User:Mr. Ibrahem/Multiple myeloma

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Multiple myeloma
Other namesPlasma cell myeloma, myelomatosis, Kahler's disease, myeloma[1]
Micrograph of a plasmacytoma, H&E stain
SpecialtyHematology and oncology
SymptomsBone pain, bleeding, frequent infections, anemia[2]
ComplicationsAmyloidosis, kidney problems, bone fractures, overly thick blood[2][3]
DurationLong term[3]
CausesUnknown[4]
Risk factorsObesity[5]
Diagnostic methodBlood or urine tests, bone marrow biopsy, medical imaging[6]
TreatmentSteroids, chemotherapy, thalidomide, stem cell transplant, bisphosphonates, radiation therapy[3][6]
PrognosisFive-year survival rate 52% / life expectancy 6 years (USA)[7]
Frequency488,200 (affected during 2015)[8]
Deaths101,100 (2015)[9]

Multiple myeloma (MM), also known as plasma cell myeloma and simple myeloma, is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that normally produces antibodies.[6] Often, no symptoms are noticed initially.[2] As it progresses, bone pain, bleeding, frequent infections, and anemia may occur.[2] Complications may include amyloidosis.[3]

The cause of multiple myeloma is unknown.[4] Risk factors include obesity, radiation exposure, family history, and certain chemicals.[5][10][11] Multiple myeloma may develop from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance that progresses to smoldering myeloma.[12] The abnormal plasma cells produce abnormal antibodies, which can cause kidney problems and overly thick blood.[2] The plasma cells can also form a mass in the bone marrow or soft tissue.[2] When one tumor is present, it is called a plasmacytoma; more than one is called multiple myeloma.[2] Multiple myeloma is diagnosed based on blood or urine tests finding abnormal antibodies, bone marrow biopsy finding cancerous plasma cells, and medical imaging finding bone lesions.[6] Another common finding is high blood calcium levels.[6]

Multiple myeloma is considered treatable, but generally incurable.[3] Remissions may be brought about with steroids, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplant.[3] Bisphosphonates and radiation therapy are sometimes used to reduce pain from bone lesions.[3][6]

Globally, multiple myeloma affected 488,000 people and resulted in 101,100 deaths in 2015.[8][9] In the United States, it develops in 6.5 per 100,000 people per year and 0.7% of people are affected at some point in their lives.[7] It usually occurs around the age of 60 and is more common in men than women.[6] It is uncommon before the age of 40.[6] Without treatment, typical survival is seven months.[3] With current treatments, survival is usually 4–5 years.[3] The five-year survival rate is about 49%.[7] The word myeloma is from the Greek myelo- meaning "marrow" and -oma meaning "tumor".[13]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Myeloma Canada | What is Multiple Myeloma?". www.myelomacanada.ca. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Plasma Cell Neoplasms (Including Multiple Myeloma)—Patient Version". NCI. 1980-01-01. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Plasma Cell Neoplasms (Including Multiple Myeloma) Treatment (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version". NCI. July 29, 2016. Archived from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  4. ^ a b World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.13. ISBN 978-9283204299.
  5. ^ a b World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 2.3 and 2.6. ISBN 978-9283204299.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Raab MS, Podar K, Breitkreutz I, Richardson PG, Anderson KC (July 2009). "Multiple myeloma". Lancet. 374 (9686): 324–39. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60221-X. PMID 19541364.
  7. ^ a b c "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Myeloma". NCI Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  8. ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "Plasma Cell Neoplasms (Including Multiple Myeloma) Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 1980-01-01. Archived from the original on 2021-01-09. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  11. ^ Ferri, Fred F. (2013). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2014 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 726. ISBN 978-0323084314. Archived from the original on 2019-09-17. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  12. ^ van de Donk NW, Mutis T, Poddighe PJ, Lokhorst HM, Zweegman S (2016). "Diagnosis, risk stratification and management of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma". International Journal of Laboratory Hematology. 38 Suppl 1: 110–22. doi:10.1111/ijlh.12504. PMID 27161311.
  13. ^ Diepenbrock, Nancy H. (2011). Quick Reference to Critical Care. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 292. ISBN 9781608314645. Archived from the original on 2016-08-21.
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