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Analysis:
A new method of measuring phylogenetic characteristics is the use of Relative Apparent Synapomorphy Analysis (RASA). The objective of analysis is to determine if a given characteristic is common between taxa as a result of either shared ancestors or the process of convergence[1]. This method allows for several advantages such as computational efficiency and it also administers an unbiased and reliable measure of phylogenetic signal.[2]
Examples in mammals:
In the vertebral column of mammals there is a conserved structure, however, in the Afrotheria clade this is not true.[3] Molecular sequencing has proved that there is an increase in the number of thoracolumbar vertebrae. This is the first unambiguous skeletal synapomorphy of the clade.[4] Afrotheria consists of mammals like shrews, moles, and elephants
counteractive examples in bacteria:
evolutionary relationships of bacteria are classically discussed with respect to gram-negative and gram-positive distribution. It has generally been established that each one shares a common history and are accepted at sharing key features which were not present in past ancestry based upon their gram reaction.[5] The term synapomorphy, in this case meaning common ancestry is now being challenged by new phylogenetic analysis data from highly conserved rRNA genes. The role of Gram stain is now under question.[6]
Phylogenetic similarities:
These phylogenetic terms are used to describe different patterns of ancestral and derived character or trait states as stated in the above diagram in association with synapomorphies.[7]
apomorphy- specialized trait or character that is unique to a group or species
plesiomorphy- the ancestral trait state, usually in reference to a derived trait state
autapomorhy- a distinctive derived trait that is unique to a given taxon.[8]
homoplasy- character shared by a set of species but not present in their common ancestor[9]
Cladogram Comprehension
Cladograms are A diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships within groups of taxa. These illustrations are accurate predictive device in modern genetics. They are usually depicted in either tree or ladder form. Synapomorphies then create evidence for historical relationships and their associated hierarchical structure. Evolutionarily, a synapomorphy is the marker for the most recent common ancestor of the monophyletic group consisting of a set of taxa in a cladogram.[10]
- ^ Lyons-Weiler, J.; Hoelzer, G. A.; Tausch, R. J. (1996-07-01). "Relative apparent synapomorphy analysis (RASA). I: The statistical measurement of phylogenetic signal". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 13 (6): 749–757. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025635. ISSN 0737-4038.
- ^ Simmons, Mark P.; Randle, Christopher P.; Freudenstein, John V.; Wenzel, John W. (2002-01-01). "Limitations of Relative Apparent Synapomorphy Analysis (RASA) for Measuring Phylogenetic Signal". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19 (1): 14–23. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003978. ISSN 0737-4038.
- ^ YUICHI NARITA and SHIGERU KURATANIn Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- ^ Sánchez‐Villagra, Marcelo R.; Narita, Yuichi; Kuratani, Shigeru (2007-03-01). "Thoracolumbar vertebral number: The first skeletal synapomorphy for afrotherian mammals". Systematics and Biodiversity. 5 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1017/s1477200006002258. ISSN 1477-2000.
- ^ Iyer, Lakshminarayan M.; Koonin, Eugene V.; Aravind, L. (2004-06-23). "Evolution of bacterial RNA polymerase: implications for large-scale bacterial phylogeny, domain accretion, and horizontal gene transfer". Gene. 335 (Supplement C): 73–88. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2004.03.017.
- ^ Shah, Haroun N.; Gharbia, Saheer E.; Collins, Matthew D. (April 1997). "The Gram stain: a declining synapomorphy in an emerging evolutionary tree". Reviews in Medical Microbiology. 8 (2): 103. ISSN 0954-139X.
- ^ Roderick D.M. Page; Edward C. Holmes (14 July 2009). Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-1336-9.
- ^ Appel, Ron D.; Feytmans, Ernest. Bioinformatics: a Swiss Perspective."Chapter 3: Introduction of Phylogenetics and its Molecular Aspects." World Scientific Publishing Company, 1st edition. 2009.
- ^ rchie, J. W. (1989). "HOMOPLASY EXCESS RATIOS : NEW INDICES FOR MEASURING LEVELS OF HOMOPLASY IN PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS AND A CRITIQUE OF THE CONSISTENCY INDEX". Systematic Zoology. 38: 253–269. [1]doi:10.2307/2992286
- ^ Novick LR, Catley KM. Understanding phylogenies in biology: the influence of a Gestalt perceptual principle. J Exp Psychol Appl. 2007;13:197–223.
Peer Review: I reviewed Laurel Merbaum and Lily Elmore's articles