User:Hassocks5489/Brighton

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Etymology[edit]

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Brighton's earliest name was Bristelmestune, recorded in the Domesday Book. Although more than 40 variations have been documented, Brighthelmstone (or Brighthelmston) was the standard rendering between the 14th and 18th centuries.[1][2] Brighton was originally an informal shortened form, first seen in 1660; it gradually supplanted the longer name, and was in general use from the late 18th century. Brighthelmstone was still the town's official name until 1810, though.[2] The name is of Saxon origin. Most scholars believe that it derives from Beorthelm + tūn—the homestead of Beorthelm, a common Saxon name associated with villages elsewhere in England.[2] The tūn element is common in Sussex, especially on the coast, although it occurs infrequently in combination with a personal name.[3] An alternative etymology taken from the Saxon words for "stony valley" is sometimes given but has less acceptance.[2] Brighthelm gives its name to, among other things, a church[4] and a pub in Brighton[5] and some halls of residence at the University of Sussex.[6]

Brighton has several nicknames. Poet Horace Smith called it "The Queen of Watering Places", which is still widely used,[7] and "Old Ocean's Bauble".[8] Novelist William Makepeace Thackeray referred to "Doctor Brighton", calling the town "one of the best of Physicians". "London-by-Sea" is well-known, reflecting Brighton's popularity with Londoners. "The Queen of Slaughtering Places", a pun on Smith's description, became popular when the Brighton trunk murders came to the public's attention in the 1930s.[8] The mid 19th-century nickname "School Town" referred to the remarkable number of boarding, charity and church schools in the town at the time.[9]

History[edit]

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Anthony Seldon identified five phases of development in pre-20th century Brighton.[10] Until 1730, it was a fishing and agricultural settlement. It was founded by Saxons and mentioned in the Domesday Book under the name Bristelmestune; a rent of 4,000 herring was established.[1] Its importance grew from the Norman era onwards, and by the 14th century there was a parish church, a market and rudimentary law enforcement (the first town constable was elected in 1285).[11] Sacked and burnt by French invaders in the early 16th century—the earliest depiction of Brighton, a painting of c. 1520, shows Admiral Pregent de Bidoux's attack of June 1514—the town nevertheless recovered strongly on the back of a thriving mackerel-fishing industry. By the mid-17th century, Brighton was Sussex's most populous and important town.[12] Over the next few decades, though, events severely affected its local and national standing, such that by 1730 "it was a forlorn town decidedly down on its luck": more foreign attacks, storms (especially the devastating Great Storm of 1703), a declining fishing industry and the emergence of nearby Shoreham as a significant port.[12]

From the 1730s, Brighton entered its second phase of development—one which brought a rapid improvement in its fortunes. The contemporary fad for drinking and bathing in seawater as a purported cure for illnesses was enthusiastically encouraged by Dr Richard Russell from nearby Lewes. He sent many patients to "take the cure" in the sea at Brighton, published a popular treatise[note 1] on the subject, and moved to the town soon afterwards (the Royal Albion, one of Brighton's early hotels, occupies the site of his house).[14] Others were already visiting the town for recreational purposes before Russell became famous, though, and his actions coincided with other developments which made Brighton more attractive to visitors. From the 1760s it was a boarding point for boats travelling to France; road transport to London was improved[15] when the main road via Crawley was turnpiked in 1770;[16] and spas and indoor baths were opened by other entrepreneurial physicians such as Sake Dean Mahomed and Anthony Relhan (who also wrote the town's first guidebook).[15]

Royalty had visited Brighton before the late 18th century—King Charles II was sheltered overnight while fleeing England after the Battle of Worcester in 1651, then smuggled out via Shoreham—but when the Prince of Wales

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The ancient field system to the north and east of Brighton constrained the town's residential development[17] and gave it "a distinctive character", as did the ownership by the Stanford family of most of the remaining land surrounding Brighton and Hove. They carefully controlled its sale and development, releasing parcels of land gradually and ensuring that visually cohesive planned estates of high-quality housing were built.[18] The present city's 19th- and early 20th-century housing has a clear pattern. The poorest houses lie to the east of Brighton (slum clearance in the Carlton Hill, Albion Hill and Edward Street areas has replaced much of this); working-class housing for tradesmen, railway workers and other artisans spread to the northeast around Lewes Road; middle-class developments lay north of the centre around London Road; and the highest-quality suburbs developed to the northwest of Brighton and north of Hove on the Stanford family's land.[19]

Geography and topography[edit]

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To the east of Brighton, chalk cliffs protected by a sea-wall rise from the beach.
The underground Wellesbourne can rise to the surface during heavy rain, as in November 2000 when it flooded the London Road in Preston village.

Brighton lies between the South Downs and the English Channel to the north and south respectively. The Sussex coast forms a wide, shallow bay between the headlands of Selsey Bill and Beachy Head; Brighton developed near the centre of this bay around a seasonal river, the Wellesbourne (or Whalesbone), which flowed from the South Downs above Patcham. [1][20] This emptied into the English Channel at the beach near the East Cliff, forming "the natural drainage point for Brighton".[21] Behind the estuary was a stagnant pond called the Pool or Poole, so named since the medieval era.[note 2] This was built over with houses and shops from 1793, when the Wellesbourne was culverted to prevent flooding,[21][22] and only the name of the road (Pool Valley, originally Pool Lane)[23] marks its site. One original house survives from the time of the pool's enclosure.[1] Behind Pool Valley is Old Steine (historically The Steyne), originally a flat and marshy area where fishermen dried their nets. The Wellesbourne occasionally reappears during times of prolonged heavy rain; author Mark Antony Lower referred to an early 19th-century drawing of the Royal Pavilion showing "quite a pool of water across the Steyne".[24] Despite 16th-century writer Andrew Boorde's claim that "Bryght-Hempston [is] among the noble ports and havens of the realm",[25] Brighton never developed as a significant port.

The East Cliff runs for several miles from Pool Valley towards Rottingdean and Saltdean, reaching 80 feet (24 m) above sea level. The soil beneath it, a mixture of alluvium and clay with some flint and chalk rubble, has experienced erosion for many years.[26] The cliff itself, like the rest of Brighton's soil, is chalk.[1] Below this are thin layers of Upper and Lower Greensand separated by a thicker band of Gault clay.[27] The land slopes upwards gradually from south to north towards the top of the Downs. Main transport links developed along the floor of the Wellesbourne valley, from which the land climbs steeply—particularly on the east side. The earliest settlement was by the beach at the bottom of the valley,[20] which was partly protected from erosion by an underwater shale-bar. Changes in sea level affected the foreshore several times: 40 acres (16 ha) disappeared in the first half of the 14th century,[28] and the Great Storm of 1703 caused widespread destruction. The first sea defences were erected in 1723,[28] and a century later a long sea-wall was built.[26]

Climate[edit]

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See also: Climate of the United Kingdom

Brighton has a temperate climate: its Koppen climate classification is Cfb. It is characterised by mild, calm weather with high levels of sunshine, sea breezes and a "healthy, bracing air" attributed to the low level of tree cover.[29] Average rainfall levels increase as the land rises: the 1958–1990 mean was 740 millimetres (29 in) on the seafront and about 1,000 millimetres (39 in) at the top of the South Downs above Brighton.[29] Storms caused serious damage in 1703, 1806, 1824, 1836, 1848, 1850, 1896, 1910 and 1987. Snow is rare, but particularly severe falls were recorded in 1881 and 1967.[29]

Climate data for Brighton
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8
(46) 		8
(46) 		9
(49) 		12
(53) 		16
(60) 		18
(64) 		20
(68) 		21
(69) 		18
(65) 		15
(59) 		11
(52) 		9
(48) 		14
(57)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 3
(38) 		3
(38) 		4
(40) 		6
(43) 		9
(48) 		12
(53) 		14
(58) 		14
(58) 		12
(54) 		9
(49) 		6
(43) 		4
(40) 		8
(47)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 88
(3.5) 		60
(2.4) 		51
(2.0) 		58
(2.3) 		56
(2.2) 		50
(2.0) 		54
(2.1) 		62
(2.4) 		67
(2.6) 		105
(4.1) 		103
(4.1) 		97
(3.8) 		851
(33.5)
Source: Met Office

Boundaries and areas[edit]

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{

Here's a quote from the SAC article by Mark Antony Lower (SAC v16 (1864) (Published Lewes, George P. Bacon); Article "The Rivers of Sussex Part II"):

"<p247...> The town of Brighton lies in the hundred now known as the Hundred of Whalesbone, but formerly as Wellsbourne, a name signifying "the stream flowing from a well". The source is at Patcham, about due north of Brighton, and it is only when the well overflows that the Wellsbourne exists, and then it occasionally assumes the proportions of a small river. Its course is through the parish of Preston by the side of the old London Road towards Brighton. Near the Amber Ale Brewery it disappears beneath the surface and passes through a sewer into the sea. Its ancient bed crossed the Steine and entered what is still called Pool Valley, to the south of the Steine. The modern sea frontage of Brighton shows no trace of its former outlet, though in old times there was a small haven. Andrew Borde, writing at the time of Henry VIII, speaks of Bryght-Hempston among the "noble ports and havens of the realm". Pool Valley is the lowest ground in <p248...> modern Brighton, and even now (though the waters of the Wellsbourne are artificially drained by a subterraneous channel) in case of a sudden and heavy fall of rain this depressed spot is deluged by the surface-water. A drawing of the Pavilion of George IV in the early C19 shows quite a pool across the Steyne.

Occasionally, nature reasserts itself and the Wellsbourne appears in its ancient bed above ground. One remarkable instance of this occurred during the heavy rains of December 1852, when for many hours there was a perfect river from Patcham to the northern part of Brighton, where it disappeared underground."


In 1901, when trams were introduced on the streets of Brighton, the council bought a former brewery at Preston Circus and demolished it, intending to build a tram depot there. The Wellesbourne ran beneath the brewery in a culvert, and only when the site was cleared was it realised that the ground could not support the weight of 30 trams and a new building. The depot had to be built on Lewes Road instead. (Page 5 in "Brighton's Buses and Trams" by David Toy, 2016, Capital Transport Publishing Ltd, ISBN 978-1-85414-309-7 Parameter error in {{ISBN}}: checksum)

Demography[edit]

Governance and politics[edit]

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As of 2024, there are 21 wards in the city of Brighton and Hove, of which 12 are in Brighton. [30]

The newly created Borough of Brighton consisted of six wards in 1854: St Nicholas, St Peter, Pier, Park, Pavilion and West. When the territory was extended to include part of Preston parish in 1873, the new area became a seventh ward named Preston. The seven were split into 14 in 1894: Hanover, Kemp Town (renamed King's Cliff in 1908), Lewes Road, Montpelier, Pavilion, Pier, Preston, Preston Park, Queen's Park, Regency, St John, St Nicholas, St Peter, and West. Preston ward was extended in 1923 to incorporate the area taken into the borough from Patcham parish in 1923 for the construction of the Moulsecoomb estate, and in 1928 the ward was divided into four: Hollingbury, Moulsecoomb, Preston and Preston Park. Elm Grove and Patcham wards were created at the same time, bringing the total to 19. There were further changes in 1952, 1955 and 1983, at which time there were 16 wards.[31] This situation continued until 1 April 1997, when Hove and its wards became part of the new unitary authority of Brighton and Hove.[32]

Economy[edit]

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{{{2}}}

See NEB pp108–109 for shopping and tourism stuff; pp111–113 for employment, new media, employment sectors and largest employers.

That book about British railway architecture says something like "the locomotive works was Brighton's only significant industry".

Specific stuff for Economy of Brighton and Hove[edit]

Small boats were built in workshops at both Brighton and Hove beaches in the 19th century, and until 1905 or later at Hove. The firm of May & Thwaites, which specialised in fishing luggers, were the main boatbuilders locally.[47]

Clothing manufacturer Kayser Bondor acquired part of a former school in Portslade in 1949 and started producing hosiery and underwear. In October 1957 a new 38,000 square feet (3,500 m2) factory (known locally as the "Palace of Venus") was built in Wellington Road. Up to 650 people were employed. The company was taken over by Courtaulds in 1966. By the 1980s the factory produced, among other things, more than 25,000 bras for Marks & Spencer every week.[48]

Seven of the eight factories of 1,800-employee machine tool manufacturing company Kearney & Trecker CVA were in the Brighton and Hove area. The head office and main factory was at Portland Road in Aldrington. It had a foundry, sheet metal and machine workshops, a casting workshop, a welding department and a laboratory. A factory at Coombe Road in Brighton produced electrical items; one at Eaton Road in Hove was used for assembly of products; and another at Wellington Road in Portslade dealt with research and development. The other three factories were on Crowhurst Road in Hollingbury and dealt mostly with large machinery. At its height the company had 1,800 employees and 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) of factory space, but after several takeovers it left the area in the late 1960s.[49] The Crowhurst Road premises was turned into a warehouse by Sussex Stationers and is now owned by a cash and carry wholesaler.[1]

One of Hove's largest industrial businesses was Harrington's coachbuilders, which moved to Old Shoreham Road in 1930 from Brighton. At its height more than 600 people worked for the company, which made bodies for coaches, buses, fire engines, horseboxes and other vehicles, and 200 were still employed in 1966. The company was taken over in that year, and the works—an "imposing edifice" between the railway line (to which it was connected by a private siding), Amherst Crescent and Hove Cemetery—was demolished and replaced by a British Telecom office. This was in turn replaced by a PC World store in 1999.[50]

Quotes relating to offices in Brighton[edit]

"Brighton, situated at the bottom of the M23 beyond Gatwick and Crawley, has a rather different office market [from that of South East England as a whole]. It is characterised by a number of financial institutions and general office occupiers attracted by a combination of quality of life, a well educated workforce and access to London. However, the market suffers from a shortage of quality accommodation and rather sporadic demand."[51]

"At present there is limited availability of quality office space in Brighton. Anston House in Preston Road is a good quality refurbishment of an older building, and Exion 27,although new, is more of a high-tech development situated on the edge of Brighton."[52]

Banks[edit]

Brighton Union Bank was dissolved on 31 August 1894.[53]

Public services[edit]

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Public libraries in Brighton and its suburbs are run by the Royal Pavilion, Museums and Libraries department of Brighton and Hove City Council.[54] Jubilee Library in central Brighton was opened in March 2005[55] to replace outdated split-site facilities nearby,[56] which included a separate music library.[57] It is England's sixth busiest: about 1 million people visited in 2009.[58] Branch libraries operate in the outlying villages and suburbs of Coldean, Hollingbury, Moulsecoomb, Patcham, Rottingdean, Saltdean, Westdene and Whitehawk. The Brighton and Hove Toy Library is at the Whitehawk Library, rebuilt and reopened in 2011. Membership is not limited to residents of the city, and gives borrowing rights at libraries throughout the city (including those in Hove and Portslade).[59] Free internet access was introduced in 2001.[57]

Brighton is the centre of the Brighton postal district (BN). The BN postcode area covers the Sussex coast between Littlehampton and Pevensey and areas inland as far as Arundel, Hailsham and Hassocks.[60] Over 1 million items of mail were dealt with daily in 1990 at the sorting office on North Road in the North Laine area. It moved there in 1926 and was extended in 1937 and 1967.[61] The building is now a local delivery office,[62] and the Gatwick Mail Centre in Crawley is now responsible for mail distribution to Brighton and the entire BN postcode area.[63] The town's Head Post Office opened on Ship Street in The Lanes in 1849 (the Old Ship Hotel had first been used as a postal house a century earlier) and was extended several times in the 19th century. It closed in 2007 and moved to smaller premises in the WHSmith store in the Churchill Square shopping centre.[61]

Health and welfare[edit]

Statistics on health and welfare are collected for the city as a whole and, in some cases, for individual wards. There are areas of significant deprivation, especially in the East Brighton, Queen's Park and Moulsecoomb & Bevendean wards. Citywide, the number of suicides is among the highest in England; male life expectancy is much lower than the average for South East England; use of illegal drugs is higher than anywhere else in the region; and the city has the second highest proportion of any local authority in England of both drug-related deaths and male alcohol-related deaths.[64] (See the PDF for a potentially better ref.) According to statistics announced when the Brighton and Hove Drugs Commission was set up in October 2012, since 2005 21,000 crimes in the city had been attributable to drug use, costing the city council £27 million.[65]

Education[edit]

A Free School stood in The Lanes from 1665 or earlier. It was on a twitten which once ran east from Meeting House Lane, survived until 1779 or later and was for boys only—although a similar school for girls opened nearby in 1702. In that year, the schools educated 27 boys and 20 girls respectively.[66]

The Diocese of Chichester established its training institute for female schoolteachers in Brighton in 1842.[67] The college provided teachers for Anglican schools throughout Sussex. In 1854, the institute moved to a new building on Ditchling Road in Round Hill. The flint-built Gothic Revival college, designed by William and Edward Habershon, occupies a high, prominent corner site. It went out of use in 1939 and is now Citibase Brighton—a serviced office complex.[68][69][70]

Religion[edit]

Buildings and architecture[edit]

Culture and tourism[edit]

Beaches[edit]

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Brighton has a 5.4-mile (8.7 km) expanse of shingle beach,Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). During a heatwave in October 2011, 200,000 tourists visited in a single weekend and spent about £5 million.[71] Neighbouring Hove is well-known for its hundreds of painted timber beach huts, but brick-walled chalets are also available on Brighton seafront, especially towards Rottingdean and Saltdean.[72]

The city council owns all the beaches, which are divided into named sections by groynes—the first of which were completed in 1724. Eastwards from the Hove boundary, the names are Boundary, Norfolk, Bedford, Metropole, Grand (referring to the four hotels with those names), Centre, King's, Old Ship, Volk's, Albion, Palace Pier, Aquarium, Athina (where the Athina B ran aground), Paston, Banjo, Duke's, Cliff, Crescent and Black Rock. Cliff Beach is a nudist beach. Beyond Black Rock, the cliffs (part of the Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs Site of Special Scientific Interest) rise to more than 100 feet (30 m) and there are three small beaches at Ovingdean Gap, Rottingdean Gap and Saltdean Gap. All are connected by the Undercliff Walk,[28] which has been affected by several cliff falls since 2000.[73]

Parks and open space[edit]

Of the city's 98 public parks and open spaces, six are listed by English Heritage for their historic interest; all are in Brighton. Stanmer Park, the Kemp Town Enclosures, Queen's Park, the grounds of the Royal Pavilion, Woodvale Cemetery and the grounds of Preston Manor (including Preston Park) all have Grade II listed status.[58]

Hotels[edit]

Pubs and restaurants[edit]

The city council owns the freehold of 59 restaurants and cafés on the seafronts and in parks such as the Pavilion Gardens. These are leased to private operators, providing rental income.[74]

Music and nightlife[edit]

Art[edit]

Sculptures on the seafront include Newbury Abbot Trent's Peace Statue (1912), marking the Brighton/Hove boundary and commemorating Edward VII; the Kiss Wall (1992) by Bruce Williams, a depiction in metal of people kissing; Passacaglia (1998), designed by Charles Hadcock using interlocking layers of recycled iron; and Afloat (1998), nicknamed The Green Bagel and The Seasick Doughnut, which was donated to Brighton by the Mayor of Naples Antonio Bassolino.[75]

A well-known feature of Brighton's street art is the array of "cassette tape" imagery painted on junction boxes in the streets of the central area. The "playful, abstract and surreal" designs are the work of "Cassette Lord", the pseudonym of a graffiti artist who is involved with youth and community art projects in the city. The designs were painted with the city council's permission.[76]

Literature and film[edit]

LGBT community[edit]

In March 2009, the council estimated that Brighton and Hove's lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community consisted of between 30,000 and 40,000 people—up to 16% of the city's population. No statistics were available for smaller geographical areas.[64]

The annual Pride festival, held in Preston Park and including a parade through central Brighton, is the United Kingdom's largest. About 150,000 people, more than 25% of whom were from the LGBT community, visited in 2009.[58]

Media[edit]

Sport and leisure[edit]

Transport[edit]

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Brighton is connected to the national road network by the A23 (London Road) northwards, and by two east–west routes: the A259 along the coast and the A27 trunk route inland. The A23 joins the M23 motorway at Pease Pottage near Gatwick Airport.[77] The A27 originally ran through the urban area along Old Shoreham Road and Lewes Road, but it now follows the route of the Brighton Bypass (opened in 1990) and the old alignment has become the A270. A bypass was first proposed in 1932, six routes were submitted for approval in 1973, and the Department of the Environment published its recommended route in 1980. Public enquiries took place in 1983 and 1987, construction started in 1989 and the first section—between London Road at Patcham and the road to Devil's Dyke—opened in summer 1991.[78] By 1985 there were about 5,000 parking spaces in central Brighton. The largest car parks are at London Road, King Street, and the Churchill Square/Regency Road/Russell Road complex.[79] In 1969, a 520-space multi-storey car park was built beneath the central gardens of Regency Square.[79][80]

Until deregulation in 1986, bus services in Brighton were provided by Southdown Motor Services and Brighton Borough Transport under a joint arrangement called "Brighton Area Transport Services". Southdown were part of the nationalised NBC group and were based at Freshfield Road in the Kemptown area; Brighton Borough Transport were owned by the council and used the former tram depot at Lewes Road as their headquarters. Joint tickets were available and revenue was shared.[81] The Brighton & Hove Bus Company, owned by the Go-Ahead Group since 1993, now runs most bus services in Brighton. Its fleet has about 280 buses.[82] Compass Travel, The Big Lemon, Metrobus, Stagecoach South and The Sussex Bus also operate some services to central Brighton. The city had 1,184 bus stops in 2012, 456 of which had a shelter.[83] Real-time travel information displays are provided at many stops.[82]

Shoreham Airport, which offers chartered and scheduled flights using light aircraft, is 9 miles (14 km) west of Brighton near the town of Shoreham-by-Sea. In 1971, the borough councils of Worthing, Hove and Brighton bought it and operated it jointly as a municipal airport,[77][84] but since 2006 it has been privately owned.[85] On 6 March 2013, newly established operator Brighton City Airways started running a scheduled service to Paris Pontoise–Cormeilles Airport in France. The airport was rebranded Brighton (Shoreham) Airport around the same time.[86]

Gatwick Airport, one of Britain's major international airports, is 30 miles (48 km) north on the A23; regular coach and rail services operate from Brighton.[77]

People associated with Brighton[edit]

Nice map to play with[edit]

Hassocks5489/Brighton is located in Brighton & Hove
Stanmer
Stanmer
Coldean
Coldean
Moulsecoomb
Moulsecoomb
Bevendean
Bevendean
Bear Road area
Bear Road area
Woodingdean
Woodingdean
Ovingdean
Ovingdean
Rottingdean
Rottingdean
Saltdean
Saltdean
Roedean
Roedean
Kemptown
Kemptown
Kemp Town
Kemp Town
Queen's Park
Queen's Park
Brunswick Town
Brunswick Town
Poets Corner
Poets Corner
Montpelier
Montpelier
Preston Village
Preston Village
Patcham
Patcham
Hollingbury
Hollingbury
Round Hill
Round Hill
Elm Grove area
Elm Grove area
Hanover
Hanover
Carlton Hill
Carlton Hill
New England Quarter
New England Quarter
Hangleton
Hangleton
West Hill
West Hill
Whitehawk
Whitehawk
Hollingdean
Hollingdean
Aldrington
Aldrington
Mile Oak
Mile Oak
The Knoll
The Knoll
Southern Cross
Southern Cross
Portslade Village
Portslade Village
Portslade-by-Sea
Portslade-by-Sea
West Blatchington
West Blatchington
Goldstone Valley
Goldstone Valley
Westdene
Westdene
Withdean
Withdean
Prestonville
Prestonville
class=notpageimage|
Areas and suburbs of Brighton and Hove

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ De Tabe Glandulari, sive, De usu aquæ marinæ in morbis glandularum dissertatio (1750); translated into English in 1753 as Glandular Diseases, or a Dissertation on the Use of Sea Water in the Affections of the Glands.[13]
  2. ^ The name was documented as Poole in 1296 and 1497.[21]
  3. ^ 2009 figures.[37]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e Salzman, L.F. (ed) (1940). "A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 7 – The Rape of Lewes. The Borough of Brighton". Victoria County History of Sussex. British History Online. pp. 244–263. Retrieved 27 September 2011. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  2. ^ a b c d Collis 2010, p. 44.
  3. ^ Leslie & Short 1999, pp. 32–33.
  4. ^ Collis 2010, p. 39.
  5. ^ "The Bright Helm". J D Wetherspoon plc. 2009–2011. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
  6. ^ "Brighthelm". University of Sussex. 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2013. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ Antram & Morrice 2008, p. 3.
  8. ^ a b Carder 1990, §. 16.
  9. ^ Sampson 1994, p. 56.
  10. ^ Seldon 2002, Ch. 2.
  11. ^ Seldon 2002, p. 32.
  12. ^ a b Seldon 2002, p. 33.
  13. ^ Farrant, John H. (September 2011). "Oxford DNB article: Russell, Richard". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/56302. Retrieved 13 February 2012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  14. ^ Seldon 2002, p. 34.
  15. ^ a b Seldon 2002, pp. 34–35.
  16. ^ Gwynne 1990, p. 98.
  17. ^ Berry, Sue (1988): Brighton and Hove: Historical Geography, in s.n. 1998, p. 15.
  18. ^ Berry, Sue (1988): Brighton and Hove: Historical Geography, in s.n. 1998, p. 16.
  19. ^ Berry, Sue (1988): Brighton and Hove: Historical Geography, in s.n. 1998, pp. 16–17.
  20. ^ a b Carder 1990, §. 15.
  21. ^ a b c Collis 2010, p. 246.
  22. ^ Dale 1976, p. 95.
  23. ^ Dale 1976, p. 8.
  24. ^ Lower 1864, p. 248.
  25. ^ Lower 1864, p. 247.
  26. ^ a b Carder 1990, §. 56.
  27. ^ Leslie & Short 1999, p. 3.
  28. ^ a b c Carder 1990, §. 43.
  29. ^ a b c Carder 1990, §. 40.
  30. ^ "Ward Map" (PDF). Brighton and Hove City Council. July 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  31. ^ Carder 1990, §47.
  32. ^ Collis 2010, p. 156.
  33. ^ Collis 2010, p. 9.
  34. ^ a b Collis 2010, p. 113.
  35. ^ Collis 2010, p. 10.
  36. ^ "Thousands of jobs at Gatwick". The Argus. Newsquest Media Group. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  37. ^ a b Collis 2010, p. 56.
  38. ^ a b c Collis 2010, p. 124.
  39. ^ Collis 2010, p. 224.
  40. ^ Musgrave 1981, p. 386.
  41. ^ Carder 1990, §2.
  42. ^ Collis 2010, pp. 124–125.
  43. ^ Collis 2010, p. 125.
  44. ^ Brighton Borough Council 1985, p. 51.
  45. ^ "LGP completes sale of Brighton Retail Park" (Press release). Legal & General Group plc. 5 January 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  46. ^ "Hollingbury Retail Park, Brighton BN1 8LW". Curson Sowerby Partners LLP. 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  47. ^ Middleton 2002, Vol. 14, p. 24.
  48. ^ Middleton 2002, Vol. 8, p. 18.
  49. ^ Middleton 2002, Vol. 8, pp. 18–20.
  50. ^ Middleton 2002, Vol. 7, pp. 33–34.
  51. ^ "§. 9.2.2: Brighton Office Market". Brighton & Hove Tall Buildings Study (PDF) (Report) (Issue C ed.). Brighton & Hove City Council (in association with Gillespies and GVA Grimley). October 2003. p. 28. Archived from the original on 23 December 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
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Bibliography[edit]

  • Antram, Nicholas; Morrice, Richard (2008). Brighton and Hove. Pevsner Architectural Guides. London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12661-7.
  • Brighton Borough Council (1985). Borough of Brighton Residents' Handbook (2nd ed.). Wallington: Home Publishing Co. Ltd.
  • Carder, Timothy (1990). The Encyclopaedia of Brighton. Lewes: East Sussex County Libraries. ISBN 0-861-47315-9.
  • Collis, Rose (2010). The New Encyclopaedia of Brighton. (based on the original by Tim Carder) (1st ed.). Brighton: Brighton & Hove Libraries. ISBN 978-0-9564664-0-2.
  • Dale, Antony (1976). Brighton Town and Brighton People. Chichester: Phillimore & Co. ISBN 0-85033-219-2.
  • Dale, Antony (1986) [1951]. About Brighton: A Guide to the Buildings and Byways of Brighton and Hove (2nd Revised ed.). Brighton: The Regency Society of Brighton and Hove.
  • Gwynne, Peter (1990). A History of Crawley (1st ed.). Chichester: Phillimore & Co. ISBN 0-85033-718-6.
  • Leslie, Kim (ed.); Short, Brian (ed.) (1999). An Historical Atlas of Sussex. Chichester: Phillimore & Co. ISBN 1-86077-112-2. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help)
  • Lower, Mark Antony (1864). "The Rivers of Sussex: Part II". Sussex Archaeological Collections. 16. Lewes: George P. Bacon (for the Sussex Archaeological Society).
  • Middleton, Judy (2002). The Encyclopaedia of Hove & Portslade. Brighton: Brighton & Hove Libraries.
  • Musgrave, Clifford (1981). Life in Brighton. Rochester: Rochester Press. ISBN 0-571-09285-3.
  • Robinson, L.J. (1966). The Lanes of Brighton: a Brief Account of the Origins of the Ancient Town of Brighthelmstone. Brighton: The Southern Publishing Co.
  • Sampson, Mark (1994). Brighton: History and Guide. Stroud: Alan Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-0476-3.
  • Seldon, Anthony (2002). Brave New City: Brighton & Hove Past, Present, Future. Lewes: Pomegranate Press. ISBN 0-9542587-1-1.
  • s.n. (1998). A selection of notes on the History of Hove and Brighton including a History of Hove street names and early maps of Hove. Brighton: Brighton & Hove Libraries.
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