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Article Evaluation: Digital Literacy Article

• Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?
  • I'm unsure why the website Medium was referenced in the first paragraph. It seemed very irrelevant.
  • Also, I do not believe the concepts of digital natives, digital immigrants, digital visitors, and digital residents is very necessary to explaining the topic of digital literacy. These sections distract away from the main topics and points of the article.
  • The structure of the whole article was very confusing. It starts with the section "Academic and pedagogical concepts," then goes to a section called "Digital Media Literacy," then goes back to talking about Applications of Digital Literacy in Education. I believe the ideas included under Academic and pedagogical concepts should just be combined under the Education applications section.
• Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
  • The Global Impact section fails to mention a lot of regions of the world and diverse populations. It needs to be more specific and reference more diverse views.
  • In the section "Digital and Media Literacy," the article references a person named "Danah Boyd," without explaining who she is or validating her credibility. It also entirely represents her argument without providing some kind of counterargument or at least some varied sources with different views on the same argument.
• Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
  • There is a whole section discussing the idea of a "digital divide," which is already problematic because the large majority of the information for this section comes from just two sources. Another problem with this section was that it discussed the idea, and then defined it. The authors should have defined and explained the concept before referencing research about this topic.
• Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article?
  • Citation number 6 was used numerous times throughout the article. This source was a book by Danah Boyd called It's Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens. What I found interesting was that this book was being used for information about digital natives and digital immigrants. Furthermore, the information that was cited as coming from this source was about researchers and writers that were not the author of the book. If the writer wanted to cite these people, they should have found the original texts by these authors. For example, the author references John Perry Barlow's statement A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, but the citation is Danah Boyd's book.
• Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?
  • Almost the entire section for "Academic and pedagogical concepts" lacks citations.
• Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?
  • The "21st century skills" article referenced a source from 2006 and another from 2010. This is very out of date considering the big advances in technology in just the past 8 years.
  • Looking through all the sources, many of them seem to be from the early to mid 2000s, and there are fewer recent sources. The skills required to achieve digital literacy are growing as technology develops, and so new sources are needed to add the new ways digital literacy is viewed and its applications today.
• Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
  • A lot of the conversations were about the difference between Digital Literacy and Information Literacy, which is not clarified in the article and can be a source of confusion for readers.
• How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
  • The article is a part of WikiProject Education, WikiProject Computing, WikiProject Linguistics/Applied Linguistics, and WikiProject Internet.
  • It has a C-class rating, mid-importance in WikiProject Education.
• How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?
  • Thinking back to the "Why Hack Needs Yack" article, Wikipedia describes digital literacy exclusively as the "hack" - as the computing and ability to find, write, and communicate ideas via technology. While we often consider literacy to include the critical thinking aspect, this definition of digital literacy fails to address the critical thinking that may be included in the definition for some scholars.

Draft: Francisco Jiménez article

Personal Life

Francisco Jiménez was born in 1943 in Tlaquepaque, Mexico, as the second oldest of nine children. Up until he was four years old, he lived in a town in the state of Jalisco, Mexico called El Rancho Blanco. His family then immigrated without documentation to California to work as migrant farm workers. When he was six years old, he already started working on the fields with his family. Growing up, his family would move with the seasons of crops, causing him to miss months of school every year.

When Jiménez was in eighth grade, his family was deported back to Mexico. A few months later, they returned legally and settled down in a migrant labor camp in Santa Maria, California called Bonetti Ranch. His father could not work anymore because of severe back problems, so they would no longer move from place to place. Throughout high school, Jiménez and his older brother, Roberto, worked as janitors to support their family.

After high school, Jiménez went on to attend Santa Clara University, getting his B.A. in Spanish in 1966. He became a US Citizen during his junior year at Santa Clara. Then, he went to Columbia University to get his Master's and Ph.D. in Latin American Literature.

At Santa Clara University, Jiménez met his to-be wife, Laura Facchini, and they got married while he was attending Columbia University. They have three children: Francisco, Miguel, and Tomás.

Career

Jiménez started his career as a professor teaching at Columbia University. He later accepted a position teaching in the Department of Modern Languages and Literature at Santa Clara University, where he worked full-time until 2015. He has received numerous awards for his teaching, including the Dia del Maestro Teacher of the Year Award from Santa Clara County, the David Logathetti Award for Teaching in Excellence from Santa Clara University, and the US Professor of the Year from CASE and the Carnegie Foundation.

In 1997, Jiménez published his first autobiographical short novel, The Circuit: Stories from the Life of a Migrant Child (Cajas de Carton in the Spanish version). This book documents his early life, from crossing the border as a child to attending elementary school and working in the fields. There are three sequels to this book, which continue documenting his life through its next few stages. Breaking Through (Senderos Fronterizos) is about his time in high school, Reaching Out (Más Allá de Mí) is about his time attending Santa Clara University, and Taking Hold: From Migrant Childhood to Columbia University documents his years in graduate school.

Jiménez has also written some autobiographical picture books, including La Mariposa (1998) and The Christmas Gift/El regalo de Navidad (2000). In La Mariposa, Jiménez writes about the challenges of not speaking English during his year in first grade. Some awards he has received for his writing include the Americas Award for Children's and Young Adult Literature, the Boston Global Award for Fiction, the Tomás Rivera Mexican American Book Award, and the Parents' Choice Award.

References

I want to note that when I looked into Reference #10, I found that it is from a peer reviewed journal (see here).

Violence Against Women in Mexico

Violence against women in Mexico includes different forms of "gender-based violence," and may consist of emotional, physical, sexual, and/or mental abuse. According to the United Nations, Mexico is one of the most violent countries for women in the world, comparing its rankings of these different types of violence to other countries around the world. According to the National Institute of Statistics and Geography in Mexico (INEGI), 66.1 percent of all women age 15 and older have experienced some kind of violence in their lives. 49 percent have suffered from emotional violence, 29 percent have suffered from emotional-patrimonial violence or discrimination, 34 percent from physical violence, and 41.3 percent of women have suffered from sexual violence. Of the women who were assaulted in some form, 78.6 percent of them have not sought help or reported their attacks to authorities.

There are different explanations for the causes of these high numbers of violence; scholars have look both at the cultural roots as well as economic policies and changes that have led to a recent growth in the amount of gender-based violence. There was a rise of international attention looking at the state of violence against women in Mexico in the early 1990s, as the number of missing and murdered women in the northern border city of Ciudad Juárez began to rise dramatically. While there has been legislation and different policies put in place to decrease violence against women in Mexico, different organizations have shown that these policies have had little effect on the state of violence due to a lack of implementation.

Cultural and Economic Roots

Susan Pick, Carmen Contreras, and Alicia Barker-Aguilar examine the cultural roots that play a role in the current state of violence against women in Mexico. They look into the culture of "machismo" that has created a feeling of superiority or entitlement for the men. Women, on the other hand, have been traditionally put into roles of subservience and have had less access to knowledge and power to discuss and change the current norms. They call violence against women "an expression of male power," and they include institutional forms of violence, such as lack of access to resources or types of freedom.

Along the same lines, Mercedes Olivera looks at the way that these dynamics have changed recently, especially with the introduction of neoliberal economic policies in Mexico. As poverty, unemployment, and insecurity have increased in Mexico, more women have started joining the workplace in order to attempt to escape their situations. This progression of increasing numbers of women in the workplace has threatened the concept of a division of labor between men and women, where men's place was the workplace and that the duties of the women are in the home. According to Olivera, this change has affected the men's self-image and harmed their personal sense of "machismo" or superior.

Femicide in Mexico

Femicide, also known as feminicide, is defined in a report by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "intentional murder of women because they are women." It is defined by UN Women, UNiTe to End Violence Against Women, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights as "the violent death of women for reasons of gender." Femicide is defined as a specific type of violence against women or gender violence, which the UN defined in 1979 as "a mechanism of domination, control, oppression, and power over women."

Amnesty International estimates that there have been around 34,000 female homicides in Mexico between 1986 and 2009. According to the National Citizen Observatory on Femicide, only 49 percent of the 800 cases of women killed in Mexico between June and July of 2017 were investigated as femicide. One activist, Natalia Reyes, reported that only 8 percent of femicides in Mexico are punished.

Every day in Mexico in the year 2016 there were an average of 7.6 female homicides. In 2016, Mexico had a rate of female homicides of 4.6 femicides per 100,000. In 2016, there were a total of 2,746 female deaths with presumption of homicide. During the years 2002-2010, the state of Chihuhua had the highest rate of female homicides in the world: 58.4 per 100,000.

In 2016, the top three states with the highest rates of female deaths with presumption of homicide were Colima (with 16.3 deaths per 100,000 women), Guerrero (13.1 per 100,000), and Zacatecas (9.7 per 100,000). The top three municipalities in 2016 were Acapulco de Juárez (24.22 pero 100,000), Tijuana (10.84 per 100,000), and Juárez (10.36 per 100,000). The rates of femicide in the municipality of Juárez have decreased significantly in just 5 years; in 2011, the rate of female deaths with presumption of homicides was 31.49 per 100,000, and by 2016 it had decreased to 10.36 per 100,000.

Killings of women are shown to be much more brutal than those of men in Mexico. It is 1.3 times as likely for women to be murdered using sharp objects than men. Also, women are 3 times as likely to be murdered by means of hanging, being strangled, being suffocated, and drowning. Finally, women are 2 times as likely to be killed in means involving substances and fire.

With more attention being given to the amount of women killed and missing in Mexico, there has been a growth in the amount of activism responding. For example, a popular hashtag in Mexico has been "Ni Una Menos." A group in the city of Nezahualcoyotl called Nos Queremos Vivas has gathered for marches, and has also created self-defense workshops to help young girls protect themselves. There is an alliance of 47 different organizations in Mexico called the National Citizen Observatory on Femicide, which has called for more effective and complete investigations following missing or killed women, increasing accountability on part of the authorities in Mexico. This group is funded by the UN Trust to End Violence Against Women. A collaboration among UN Women, the National Citizen Observatory on Femicide, and Católicas por el Derecho a Decidir opened the first permanent exhibition on femicides in Mexico in 2017; the exhibition is called "¡Ya basta!", which is located in the Museum of Memory and Tolerance in Mexico City.

Femicides in Ciudad Juárez

See also: Female homicides in Ciudad Juárez

Ciudad Juárez is a city in northern Mexico in the state of Chihuahua located on the border between Mexico and the United States; it is located within the municipality of Juárez, Chihuahua. The first major cases of female homicides in Ciudad Juárez were in the early 1990s, during which the city and events gained international attention. During just a decade, hundreds of women were reported missing. According to a report by Amnesty International, in 2010 there were 320 women killed in the city of Ciudad Juárez. The rise in femicides in Ciudad Juárez is related to a rise in crime rates in the city, especially as the city has become a major territory in the drug trafficking industry. Amnesty International has reported the lack of a sufficient response from the authorities in Ciudad Juárez and Mexico, and the irregularities in the investigations following cases of missing or killed women.

Sexual Harassment and Assault in Mexico

The National Statistics Institute in Mexico reported that almost 3 million sexual attacks, ranging from rape to groping or other forms of sexual harassment, occurred between the years 2010 and 2015. In the year 2009, there were 2,795 convictions of rape, but there were 3,462 prosecutions, and 14,829 complaints of rape in Mexico. It has been shown through numerous surveys that the majority of women in Mexico do not report rape to authorities. These studies have shown that as few as 15 percent of rapes are reported. An INEGI report in 2017 found that of the women attending school in the prior 12 months, 10.7 percent of them were sexually assaulted. A survey by the Thompson Reuters Foundation found that 64 percent of people in Mexico City had been sexually harassed. In 2016, the government of Mexico City started offering free rape whistles to women at public transportation hubs. They also provide women-only subway cars and pink buses to help protect women.

Domestic Violence in Mexico

A 2003 survey conducted by the National Institue of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) in Mexico found that 47 percent of women over 15 in a relationship have experienced some form of domestic violence. The same report noted that while 96 out of every 100 victims of domestic violence in Mexico are women. There are many different types of domestic violence that can occur, including emotional abuse, intimidation, physical abuse, and sexual abuse. A survey conducted by the National Institute for Women in Mexico (INMUJERES) found that 98.4 percent of all cases involving maltreatment of women involve emotional abuse, 16 percent involve intimidation, 15 percent involve physical abuse, and 14 percent involve sexual abuse.

According to a 2006 survey in Mexico, 38.4 percent of married women suffer from emotional, physical, financial, or sexual abuse from their husbands. As of 2011, this rate had decreased slightly to 28.9 percent.

In 2016, INEGI found that 43.9 percent of women in a relationship have been attacked by their partner at some point.

Immigration and Violence Against Women in Mexico

See also: Sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States

There are tens of thousands of migrants going through Mexico from Central America and other countries on the journey to the United States. According to human rights groups situated in Mexico, there are increasing amounts of women and girls attempting to migrate as well. Women and girls are at special risk as they make their journey north, particularly to sexual violence and to sex trafficking. A report by Amnesty International estimates that 6 out of every 10 women migrating through Mexico may be a victim of sexual assault.

Legislation

In 1993, Mexico signed a document from the United Nations titled The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women. This agreement was the first international document that recognized a type of violence that was specific to a gender. In January of 2007, a law was created titled the Ley General de Acceso de Las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia (General Law on Women's Access to a Life Free of Violence), but reports by Amnesty International has shown that it has not been very effective due to poor implementation and a minimal change in police investigations following reports of different kinds of violence.

One policy that has been put in place to increase response by local officials is the Gender Violence Alert Mechanism (Alerta de Violencia de Género contra las Mujeres). IN this program, citizens may opt to receive a gender alert when violence against women is increasing in their municipality. In the state of Mexico, the state with the highest population, the federal government found the state of femicides severe enough to issue an alert on gender violence on July 31 in 2015. This is the first time the federal government had done this for any state of Mexico. Since then, there have also been alerts released in Morelos, Michoacán, Chiapas, Nuevo León, Veracruz, Sinaloa, Colima, San Luis Potosí, Guerrero, Quintana Roo, and Nayarit.

While there has been legislation over the last few decades attempting to decrease violence against women, they have proven to have little effect due to a lack of enforcement. Many female homicides have gone unrecognized by authorities, so there is no action taken to investigate the women's deaths.

http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/ngos/CDDandCMDPDH_forthesession_Mexico_CEDAW52.pdf

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953697000233?via%3Dihub

"Tiene Iztapalapa el más alto índice de violencia hacia las mujeres"

https://web.archive.org/web/20120303095740/http://www.amnestyusa.org/node/55339