User:Kepler-1229b/Uts

User:Kepler-1229b/Uts/Infobox untriseptium Untriseptium (/ˌuːntraɪˈsɛptiəm/), also known as eka-dubnium^{[citation needed]} or element 137, is a hypothetical chemical element which has not been observed to occur naturally, nor has it yet been synthesised. Due to drip instabilities, it is not known if this element is physically possible, as the drip instabilities may imply that the periodic table ends soon after the island of stability at unbihexium. ^[1]^[2] Its atomic number is 137 and symbol is Uts.

The name untriseptium is a temporary IUPAC systematic element name.

Synthesis[edit]

Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=137 compound nuclei[edit]

Target	Projectile	CN	Attempt result
²⁰⁸Pb	¹³⁷Cs	³⁴⁵Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁰⁹Bi	¹³⁶Xe	³⁴⁵Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²²⁸Ra	¹¹⁵In	³⁴³Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²²⁷Ac	¹¹⁶Cd	³⁴³Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²³²Th	¹⁰⁹Ag	³⁴¹Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²³¹Pa	¹¹⁰Pd	³⁴¹Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²³⁸U	¹⁰³Rh	³⁴¹Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²³⁷Np	¹⁰⁴Ru	³⁴¹Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁴⁴Pu	⁹⁹Tc	³⁴³Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁴³Am	¹⁰⁰Mo	³⁴³Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁵⁰Cm	⁹³Nb	³⁴³Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁴⁹Bk	⁹⁶Zr	³⁴⁵Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁵²Cf	⁸⁹Y	³⁴¹Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁵⁴Es	⁸⁸Sr	³⁴²Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁵⁷Fm	⁸⁷Rb	³⁴⁴Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁵⁸Md	⁸⁶Kr	³⁴⁴Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁵⁹No	⁸¹Br	³⁴⁰Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁶²Lr	⁸²Se	³⁴⁴Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁶⁷Rf	⁷⁵As	³⁴²Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁶⁸Db	⁷⁶Ge	³⁴⁴Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁷¹Sg	⁷¹Ga	³⁴²Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted
²⁷⁴Bh	⁷⁰Zn	³⁴⁴Uts	Reaction yet to be attempted

Significance[edit]

Untriseptium is sometimes called feynmanium (symbol Fy) because Richard Feynman noted^[3] that a simplistic interpretation of the relativistic Dirac equation runs into problems with electron orbitals at Z > 1/α = 137, suggesting that neutral atoms cannot exist beyond untriseptium, and that a periodic table of elements based on electron orbitals therefore breaks down at this point. However, a more rigorous analysis calculates the limit to be Z ≈ 173.^[4]

Bohr model breakdown [edit]

The Bohr model exhibits difficulty for atoms with atomic number greater than 137, for the speed of an electron in a 1s electron orbital, v, is given by

v=Z\alpha c\approx {\frac {Zc}{137.036}}

where Z is the atomic number, and α is the fine structure constant, a measure of the strength of electromagnetic interactions.^[5] Under this approximation, any element with an atomic number of greater than 137 would require 1s electrons to be traveling faster than c, the speed of light. Hence the non-relativistic Bohr model is clearly inaccurate when applied to such an element.

The Dirac equation[edit]

The relativistic Dirac equation also has problems for Z > 137, for the ground state energy is

E=mc^{2}{\sqrt {1-Z^{2}\alpha ^{2}}}

where m is the rest mass of the electron. For Z > 137, the wave function of the Dirac ground state is oscillatory, rather than bound, and there is no gap between the positive and negative energy spectra, as in the Klein paradox.^[6]

More accurate calculations including the effects of the finite size of the nucleus indicate that the binding energy first exceeds 2mc² for Z > Z_cr ≈ 173. For Z > Z_cr, if the innermost orbital is not filled, the electric field of the nucleus will pull an electron out of the vacuum, resulting in the spontaneous emission of a positron.^[7]

References[edit]

^ Seaborg, G. T. (ca. 2006). "transuranium element (chemical element)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2010-03-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Cwiok, S.; Heenen, P.-H.; Nazarewicz, W. (2005). "Shape coexistence and triaxiality in the superheavy nuclei". Nature. 433 (7027): 705. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..705C. doi:10.1038/nature03336. PMID 15716943. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
^ Elert, G. "Atomic Models". The Physics Hypertextbook. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
^ Walter Greiner and Stefan Schramm (2008). "Resource Letter QEDV-1: The QED vacuum". American Journal of Physics. 76 (6): 509. Bibcode:2008AmJPh..76..509G. doi:10.1119/1.2820395., and references therein.
^ Eisberg, R.; Resnick, R. (1985). Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and Particles. Wiley.
^ Bjorken, J. D.; Drell, S. D. (1964). Relativistic Quantum Mechanics. McGraw-Hill.
^ Greiner, W.; Schramm, S. (2008). "American Journal of Physics". 76: 509. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help), and references therein.

Category:Chemical elements category:hypothetical chemical elements

[EB-1] Seaborg, G. T. (ca. 2006). "transuranium element (chemical element)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2010-03-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[2] Cwiok, S.; Heenen, P.-H.; Nazarewicz, W. (2005). "Shape coexistence and triaxiality in the superheavy nuclei". Nature. 433 (7027): 705. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..705C. doi:10.1038/nature03336. PMID 15716943. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)

[3] Elert, G. "Atomic Models". The Physics Hypertextbook. Retrieved 2009-10-09.

[Greiner-4] Walter Greiner and Stefan Schramm (2008). "Resource Letter QEDV-1: The QED vacuum". American Journal of Physics. 76 (6): 509. Bibcode:2008AmJPh..76..509G. doi:10.1119/1.2820395., and references therein.

[5] Eisberg, R.; Resnick, R. (1985). Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and Particles. Wiley.

[6] Bjorken, J. D.; Drell, S. D. (1964). Relativistic Quantum Mechanics. McGraw-Hill.

[7] Greiner, W.; Schramm, S. (2008). "American Journal of Physics". 76: 509. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help), and references therein.

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