User:Mr. Ibrahem/Alzheimer's disease

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Alzheimer" redirects here. For other uses, see Alzheimer (disambiguation).

Template:Featured article is only for Wikipedia:Featured articles.

Alzheimer's disease
Other namesAlzheimer disease, Alzheimer's
Drawing comparing a normal aged brain (left) and the brain of a person with Alzheimer's (right). Characteristics that separate the two are pointed out.
Pronunciation
  • ˈaltshʌɪməz
SpecialtyNeurology
SymptomsDifficulty in remembering recent events, problems with language, disorientation, mood swings[1][2]
Usual onsetOver 65 years old[3]
DurationLong term[2]
CausesPoorly understood[1]
Risk factorsGenetics, head injuries, depression, hypertension[1][4]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms and cognitive testing after ruling out other possible causes[5]
Differential diagnosisNormal aging[1]
MedicationAcetylcholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists (small benefit)[6]
PrognosisLife expectancy 3–9 years[7]
Frequency29.8 million (2015)[2][8]
Deaths1.9 million (2015)[9]

Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and gradually worsens over time.[1][2] It is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia.[1][2] The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events.[1] As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems with language, disorientation (including easily getting lost), mood swings, loss of motivation, not managing self-care, and behavioural issues.[1][2] As a person's condition declines, they often withdraw from family and society.[1] Gradually, bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death.[10] Although the speed of progression can vary, the typical life expectancy following diagnosis is three to nine years.[7][11]

The cause of Alzheimer's disease is poorly understood.[1] About 70% of the risk is believed to be inherited from a person's parents, with many genes usually involved.[4] Other risk factors include a history of head injuries, depression, and hypertension.[1] The disease process is associated with plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.[4] A probable diagnosis is based on the history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood tests to rule out other possible causes.[5] Initial symptoms are often mistaken for normal ageing.[1] Examination of brain tissue is needed for a definite diagnosis.[4] Mental and physical exercise, and avoiding obesity may decrease the risk of AD; however, evidence to support these recommendations is weak.[4][12] There are no medications or supplements that have been shown to decrease risk.[13]

No treatments stop or reverse its progression, though some may temporarily improve symptoms.[2] Affected people increasingly rely on others for assistance, often placing a burden on the caregiver.[14] The pressures can include social, psychological, physical, and economic elements.[14] Exercise programs may be beneficial with respect to activities of daily living and can potentially improve outcomes.[15] Behavioural problems or psychosis due to dementia are often treated with antipsychotics, but this is not usually recommended, as there is little benefit and an increased risk of early death.[16][17]

In 2015, there were approximately 29.8 million people worldwide with AD.[2][8] It most often begins in people over 65 years of age, although 4–5% of cases are early-onset Alzheimer's.[3] It affects about 6% of people 65 years and older.[1] In 2015, dementia resulted in about 1.9 million deaths.[9] It was first described by, and later named after, German psychiatrist and pathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906.[18] In developed countries, AD is one of the most financially costly diseases.[19][20]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Burns A, Iliffe S (February 2009). "Alzheimer's disease". BMJ. 338: b158. doi:10.1136/bmj.b158. PMID 19196745. S2CID 8570146.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Dementia Fact sheet". World Health Organization. 12 December 2017.
  3. ^ a b Mendez MF (November 2012). "Early-onset Alzheimer's disease: nonamnestic subtypes and type 2 AD". Archives of Medical Research. 43 (8): 677–85. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.11.009. PMC 3532551. PMID 23178565.
  4. ^ a b c d e Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, Brayne C, Aarsland D, Jones E (March 2011). "Alzheimer's disease". Lancet. 377 (9770): 1019–31. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61349-9. PMID 21371747. S2CID 20893019.
  5. ^ a b "Dementia diagnosis and assessment" (PDF). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  6. ^ Commission de la transparence (June 2012). "Drugs for Alzheimer's disease: best avoided. No therapeutic advantage" [Drugs for Alzheimer's disease: best avoided. No therapeutic advantage]. Prescrire International. 21 (128): 150. PMID 22822592.
  7. ^ a b Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM (January 2010). "Alzheimer's disease". The New England Journal of Medicine. 362 (4): 329–44. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0909142. PMID 20107219. S2CID 205115756.
  8. ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "About Alzheimer's Disease: Symptoms". National Institute on Aging. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  11. ^ Todd S, Barr S, Roberts M, Passmore AP (November 2013). "Survival in dementia and predictors of mortality: a review". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 28 (11): 1109–24. doi:10.1002/gps.3946. PMID 23526458. S2CID 25445595.
  12. ^ "So, What Can You Do?". National Institute on Aging. 29 July 2016. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017.
  13. ^ Hsu D, Marshall GA (2017). "Primary and Secondary Prevention Trials in Alzheimer Disease: Looking Back, Moving Forward". Current Alzheimer Research. 14 (4): 426–40. doi:10.2174/1567205013666160930112125. PMC 5329133. PMID 27697063.
  14. ^ a b Thompson CA, Spilsbury K, Hall J, Birks Y, Barnes C, Adamson J (July 2007). "Systematic review of information and support interventions for caregivers of people with dementia". BMC Geriatrics. 7: 18. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-7-18. PMC 1951962. PMID 17662119.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  15. ^ Forbes D, Forbes SC, Blake CM, Thiessen EJ, Forbes S (April 2015). "Exercise programs for people with dementia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Submitted manuscript). 132 (4): CD006489. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub4. PMID 25874613.
  16. ^ National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. "Low-dose antipsychotics in people with dementia". National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  17. ^ "Information for Healthcare Professionals: Conventional Antipsychotics". US Food and Drug Administration. 16 June 2008. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  18. ^ Berchtold NC, Cotman CW (1998). "Evolution in the conceptualization of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Greco-Roman period to the 1960s". Neurobiology of Aging. 19 (3): 173–89. doi:10.1016/S0197-4580(98)00052-9. PMID 9661992. S2CID 24808582.
  19. ^ Bonin-Guillaume S, Zekry D, Giacobini E, Gold G, Michel JP (January 2005). "[The economical impact of dementia]". Presse Médicale (in French). 34 (1): 35–41. doi:10.1016/s0755-4982(05)83882-5. PMID 15685097.
  20. ^ Meek PD, McKeithan K, Schumock GT (1998). "Economic considerations in Alzheimer's disease". Pharmacotherapy. 18 (2 Pt 2): 68–73, discussion 79–82. doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1998.tb03880.x. PMID 9543467. S2CID 44496161.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Mr._Ibrahem/Alzheimer%27s_disease&oldid=1095115220"