User:Mhatopzz/Republic of Indonesia (1945–1949)
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The Republic of Indonesia from 1945 to 1949 refers to a post–World War II state in Southeast Asia that controlled parts of Java, Sumatra, and the Madura Island during the Indonesian War of Independence. It is the direct legal predecessor to the modern-day state of the Republic of Indonesia. The state was established by the Indonesian nationalists during the final years of the Japanese occupation in the territory known formerly as the Dutch East Indies. The formation began with the proclamation of independence on 17 August 1945 with Sukarno as its first president. The Republic of Indonesia was still rudimental and had seen political and economical instability during the war, efforts were made to stabilize the country in order to oppose the Dutch to regain control of its former territories in the east. The state formally ceded its sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia and became part of it in 1949 following the round table conference held by the Dutch and Indonesia.
The Republic of Indonesia was a presidential republic (although it functionally adopted a parliamentary system from 16 October 1945) and governed by a president for a brief period until a position of prime minister was formed in 1945. The country's capital was Yogyakarta until 20 December 1949 when it was captured by the Dutch forces. Indonesia has no land borders until 1948 when parts of its territories were captured and agreed to withdraw its borders, the Dutch formed several puppet states in Java and Sumatra such as Pasundan, East Sumatra, and South Sumatra. Indonesia was not a UN member state and had only received several diplomatic recognitions from Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and the Vatican.
After its proclamation of independence, the Republic of Indonesia experienced war with the Dutch (sometimes with the Allies), The Dutch launched two police actions called "politionele acties" against the new republic, the first agression ended up with the signing of an agreement at the USS Renville, and the second agression ended up with the Indonesian government went to exile following the fall of its capital Yogyakarta and the capture of its leaders. The fall of Yogyakarta in 1949 would lead to the Dutch recognition of the independence and sovereignty of Indonesia.
On 2 November 1949, the Kingdom of the Netherlands officially recognized the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, formally ending the hostilities between the two, and transferred the sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies to Indonesia, and formed the United States of Indonesia on 27 December 1949. Although the conflict has ended, territorial disputes between Indonesia and the Netherlands continues as the Netherlands retained control in the western half of New Guinea until 1962.
Name[edit]
History[edit]
End of World War II in Asia[edit]
Independence of Indonesia[edit]
Early conflicts[edit]
First Dutch agression[edit]
Brief interwar period[edit]
Internal conflict and rebellions[edit]
Second Dutch agression[edit]
Emergency government[edit]
Recognition and sovereignty transfer[edit]
Government[edit]
State Constitution[edit]
Cabinet[edit]
Legislature[edit]
Foreign relations[edit]
De facto recognitions from foreign countries (1945–1947)[edit]
Establishment of diplomatic recognition (1947–1949)[edit]
United Nations involvement[edit]
Recognition of independence by the Netherlands[edit]
Media[edit]
Radio[edit]
Newspapers[edit]
Postage stamps[edit]
Administrative divisions[edit]
Java[edit]
Java was divided into three provinces, it was a continuation of the territorial division during the Dutch colonial period. The three provinces were West Java, Middle-Java and East Java.
In July 1947, The Dutch forces began retaking major Indonesian territories in Java in the Operation Product, which resulted in the limitation of the Indonesian territories, where the Dutch began forming puppet states along with the BFO in the occupied areas. The Indonesian government agreed to the Renville Agreement to withdraw their troops from West Java and Middle Java in 1948 and drew a line called the van Mook line.
Sumatra[edit]
Sumatra was once under a single provincial administration until 1948 when it was divided into three provinces namely: North Sumatra (including Aceh), Central Sumatra, and South Sumatra.
Uncontrolled territories[edit]
Provinces that were uncontrolled or lost to the Allied forces and the Dutch forces continued as a shadow government, which mainly took place outside Java and Sumatra. Provinces like Lesser Sunda Island, Borneo, The Moluccas, and Sulawesi were under foreign control, where the Indonesian government couldn't govern it directly, as a result, it continued to govern in exile.
Economy and currency[edit]
Inflation[edit]
Blockade by the Dutch[edit]
National loan[edit]
Nationalisation of the De Javasche Bank[edit]
Rice Diplomacy[edit]
Indonesian currency in early independence years[edit]
Currency in Sumatra[edit]
Military[edit]
Peoples Security Army[edit]
Paramilitaries and other militias[edit]
War with the Dutch[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Indonesia formally adopted parliamentary system from 16 October 1945, but the new cabinet was formed on 14 November 1945
- ^ Officially granted legislative power by the Vice-Presidential Edict No.X on 16 October 1945