User:Lilianesiena/Cytophagales

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cytophagales is an order of non-spore forming, rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that move through a gliding or flexing motion[1]. These chemoorganotrophs are important remineralizers of organic materials into micronutrients[2]. They are widely dispersed in the environment, found in ecosystems including soil, freshwater, seawater and sea ice[1]. Cytophagales is included in the Bacteriodetes phylum[3].

Cytophagales
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Bacteriodetes
Class:
Cytophagia
Order:
Cytophagales

Name Etymology[edit]

The name Cytophagales means ‘cell eater’, referring to the degradation of cellulose cell walls[4]. 'Cytos' comes from the Ancient Greek noun κῠ́τος (kútos), which refers to a vessel, and a cell in biology [5]. 'Phagien' comes from the Ancient Greek verb φαγεῖν (phageîn), which translates to “to eat”[6].

Biology and Biochemistry[edit]

General Characteristics and Biology[edit]

Bacteria in Cytophagales are all Gram-negative and non-spore forming[7][1][8]. They are non-flagellated, but move by exhibiting a gliding or flexing motion. Cytophagales are all unicellular, with rod-shaped cells that can differ significantly in shape[7]. Cells can be short or long, delicate or stout, and have tapering or rounded ends. Two genera of Cytophagales exhibit a cyclic shape. Many species are pleomorphic, meaning they can alter their biological function, morphology, or mode of reproduction in response to environmental conditions. All bacteria in Cytophagales are chemoorganotrophs and many of them are able to degrade complex biomacromolecules such as proteins, chitin, pectin, agar, starch, or cellulose[7][1]. Organisms in Cytophagales can be anaerobic, microaerophilic, capnophilic (CO2-requiring), or facultatively anaerobic. They are very highly abundant and ubiquitous, and likely play a major role in the turnover of matter in the oceans and on land[7]. Cytophagales form colonies that are highly coloured - often in shades of red, orange, and yellow. In response to a 10% KOH solution, yellow and orange Cytophagales colonies are found to immediately change color to red, purple, or brown. This colour change is possibly due to flexirubin-type pigments[7][1]. These flexirubin-type pigments have been found only in organisms in the CFB group so far.

Biochemistry[edit]

Biopolymer Degradation[edit]

Members of the order Cytophagales are organotrophs, producing hydrolytic enzymes that degrade various biopolymers such as chitin, pectin, starch, agar, and cellulose [2]. Few specific species have been identified, but the select few tend to dominate polysaccharide degradation. These biopolymers make up the high molecular mass dissolved organic matter (HMW, DOM) which is in high concentrations in the ocean[7]. DOM uptake is the primary step in the microbial loop, which controls most of the DOM turnover from primary production, supporting vast quantities of oceanic heterotrophic bacteria. Cytophagales species likely play a large role in turnover of organic carbon in nature, as they are found in high quantities in oceanic, freshwater, soil, and even sea ice environments[1]. This is of considerable scientific interest, with importance in carbohydrate enzymology, oceanography, and microbial studies.

The Cytophaga-Flavobacteria phylogenetic group is found in high quantities degrading chitin and protein, but are underrepresented compared to various other bacteria clusters in degradation of amino acids[9]. In glacial stream water that had been supplemented in allochthonous organic material, Cytophaga-Flavobacteria populations increased 6x to 8x[7].

Cellulose Degradation[edit]

Aerobic cellulose degrading Cytophaga bacteria have been identified on fishing nets made from cotton or hemp used by Japanese fishermen [10]. The cellulose degradation process is hydrolytic, either through a weathering or liquid type breakdown mechanism.

Cytophaga hutchinsonii is a well-characterized soil bacteria in the order Cytophagales that degrades crystalline cellulose[11]. C. hutchinsonii is of interest as it's cellulose degradation is not inhibited by glucose[12]. Furthermore, the mechanism of cellulose degradation is novel, as C. hutchinsonii does not encode any cellobiohydrolases, only β-glucosidases, periplasmic endoglucanases, and secreted endoglucanases[13].

Alkaloid Production[edit]

Marine bacterial species Catalinamonas alkaloidigena and Mooreia alkaloidigena produce quinoline alkaloids[14]. Both colonies appear orange-pink in colour, but do not produce flexirubin-type pigment. M. alkaloidigena was first isolated in a marine sediment sample taken off the coast of Palmyra Atoll, the northernmost of the Line islands in the Pacific Ocean [14].  C. alkaloidigena was isolated in marine sediment at 8m depth off of Catalina Islands in California, USA. Casein, agar, starch, and chitin hydrolysis have been observed.

These species represent novel families in the order Cytophagales[1]. Alkaloid production is of considerable interest for drug development.

Polycyclic Sulfide Production[edit]

Marine Cytophaga bacterial isolates from the North Sea have been extracted and reveal novel polycyclic volatile sulfides[15]. Polycyclic sulfides have a characteristic smell of diesel fuel.

Several compounds have been identified. An example is tetrathiocane which adopts a twisted chair conformation.

Radiation Resistance[edit]

Some bacteria in the order Cytophagales are found to be radiation resistant[16]. Rhodocytophaga rosea and Nibribacter ruber are bacteria species first isolated from a soil environment in Korea. They contain novel radiation resistance genes. DNA excision repair pathways were present, including the RecA repair protein. The strains show survival rates of 71% and 4% after UV exposure of 300J/m^2, compared to the 0% rate of survival for E. coli species.

Flexirubin in Cytophagales[edit]

Flexirubin was initially isolated as a new pigment from Flexibacter elegans by Reinbach et al. in 1974[17]. It has been found in many other bacteria within Flavobacteriales and Cytophagales. (While flexirubin is thought to be unique to the CFB group, organisms in this group contain other carotenoid pigments in addition to flexirubin.) Flexirubin is a non-carotenoid structure and can be easily recognized by its characteristic mass spectrometric fragmentation pattern[17][18]. Each genera of bacteria produce specifically modified species of flexirubin, which are useful as chemosystematic markers[18]. The production of flexirubin-type pigments is correlated with cell growth- resting cells do not produce these pigments. The function of flexirubin was studied by Xinfeng et al. (2017), who isolated the fabZ gene in Cytophaga hutchinsonii[19]. FabZ is an essential gene for flexirubin pigment synthesis. The FabZ mutant that failed to produce flexirubin was more sensitive to UV radiation, oxidative stress, and alkaline stress than the wild type. Flexirubin has conjugated double bonds that absorb light and hydroxyphenyl in the chromophore, which give the bacteria their characteristic colour- yellow under neutral pH and red under alkaline conditions. Flexirubin-type pigments have even been used traditionally as a bioproduct; they are an eco-friendly natural colorant[18]. Flexirubin-type pigments are also currently being assessed by the scientific community for their potential for therapeutic uses and applicability in the food and textile industry.

Ecology[edit]

The order Cytophagales can differ in ecological roles as a response to the various environments in which they can be found. In terrestrial systems, they can be found in neutral or near-neutral pH soils, humus, and animal feces. In aquatic systems they are commonly present in near-shore freshwater bodies, estuaries, aerobic sediments, and dense algal mats[1].

Cytophagales are also known to be found in large abundance in the ice and coastal pelagic waters of Antarctica, contributing up to 70% of bacterial biomass[20]. As a result, the order plays a key role in the remineralization of organic materials into micronutrients. This cycling process allows the transfer and use of biologically-important nutrients across different trophic levels found within the aquatic system.

The Order Cytophagales possess cellulose-degrading qualities and have been known to often associate with several non-cellulolytic microbes. For example, in combination with strains of the Achromobacter microbe, the synergistic relationship results in enhanced cellulolytic activity in Cytophagales. Achromobacter contributes to the relationship through the production of β-glucosidase which can be used by Cytophagales microbes to hydrolyze cellodextrin into glucose and prevent the feedback inhibition that would otherwise occur with the accumulation of cellobiose[1].

Environment and Abundance[edit]

Prokaryote biomass in the oceans is clustered in the surface waters and is dominated by autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria[1]. Among the heterotrophic bacteria, the two most abundant groups are the Proteobacteria and the Cytophaga-Flavobacteria cluster. Heterotrophic bacteria are crucial in the cycling of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the ocean, which affects the global carbon budget.

Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) has been used to estimate abundance of Cytophaga-Flavobacteria[7]. The most common oligonucleotide probe for Cytophaga-Flavobacteria is CF319a. However, CF319a does not recognize some Cytophaga-Flavobacteria, so current abundance values are likely to be underestimated.

Cytophaga-Flavobacteria is the most abundant of all bacterial groups in ocean habitats and accounts for about half of bacteria identified by FISH. They are also abundant in freshwater and sediment systems. However, clone library abundance estimates from 16S rRNA genes from free-living bacterial assemblages show different results. Several studies have been done to compare clone libraries and FISH abundance estimates at the same location in the oceans. The results of these studies show that FISH abundance estimates are much higher than clone library estimates - leading some scientists to believe that the Cytophaga-Flavobacteria cluster is under-represented in clone libraries while other bacterial groups are overrepresented.

A study done by Jurgens et al. examined the growth rates of several bacterial groups using FISH[21]. They found that the net growth rate of Cytophaga-Flavobacteria was about double the rate of other bacterial groups examined. This could account for the high abundance of Cytophaga-Flavobacteria in the oceans.

Taxonomy and Phylogeny[edit]

Cytophagales was first described by Leadbetter in 1974, who is the authority for the order[22]. Its approximate phylogenetic position was determined in 1985 through 16s rRNA studies, but other experiments have shown that Cytophagales’ exact taxonomy is still currently hard to pinpoint[1].

Relatives[edit]

Relatives to Cytophagales include Bernardetia, Hugenholtzia, Garritya, and Eisenibacter, which were discovered to be genera from separate branches within the Cytophagales order using methods such as 16S rRNA sequence and phylogenomic analysis, as well as physiological and morphological data[23]. Other relatives include Thermoflexibacter, which is a genus that ‘represents a branch of uncertain affiliation’ within the Cytophagales order[23].

Families and Genera[edit]

Known families belonging to the order Cytophagales include Microscillaceae and Bernardetiaceae, as well as Catalimonadaceae and Cesiribacteraceae, among many others. Cytophagales genera is comprised of Cytophaga, Flexibacter, Sporocytophaga, Sphaero-cytophagal, Capnocytophaga, Microscilla, and Lysobacter, and more can be identified in the taxonomic list below[24].

Taxonomic History[edit]

The taxonomy of Cytophagales presents a considerable challenge and has been revisited and modified many times over the past 100 years. Most recently the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes: Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Aerobic Bacteroidetes met to discuss taxonomic changes in 2017[25]. Additionally, Lopez et al (2019) published a paper which defined the families in Cytophagales included below, which have been reflected on LSPN[3].

Taxonomic List[edit]

The current taxonomic listing is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)[26]. Only validly published names have been included. Synonyms for organisms that have since been reclassified have not been included.

  • Order Cytophagales
    • Family Bernardetiaceae (Approved list Lopez et al. 2019)
      • Genus Bernardetia Hahnke et al. 2017
        • Species Bernardetia litoralis (Lewin 1969) Hahnke et al. 2017
      • Genus Garritya Hahnke et al. 2017
        • Species Garritya polymorpha (Lewin 1974) Hahnke et al. 2017
      • Genus Hugenholtzia Hahnke et al. 2017
        • Species Hugenholtzia roseola (Lewin 1969) Hahnke et al. 2017
    • Family Catalimonadaceae (Approved list Lopez et al. 2019)
      • Genus Catalinimonas Choi et al. 2013
        • Species Catalinimonas alkaloidigena
        • Species Catalinimonas niigatensis Yoon et al. 2014
    • Family Cesiribacteraceae (Approved list Lopez et al. 2019)
      • Genus Cesiribacter Srinivas et al. 2011
        • Species Cesiribacter andamanensis Srinivas et al. 2011
        • Species Cesiribacter roseus Liu et al. 2012
      • Genus Nafulsella Zhang et al. 2013
        • Species Nafulsella turpanensis Zhang et al. 2013
    • Family Cyclobacteriaceae (Approved list Lopez et al. 2019)
      • Genus Algoriphagus
      • Genus Aquiflexum
        • Species Aquiflexum aquatile Wang et al. 2019
        • Species Aquiflexum balticum Brettar et al. 2004
      • Genus Belliella
        • Species Belliella aquatica Zhong et al. 2015
        • Species Belliella baltica Brettar et al. 2004
        • Species Belliella buryatensis Kozyreva et al. 2016
        • Species Belliella kenyensis Akhwale et al. 2015
        • Species Belliella marina Song et al. 2015
        • Species Belliella pelovolcani Arun et al. 2009
      • Genus Cecembia
        • Species Cecembia calidifontis Albuquerque et al. 2013
        • Species Cecembia lonarensis Anil Kumar et al. 2012
        • Species Cecembia rubra Duan et al. 2015
      • Genus Cyclobacterium Raj and Maloy 1990
      • Genus Echinicola Nedashkovskaya et al. 2006
      • Genus Fontibacter Kämpfer et al. 2010
        • Species Fontibacter ferrireducens Zhang et al. 2013
        • Species Fontibacter flavus Kämpfer et al. 2010
      • Genus Indibacter Anil Kumar et al. 2010
        • Species Indibacter alkaliphilus Anil Kumar et al. 2010
      • Genus Lunatibacter Han et al. 2021
        • Species Lunatibacter salilacus Han et al. 2021
      • Genus Lunatimonas Srinivas et al. 2015
        • Species Lunatimonas salinarum Divyasree et al. 2016
        • Species Lunatimonas lonarensis Srinivas et al. 2015
      • Genus Mariniradius Bhumika et al. 2013
        • Species Mariniradius saccharolyticus Bhumika et al. 2013
      • Genus Mongoliibacter Wang et al. 2016
        • Species Mongoliibacter ruber Wang et al. 2016
      • Genus Mongoliicoccus Liu et al. 2012
        • Species Mongoliicoccus alkaliphilus Subhash et al. 2013
        • Species Mongoliicoccus roseus Liu et al. 2012
      • Genus Mongoliitalea Yang et al. 2012
        • Species Mongoliitalea lutea Yang et al. 2012
      • Genus Negadavirga Hu et al. 2015
        • Species Negadavirga shengliensis Hu et al. 2015
      • Genus Nitritalea Anil Kumar et al. 2010
        • Species Nitritalea halalkaliphila Anil Kumar et al. 2010
      • Genus Pleomorphovibrio
        • Species Pleomorphovibrio marinus Song et al. 2019
      • Genus Rhodonellum
        • Species Rhodonellum psychrophilum Schmidt et al. 2006
      • Genus Shivajiella Anil Kumar et al. 2013
        • Species Shivajiella indica Anil Kumar et al. 2013
    • Family Cytophagaceae (Approved list Lopez et al. 2019
      • Genus Aquirufa Pitt et al. 2019
        • Species Aquirufa antheringensis Pitt et al. 2019
        • Species Aquirufa beregesia Pitt et al. 2020
        • Species Aquirufa ecclesiirivi Pitt et al. 2020
        • Species Aquirufa nivalisilvae Pitt et al. 2019
        • Species Aquirufa rosea Sheu et al. 2020
      • Genus Arundinibacter Szuróczki et al. 2019
        • Arundinibacter roseus Szuróczki et al. 2019
      • Genus Chryseotalea Maejima et al. 2020
        • Chryseotalea sanaruensis Maejima et al. 2020
      • Genus Cytophaga Winogradsky 1929 (Approved Lists 1980)
        • Species Cytophaga aurantiaca (ex Winogradsky 1929) Reichenbach 1989
        • Species Cytophaga hutchinsonii Winogradsky 1929 (Approved Lists 1980)
      • Genus Edaphorhabdus Chhetri et al. 2019
        • Species Edaphorhabdus rosea Chhetri et al. 2019
      • Genus Litoribacter Tian et al. 2010
        • Species Litoribacter alkaliphilus Subhash et al. 2013
        • Species Litoribacter ruber Tian et al. 2010
      • Genus Rhodocytophaga Anandham et al. 2010
        • Species Rhodocytophaga aerolata Anandham et al. 2010
      • Genus Sandaracinomonas Chen et al. 2020
        • Species Sandaracinomonas limnophila Chen et al. 2020
      • Genus Sporocytophaga Stanier 1940 (Approved Lists 1980)
        • Species Sporocytophaga myxococcoides (Krzemieniewska 1933) Stanier 1940 (Approved Lists 1980)
    • Family Flammeovirgaceae (Approved list Lopez et al. 2019)
    • Family Flexibacteraceae (Approved list Lopez et al. 2019)
      • Genus Flexibacter Soriano 1945 (Approved Lists 1980)
        • Species Flexibacter flexilis Soriano 1945 (Approved Lists 1980)
    • Family Fulvivirgaceae (Approved list Lopez et al. 2019)
      • Genus Chryseolinea Kim et al. 2013
        • Species Chryseolinea flava Wang et al. 2018
        • Species Chryseolinea serpens Kim et al. 2013
      • Genus Fulvivirga Nedashkovskaya et al. 2007
      • Genus Ohtaekwangia Yoon et al. 2011
        • Species Ohtaekwangia koreensis Yoon et al. 2011
        • Species Ohtaekwangia kribbensis Yoon et al. 2011
    • Family Hymenobacteraceae (Approved list Lopez et al. 2019)
      • Genus Adhaeribacter Rickard et al. 2005
        • Species Adhaeribacter aerolatus Weon et al. 2010
        • Species Adhaeribacter aerophilus Weon et al. 2010
        • Species Adhaeribacter aquaticus Rickard et al. 2005
        • Species Adhaeribacter arboris Kang et al. 2020
        • Species Adhaeribacter pallidiroseus Kang et al. 2020
        • Species Adhaeribacter radiodurans Hwang et al. 2021
        • Species Adhaeribacter rhizoryzae Chhetri et al. 2020
        • Species Adhaeribacter swui Kim et al. 2018
        • Species Adhaeribacter terrae Elderiny et al. 2017
        • Species Adhaeribacter terreus Zhang et al. 2009
      • Genus Botryobacter Han et al. 2019
        • Species Botryobacter ruber Han et al. 2019
      • Genus Hymenobacter Hirsch et al. 1999
      • Genus Nibribacter Kang et al. 2013
        • Species Nibribacter koreensis Kang et al. 2013
      • Genus Pontibacter Nedashkovskaya et al. 2005
      • Genus Rufibacter Abaydulla et al. 2014
        • Species Rufibacter glacialis Liu et al. 2016
        • Species Rufibacter hautae Zhou et al. 2020
        • Species Rufibacter immobilis Polkade et al. 2015
        • Species Rufibacter latericius Yang et al. 2020
        • Species Rufibacter roseus Zhang et al. 2015
        • Species Rufibacter ruber Kýrová et al. 2016
        • Species Rufibacter tibetensis Abaydulla et al. 2014
    • Family Marivirgaceae (Approved list Lopez et al. 2019)
    • Family Microscillaceae (Approved list Lopez et al. 2019)
      • Genus Eisenibacter Hahnke et al. 2017
        • Species Eisenibacter elegans (Reichenbach 1989) Hahnke et al. 2017
      • Genus Microscilla Pringsheim 1951 (Approved Lists 1980)
        • Species Microscilla marina Pringsheim 1951 (Approved Lists 1980)
    • Family Mooreiaceae (Approved list Lopez et al. 2019)
      • Genus Mooreia Choi et al. 2013
        • Species Mooreia alkaloidigena Choi et al. 2013
    • Family Persicobacteraceae (Approved list Lopez et al. 2019)
      • Genus Aureibacter Yoon et al. 2011
        • Species Aureibacter tunicatorum Yoon et al. 2011
      • Genus Fulvitalea Haber et al. 2013
        • Species Fulvitalea axinellae Haber et al. 2013
      • Genus Persicobacter Nakagawa et al. 1997
    • Family Reichenbachiellaceae (Approved list Lopez et al. 2019)
      • Genus Ekhidna Alain et al. 2010
        • Species Ekhidna lutea Alain et al. 2010
      • Genus Marinoscillum Seo et al. 2009
        • Species Marinoscillum furvescens (ex Lewin 1969) Seo et al. 2009
        • Species Marinoscillum luteum Cha et al. 2013
        • Species Marinoscillum pacificum Seo et al. 2009
      • Genus Reichenbachiella Nedashkovskaya et al. 2005
    • Family Roseivirgaceae (Approved list Lopez et al. 2019)
    • Family Spirosomaceae (Approved list Lopez et al. 2019)
      • Genus Arcicella Nikitin et al. 2004
      • Genus Arcticibacterium Li et al. 2017
        • Species Arcticibacterium luteifluviistationis Li et al. 2017
      • Genus Arsenicibacter Huang et al. 2017
        • Species Arsenicibacter rosenii Huang et al. 2017
      • Genus Dyadobacter Chelius and Triplett 2000
      • Genus Emticicia Saha and Chakrabarti 2006
        • Species Emticicia agri Ten et al. 2019
        • Species Emticicia aquatica Joung et al. 2015
        • Species Emticicia aquatilis Ngo et al. 2017
        • Species Emticicia fontis Nam et al. 2016
        • Species Emticicia ginsengisoli Liu et al. 2008
        • Species Emticicia oligotrophica Saha and Chakrabarti 2006
        • Species Emticicia paludis Kang et al. 2016
        • Species Emticicia sediminis Park et al. 2015
        • Species Emticicia soli Chen et al. 2017
      • Genus Fibrella Filippini et al. 2011
        • Species Fibrella aestuarina Filippini et al. 2011
      • Genus Flectobacillus Larkin et al. 1977 (Approved Lists 1980)
        • Species Flectobacillus fontis Chen et al. 2017
        • Species Flectobacillus lacus Hwang and Cho 2006
        • Species Flectobacillus major (Gromov 1963) Larkin et al. 1977 (Approved Lists 1980)
        • Species Flectobacillus pallidus Sheu et al. 2017
        • Species Flectobacillus rhizosphaerae Ramaprasad et al. 2015
        • Species Flectobacillus roseus Sheu et al. 2009
      • Genus Fluviimonas Sheu et al. 2013
        • Species Fluviimonas pallidilutea Sheu et al. 2013
      • Genus Huanghella Jiang et al. 2013
        • Species Huanghella arctica Jiang et al. 2013
      • Genus Jiulongibacter Liu et al. 2016
        • Species Jiulongibacter sediminis Liu et al. 2016
      • Genus Lacihabitans Joung et al. 2014
        • Species Lacihabitans lacunae Kang et al. 2017
        • Species Lacihabitans soyangensis Joung et al. 2014
      • Genus Larkinella Vancanneyt et al. 2006
      • Genus Leadbetterella Weon et al. 2005
      • Genus Nibrella Kang et al. 2013
        • Species Nibrella saemangeumensis Kang et al. 2013
        • Species Nibrella viscosa Kang et al. 2013
      • Genus Persicitalea Yoon et al. 2007
        • Species Persicitalea jodogahamensis Yoon et al. 2007
      • Genus Pseudarcicella Kämpfer et al. 2012
        • Species Pseudarcicella hirudinis Kämpfer et al. 2012
      • Genus Ravibacter Chaudhary et al. 2017
        • Species Ravibacter arvi Chaudhary et al. 2017
      • Genus Rhabdobacter Dahal and Kim 2016
      • Genus Rudanella Weon et al. 2008
        • Species Rudanella lutea Weon et al. 2008
      • Genus Runella Larkin and Williams 1978 (Approved Lists 1980)
        • Species Runella aurantiaca Yang et al. 2020
        • Species Runella defluvii Lu et al. 2007
        • Species Runella limosa Ryu et al. 2006
        • Species Runella palustris Kim et al. 2017
        • Species Runella rosea Baek et al. 2020
        • Species Runella slithyformis Larkin and Williams 1978 (Approved Lists 1980)
        • Species Runella soli Chhetri et al. 2020
        • Species Runella zeae Chelius et al. 2002
      • Genus Siphonobacter Táncsics et al. 2010
        • Species Siphonobacter aquaeclarae Táncsics et al. 2010
        • Species Siphonobacter curvatus Lee and Jeon 2018
      • Genus Spirosoma Migula 1894 (Approved Lists 1980)
        • Species Spirosoma aerolatum Kim et al. 2015
        • Species Spirosoma aerophilum Kim et al. 2016
        • Species Spirosoma agri Li et al. 2018
        • Species Spirosoma arboris Kang et al. 2020
        • Species Spirosoma arcticum Chang et al. 2014
        • Species Spirosoma carri Kim et al. 2017
        • Species Spirosoma daeguense corrig. Elderiny et al. 2017
        • Species Spirosoma endbachense Rojas et al. 2021
        • Species Spirosoma endophyticum Fries et al. 2013
        • Species Spirosoma flavum Zou et al. 2017
        • Species Spirosoma fluminis Lee et al. 2017
        • Species Spirosoma fluviale Hatayama and Kuno 2015
        • Species Spirosoma gilvum Lee et al. 2018
        • Species Spirosoma harenae Ten et al. 2018
        • Species Spirosoma horti Li et al. 2018
        • Species Spirosoma humi Weilan et al. 2018
        • Species Spirosoma jeollabukense Li et al. 2018
        • Species Spirosoma knui Lee et al. 2017
        • Species Spirosoma koreense Ten et al. 2017
        • Species Spirosoma lacussanchae Li et al. 2017
        • Species Spirosoma linguale Migula 1894 (Approved Lists 1980)
        • Species Spirosoma litoris Okiria et al. 2017
        • Species Spirosoma lituiforme Li et al. 2018
        • Species Spirosoma luteolum Lee et al. 2017
        • Species Spirosoma luteum Finster et al. 2009
        • Species Spirosoma metallicum corrig. Lee et al. 2018
        • Species Spirosoma metallilatum Kim et al. 2018
        • Species Spirosoma migulaei Okiria et al. 2018
        • Species Spirosoma montaniterrae Lee et al. 2017
        • Species Spirosoma oryzae Ahn et al. 2014
        • Species Spirosoma panaciterrae Ten et al. 2009
        • Species Spirosoma pollinicola Ambika Manirajan et al. 2018
        • Species Spirosoma pomorum Li et al. 2018
        • Species Spirosoma pulveris Joo et al. 2016
        • Species Spirosoma radiotolerans Lee et al. 2017
        • Species Spirosoma soli Yang et al. 2016
        • Species Spirosoma spitsbergense Finster et al. 2009
        • Species Spirosoma swuense Joo et al. 2017
        • Species Spirosoma telluris Kang et al. 2020
        • Species Spirosoma terrae Ten et al. 2018
      • Genus Taeseokella Joung et al. 2015
        • Species Taeseokella kangwonensis Joung et al. 2015
      • Genus Telluribacter Lee et al. 2017
        • Species Telluribacter humicola Lee et al. 2017
    • Family Thermoflexibacteraceae (Approved list Lopez et al. 2019)
    • Family Thermonemataceae (Approved list Lopez et al. 2019)

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Reichenbach, Hans (2006), Dworkin, Martin; Falkow, Stanley; Rosenberg, Eugene; Schleifer, Karl-Heinz (eds.), "The Order Cytophagales", The Prokaryotes: Volume 7: Proteobacteria: Delta, Epsilon Subclass, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 549–590, doi:10.1007/0-387-30747-8_20, ISBN 978-0-387-30747-3, retrieved 2021-04-01
  2. ^ a b "Studies of genera cytophaga-flavobacterium in context of the soil carbon cycle | MSU Libraries". d.lib.msu.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  3. ^ a b García-López, Marina; Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P.; Tindall, Brian J.; Gronow, Sabine; Woyke, Tanja; Kyrpides, Nikos C.; Hahnke, Richard L.; Göker, Markus (2019). "Analysis of 1,000 Type-Strain Genomes Improves Taxonomic Classification of Bacteroidetes". Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: 2083. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02083. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 6767994. PMID 31608019.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ "Genus: Cytophaga". lpsn.dsmz.de. Retrieved 2021-04-03.
  5. ^ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, κύτος". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
  6. ^ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, φα^γεῖν". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
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  8. ^ Christensen, Penelope J. (1977-12-01). "The history, biology, and taxonomy of the Cytophaga group". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 23 (12): 1599–1653. doi:10.1139/m77-236. ISSN 0008-4166.
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  20. ^ Bowman, J P (2000). "Description of Cellulophaga algicola sp. nov., isolated from the surfaces of Antarctic algae, and reclassification of Cytophaga uliginosa (ZoBell and Upham 1944) Reichenbach 1989 as Cellulophaga uliginosa comb. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,. 50 (5): 1861–1868. doi:10.1099/00207713-50-5-1861. ISSN 1466-5026.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
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