Perera M, McGrath S, Lawrentschuk N (December 2016). "Prostate cancer screening with prostate-specific antigen: A guide to the guidelines". Prostate International. 4 (4): 125–129. doi:10.1016/j.prnil.2016.09.002. PMC 5153437. PMID 27995110.
  17. ^ Stratton J, Godwin M (June 2011). "The effect of supplemental vitamins and minerals on the development of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Family Practice. 28 (3): 243–52. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmq115. PMID 21273283.
  18. ^ "Chapter 1.1". World Cancer Report. World Health Organization. 2014. ISBN 978-9283204299.
  19. ^ a b Baade PD, Youlden DR, Krnjacki LJ (February 2009). "International epidemiology of prostate cancer: geographical distribution and secular trends". Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 53 (2): 171–84. doi:10.1002/mnfr.200700511. PMID 19101947.
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