User:Grosenblatt0805/Doping in sport/Bibliography

Part I

Ehrnborg, C., & Rosen, T. (2009, May 27). The psychology behind doping in Sport. Growth Hormone & IGF Research.

Ehrnborg and Rosen in this introduce us to the whole concept of doping. They state how it unfairly enhances an athlete just by taking tiny substances to improve someone's athletic frame, physical ability, and athletic performance. They also talk about how it’s used in the gym and bodybuilding as well since it enhances your muscle growth. The authors interviewed actual hormone abusers in their Research Centre for Hormonal Abuse in Gothenburg, Sweden. They said in the interview that the main reasons for taking enhancers were for athletics, aesthetics for bodybuilding, and criminals are big users too. The article also refers to surveys, one being a survey taken in 1995 asking Olympic athletes from different sports if they would ever consider taking banned Performance Enhancing Drugs. Looking at Elseviers reviews by looking at blog posts and some articles, they say that the information is accurate but this Dutch publishing company seeks for profit, but gives out reliable information. The Scientific American had to say that about Elsevier. The wikipedians used this source three times, one time talking about the “doping dilemma” where athletes feel pressured to take PEDs because every other athlete is doing it. Another time in the article they talk about how PEDs could make an athlete feel “invincible.” This article uses this source once again talking about how athletes get so focused on winning they do anything to get an advantage.

Abrahamson, A. (2003, April 23). Just a dash of drugs in Lewis, deloach. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-apr-23-sp-oly23-story.html

Abrahamson of LA Times recaps how Olympic track stars Carl Lewis and Joe DeLoach tested positive for illegal stimulants right before the 1988 summer olympics in Seoul, South Korea. Carl Lewis was tested three times and had been tested positive for three remedies commonly found in cold medicines; ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine. He registered for levels of two parts per million, four parts per million and six parts for all of the three stimulants. DeLoach only had gotten tested one time and registered a combined seven parts per million of those three stimulants. Under the Olympic committee rules, anywhere from 1 to 10 parts per million was subjected to further investigation. The director of the investigation found there was no such intent and also them having such a little amount of the stimulants in their system, they were both cleared from the doping accusations. The Wikipedia article used this source five times. The first time they referred to this was talking about how Wade Exum, the head of the United State’s Olympic drug-control administration, used Lewis and DeLoach for a lawsuit filed against the USOC, accusing them of racial discrimination since a bunch of athletes mentioned on a list of failed drug tests involving athletes showed plenty of african american athletes on there. Lewis and DeLoach were both African American athletes. That case was dismissed because of the lack of evidence. The other times this source was mentioned was just for referencing back to this event and how both were cleared to compete. LA Times was rated as a left skewing bias news source, but rated as reliable with a rating of 42.98 on ad fontes media.

Better late than never. CNNSI.com - Olympic sports - USOC to acknowledge gold medal-stripped swimmer demont - Tuesday January 30, 2001 09:44 pm. (2001, January 30). https://web.archive.org/web/20010507004733/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/news/2001/01/30/usoc_demont_ap/

This article was archived and restored on May 7, 2001, taken from Associated Press. This article referred to the events at the 1972 Olympic games in Munich, Germany, of how swimmer Rick DeMont was stripped of his gold medal after using an asthma medication containing a banned substance. 29 years later, the US Olympic Committee cleared his name and had his medal restored. DeMont had allergies to wheat and fur so he took the medications Marax and Actified. He also received weekly allergy shots for his allergies. DeMont listed these drugs in his medical statement. This reference is used three times in one section, one being this mentioned that DeMont was one of eight US athletes to have their medals stripped, but thankfully DeMont was found innocent by the IOC (International Olympic Committee) and restored his medal almost three decades later. The Associated Press had this news article archived and it was restored on CNN Sports Illustrated probably for being an outdated version of the site. The Associated Press is said to be a left leaning news site according to AllSides website ratings. The Associated Press has a reliability rating of 45.64 according to ad fontes media.

Nature Publishing Group. (2008, August 6). A level playing field?. Nature News. https://www.nature.com/articles/454667a

Nature Publishing Group writes about the beginning part of the 2008 summer olympic games in Beijing, China. They state that there have already been several occurrences where athletes were caught using banned substances and will have to face charges for those acts. This article also mentions how athletes and coaches, despite the risk of ruining their reputation and also an athlete’s long-term health, do it anyway for that slight advantage. The main topic of this article is that the anti-dope testing process needs to be more open to other sciences. This drug testing needs to be applied to other biomedical sciences according to this article. Doing so can lead to more fair drug testing so that the innocent cannot be falsely punished and the actual dopers won’t get away with taking banned substances. This source is used two times in the wikipedia article. Donald Berry, a biostatistician from the University of Texas in Houston, was also mentioned in the Nature article, saying that the way anti-doping tests go about do not really publicize or release how their processes go. Berry says they need to test in larger groups with known dopers and non-dopers under blind conditions. "Nature believes that accepting 'legal limits' of specific metabolites without such rigorous verification goes against the foundational standards of modern science, and results in an arbitrary test for which the rate of false positives and false negatives can never be known.” (Nature, Wikipedia) AllSides says that Nature Publishing Group has a ‘central’ located bias, so there is no political bias brought up with this website. Media Bias Factcheck says that Nature Publishing Group has a “Very High” factual reporting rating, which is the highest on their scale.

Walker MS, J., & Adams MD, B. (2009, September 17). Cutaneous manifestations of anabolic–androgenic steroid use ... Wiley Online Library . https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04139.x

Walker and Adams start out by mentioning that anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) consumption leads to athletes being more cautious with what they reveal to physicians. According to the article, a nationwide study was conducted with male 12th grade student athletes, revealing that 6.6% had used anabolic steroids at some point in their lives. 65% percent of them played football, wrestling, track and field, and baseball. This article also mentions the rate of AAS use increases as the level of intensity in competition increases. More than 90% of bodybuilders and athletes who participate in power strength events consume AAS. Studies reveal the following side effects when taking AAS. Powerlifters that admitted to taking AAS, 53% experience acne, 47% have increased body hair, 27 % experience oily skin and hair, and 20 % experience hair loss. This source is mentioned one time in the wikipedia article. This information came from the International Journal of Dermatology, which is a peer reviewed journal for all aspects of the science of dermatology. Wikipedia says this journal has an impact factor of 3.6, which is a good rating on the science impact rating scale.

Part II

Mazzeo, F., Altavilla, G., D’Elia, F., & Gaetano, R. (2018, September 30). Development of Doping in sports: overview and analysis. CINECA IRIS Institutional research information system. https://iris.unisalento.it/

This article states that doping is a public health issue, not just in professional sports. It traces all the way back to the ancient practices of doping and enhanced physical performance. What was also said in this article was that why substance abuse prevails is due to various factors like economic incentives, societal pressures, and science/technology advancement. The World Anti-Doping Association (WADA) is a centralized department that establishes rules, conducts tests, and coordinates anti-doping efforts all around the globe. This article discusses the psychological and physical effects of different substances, and the challenges of detecting and preventing how they’re used in sports. They explain how doping creates an unfair advantage and ruins competition. They mention the motivations behind sports doping, and lastly run through some data statistics that involve substance abuse. Reading this article made me realize that this could be a great resource to use as it mentions all of the essentials involving this topic. It’s very extensive as well, going up to 9 pages long so there is loads of information that can be taken from this source. This article is from an Italian scholarly journal website named “IRIS” (Institutional research information system).  Looking over the internet, I could not find any source ratings about this page since this is a foreign site. I had to translate a bunch of text to read parts of the website. This source was not cited by wikipedians.

Paoli, L., & Donati, A. (2014). The sports doping market understanding supply and demand, and the challenges of their control. Springer.

This book looks at sports doping from the economic and law perspective instead of the health approach. It goes in depth with how it's distributed, mentions how it's a semi-legal market, and the athletes who are at the most risk of organized crime. This book also discusses the challenges for law enforcement and legalization. This book also mentions the struggles of the efforts to control PED use worldwide. Demand for these products and other economic factors are extensively researched and imputed into this book, as for how legal substances can be used illegally. This book also tracks the revenue, profits, and prices that come with these substances. The authors for this book are Letizia Paoli and Alessandro Donati. They are both criminologists. Letizia Paoli is a criminologist who wrote several books on crime related topics, with average ratings ranging from 3-5 stars on a 5 star rating scale. Donati was not found when I tried to look him up online. This book’s overview can be viewed on Springer Link, as having 10k accesses, 37 citations, and 110 references. There are really no reviews on this book that I could find online. If I was to really look into this book, I can definitely find some key information to add to the wikipedia page. This book would be a source I’d use. This source was not cited by wikipedians.

Cisyk, J. (2020a). Impacts of performance-enhancing drug suspensions on the demand for Major League Baseball. Journal of Sports Economics, 21(4), 391–419. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002520906529

This part of this peer-reviewed journal first mentions the policy the MLB made in 2005 regards to PED use, mentioning the suspension and how they will be announced to the media of their actions. MLB television audiences from 2006-2012 were looked at and studied. The impacts that PED announcements have made are a television audience reduction of the PED players team by 9.3%. Broadcast audience reductions are shown to be more affected by PED announcements rather than injury announcements. Several statistics are shown throughout this part of the peer-reviewed journal that show how PED players used to be better for audiences and financials before being announced. Afterwards everything came to a cost. This source is very extensive, and has plenty of numbers, studies to follow, and evidence that PED use affects not just the game of baseball, but the media and fans as well. I see myself imputing some of the information taken from this page into the wikipedia article. The Journal of Sports Economics is a peer-reviewed journal running down through all parts of the sports industry and covering the economics of it. On Exaly, this journal has an 2022 impact factor listed at 1.6. This source was not cited by wikipedians.

Red, C. (2023, January 30). Baseball Hall of Fame candidates linked to PED use still suffer in voting results. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/christianred/2023/01/27/baseball-hall-of-fame-candidates-linked-to-ped-use-still-suffer-in-voting-results/?sh=133e019e5f3a

This article discusses Joe Morgan, a former MLB second basemen, who wrote a letter in 2017 to the Baseball Writers Association of America noting that he believes that players who were linked to PEDs should not be elected into the baseball hall of fame. He also noted the criteria for exclusion and stated that the current hall of farmers would boycott the induction ceremonies of steroid elected players. Recently the committees who are in charge of the hall of fame inductions do align with Morgan’s view. Players like Roger Clemens and Barry Bonds are excluded from the hall of fame, and currently Alex Rodriguez and Manny Rameriez’s efforts to be inducted fell short as well in the 2023 ballot. This article states how doping really impacts a players chances of being inducted into the hall of fame. This source mentions examples I did not see in the original wikipedia article so this would be a source I will be using. This article states the two players' careers and how their PED abuse ruined their chances of being inducted. Forbes is a media site that focuses on business, investing, technology, and lifestyle related news articles. Ad Fontes Media says Forbes has a reliability rating of 40.54 and a bias rating of -2.69. This source was not cited by wikipedians.

Exploring topics in sports: Why do athletes risk using performance enhancing drugs?. Exploring Topics in Sports: Why Do Athletes Risk Using Performance Enhancing Drugs?: School of Professional Studies | Northwestern University. (2015, July 14). https://sps.northwestern.edu/stories/news-stories/why-do-athletes-risk-using-PEDs.php

This article by Northwestern University discusses the use of PEDs in professional sports, collegiate levels, and amatuer/highschool. They explain the punishments you can face if you were to take PEDs and you were a professional athlete in a certain sport. Suspensions are usually the same all across american sports involving sports doping incidents. The NBA only bans you for about 2 weeks which is significantly less than the other leagues in the American sports world. This article also discusses the effects these substances have on athletes and proposes reasons why athletes would take them even if it could cost them their career and reputation if caught. Northwestern’s School of Professional Studies went and wrote this article. On US News, Northwestern is ranked 9th for all national universities. I could not find any reliability ratings. This source was not cited by wikipedians.

Part III

Deubert, C. R., Cohen, G., & Lynch, H. F. (n.d.). Chapter 4 - Football Players Health Study. https://footballplayershealth.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/08_Ch4_Drugs.pdf

This whole chapter of Comparing Health-Related Practices and Policies in Sports written by Harvard Law School and other Ivy League affiliated professional attorneys and professors, runs down the basic context, issues, and punishments of PEDs and other substances that are stated as illegal in the NFL. The MLB, NBA, and MLS are also referred to in this article for comparison. The authors rundown the main purpose of league wide drug policies, the occasional exemptions to those policies, and the fines/suspensions or bans that keep an athlete/ team member out of play. Being one of the most prestigious universities in the world, Harvard Law School is ranked 5 out of all law programs in the US. Recently, Harvard Law Review talks about the rumors that Harvard admissions were accused of being biased toward Asian American students and giving them an unfair disadvantage of being accepted to the university. I would incorporate information from this source into the wikipedia article, as it does not mention anything about the NFL, MLB, and MLS involving the PED abuse department.

Performance enhancing anabolic steroid abuse in women. ACOG. (n.d.). https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2011/04/performance-enhancing-anabolic-steroid-abuse-in-women

This article put out by the ACOG (The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) presents the substances, basic statistics, and effects the substances have on the human body. This source specifically moves toward how these drugs and substances affect women. They run through the test process and treatments as well. Performance enhancing substances were first discovered to enhance muscle growth and athletic performance in the 1930s according to this source. Risk factors are also explained in the source as well. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, founded in 1951, is a professional organization with physicians that specialize in Gynecology and Obstetrics. They are a group that specializes in women’s health. St.Gianna’s Physicians Guild critiques a paper written by the ACOG, regards to Ethics. SGPG accuses the ACOG that they targeted pro-life doctors and said that they should refer their patients who request abortions to move to pro-choice ones. I already have a bunch of this information already, but adding things from this source since there aren't many things mentioned about women on this topic so I can add bits from this to the wikipedia article.

Schrotenboer, B. (2022, February 7). NFL players suspended for PED violations at least 258 times since 2001, but no big deal?. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2022/02/07/nfl-performance-enhancing-drugs-ped-steroids-suspensions/6645732001/

This article, written by Brent Shrotenboer of USA Today, talks about the recent spike in NFL player suspensions all having to do with PED use. Since 2001, 258 players have been suspended after they tested positive for illegal substances. 82 of which happened in the past 5 years. There were some points brought up by Charles Yesalis, a performance enhancing drug expert from Penn State, says that drug use doesn’t affect the entertainment factor of sports, in fact it affects the viewership and entertainment in a positive light. Athletes name’s were brought up recapping what happened in the games before they were caught using PEDs and how fans actually enjoyed it, little did they know the players were doing illegal things. MLB takes PED use more seriously than any other league as mentioned in this article. The NFL conducts over 12,000 drug tests per season. According to the database, Defensive Linemen and Linebackers are the most common offenders for drug abuse. Ad Fontes Media rates USA Today with a reliability rating of 41.27 and a bias rating of -3.64. I will be incorporating some parts of this since there is nothing about the NFL in the wikipedia article.

Fan Arch. (2024, February 26). Has an NBA player ever been caught for steroids? https://fanarch.com/blogs/nba/has-an-nba-player-ever-been-caught-for-steroids

Fan Arch’s article questions the fact that NBA players using steroids or other PED scandals do not come up often as in other leagues in the US. Usually in football and baseball, strength is very utilized by players since contact is a part of the game of football and strength in baseball determines how hard you throw or how far/hard you can hit a baseball. Strength in basketball is very important, but skill is more utilized over that according to the article. The NBA though has one of the most strict drug policy programs which maybe causes players to be more cautious to defy it. Notable players like O.J. Mayo, Don MacLean, and Hedo Turkoglu were mentioned in this article for their use of steroids that ultimately had themselves suspended for. Fan Arch is a sports merchandize company that also pushes out sports news. They help athletes also improve their likeness and improve their brand as a whole. Nothing comes up when I search for Fan Arch credibility. Since this is a different league and also a league that was never mentioned in the wiki article, I will add things about the NBA from here.

Kaplan, E. (2018, November 19). Why haven’t there been more PED cases in the NHL? ESPN. https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/25317435/why-there-more-ped-cases-nhl

Kaplan of ESPN first writes about at the time, Golden Knights defenseman Nate Schmidt, made his late season debut after serving a 20 game suspension for testing positive for steroids. Schmidt appealed the process and lost. Schmidt said that the amount he was taking was not going to benefit him at all. A good number of players also took Schmidt’s side. Washington Capitals forward T.J. Oshie said that PEDs aren’t really involved anywhere in the NHL. Last PED case before Schmidt took place 2 years before in 2016. Shawn Horcoff of the Anaheim Ducks was suspended 20 games for a first time violation. Kaplan also inputs NHL players' views on why many of them think it’s not worth taking PEDs in hockey, players like Connor Mcdavid and Jonathan Toews are mentioned. The NHL used the World-Anti Doping Agency’s illegal substance list to implement their policies.  According to Media Bias/Fact Check, Espn is a rated as a left centered sports news network, and rated as “High” on the factual reporting scale. ESPN was founded in 1979. Since I need some information on the NHL, and this is good to put different leagues' views on the wikipedia article, I will use some of the information from this article.

Part IV

ESPN Internet Ventures. (n.d.). The steroids era. ESPN. https://www.espn.com/mlb/topics/_/page/the-steroids-era

The “Steroid Era” according to Espn, takes place from the 80s to the late 2000s where there was a rise in PED use in baseball. There is no real timeline for this era but that's the presumed timeline. MLB didn’t ban steroids until 1991, but didn’t add league wide testing until 2003. This meant that players could easily get away with using steroids before the league wide testing. During the 1990s, the MLB experienced an offensive boom by players from all over the league. The number of power hitters increased drastically. Players like Mark Mcguire, finished with 52 homeruns in one season before being traded to the St.Louis Cardinals. He was nearly breaking the record of 61 home runs in a season, set by Yankees great Roger Maris in 1961. Sammy Sosa of the Chicago Cubs also had an offensive explosion while Mcguire was having his rise, also 13 other players in the 1997 MLB season finished with at least 40 homers that season. Sosa finished with 66 home runs, and Mcguire finished with 70. In 1998, Mark Mcguire admitted to using an illegal substance that was banned by the NFL and NCAA, but not yet banned by the MLB. Barry Bonds of the San Francisco Giants broke Mcguire's record going for 73 home runs in the 2001 season. Between 1988 and 2009, out of the 10 players that joined the 500 home runs club, six of them have been linked to PEDs.  Barry Bonds, Alex Rodriguez, Mark McGwire, Manny Ramirez, Rafael Palmeiro and Gary Sheffield were the following players. I already used ESPN as a source and I plan on adding more on to the baseball section using this information if they don;t already have it in the article.

Blouin, A. (1995). International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108x(199509)18:2<>1.0.co;2-s

This section of the journal talks about the body image of men who are into bodybuilding. A study was conducted with 139 male athletes: 43 bodybuilders, 48 runners, and 48 martial artists. The study aimed to see the relationship between body image and eating related attitudes. Several standardized measures were used to assess body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, drive for bulk, bulimia, self esteem, depression, maturity fears, and perfectionism. Then the athletes were asked on their views towards steroids and steroid use. Bodybuilders were found in this survey to show most of the factors that involved eating disorders and negative body image. Overall, the results indicate that male bodybuilders are susceptible to body image disturbances and associated psychological traits commonly observed in individuals with eating disorders. Furthermore, these psychological characteristics appear to predict steroid use among male bodybuilders. The International Journal of Eating Disorders has an Impact factor rating of 4.861. This journal gives good insight on bodybuilder’s perspectives on steroid use. Body image really matters in a body builder’s mind so this study proves to grow closer to the conclusion that they will do whatever they can to look better, even if it means taking drugs that interfere with their health.

Grace, F., & Baker, J. (2012). Perspectives on anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and doping in sport and health. Nova Science Publishers.

The book's main summary says that Anabolic Steroids (AAS) are the most used drug when it comes to athletes and gym users. There have been developments in drugs that athletes get their hands on to gain a competitive edge. The book displays the different perspectives from separate and multidisciplinary perspectives on AAS. The perspectives of sports medicine research scientists, medical practitioners and sports physicians, behavioral scientists and molecular physiologists perspectives are all implemented in this book. Fergal Grace PhD, one of the authors of this book is a Human Movement and Sport Science professor at Federation university in Australia. He is a part of many peer reviewed journals and books involving this field, all regarding the health side of sports. Adding parts of the mental health view of steroid use could be very useful when it comes to adding parts into the wiki article. I believe there can be much added about the psychological effects of steroid use.  

Börjesson, A., Ekebergh, M., Dahl, M.-L., Ekström, L., Lehtihet, M., & Vicente, V. (2021, October 19). Women’s experiences of using anabolic androgenic steroids. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspor.2021.656413/full

This article talks about a study that Reflective lifeworld research (RLF) conducts They interview 12 women aged from 21-56 years old. They ask that they share their experiences of using anabolic steroids. The reasons for taking these substances were because of negative body image and not being satisfied with how they looked. They seemed to strive for the perfect body, if it was not perfect in their eyes, there would be a problem. Gaining muscle for women makes them seem like they're gradually forming themselves into that dream body they’ve always wanted to have, but they will never be satisfied. That’s when steroids come into play, thinking that will do the trick for them to achieve their dream look. This also makes them think they can eat more without gaining much body fat, also coming with eating disorders as well.  The interviewees expressed their views on their steroid use, quoting their responses in some parts. Frontiers according to media bias/fact check, this website is rated as mostly factual which is in the middle of the scale. This source is rated as a pro-science source. Adding steroid use involving women would be a good part to add in the wikipedia article since this can often be overlooked when it comes to talking about steroid use. It is mostly men you hear about using steroids, but seeing that women use this too is worth noting.