User:G PViB/sandbox2

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	Kupriyanovich's 1958 mobile phone. More info (in Russian)

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	Rabbage, the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding

This is a list of Russian inventions.

Ancient inventions[edit]

Inventions which originated on the territory of the Russian Plain, Northern Russia, North Caucasus and Siberia from Mesolithic to the Bronze Age.

^[1] Sintashta-Petrovka culture	Chariot
Possible by Sredny Stog culture of the Eurasian Steppe	Domestication of the horse
^[2] Possible by Maykop culture of North Caucasus	Wheel
	Oldest known:
^[3]^[4]	Composite bow
^{[additional citation(s) needed]}^[5]	Distaff
^[6]^[7]	Trousers
^{[Note 1]}^[8] 5,500 BCE	Wooden bridge
^[9] 7,500 BCE. Shigir Idol	Wooden sculpture

Agriculture and biotechnology[edit]

^[10]^[11] ^1814. By Petro Prokopovych	Beehive frame
^[12]^[13] ^1881–88. The credit is due to Fyodor Blinov	Caterpillar farm tractor
^[14] ^1924. Raphanobrassica. The credit is due to Georgy Karpechenko	Fertile hybrid
^[15]^[16] ^1868. By Andrei Famintsyn	Grow light
^[17] ^1951–54. The credit is due to ^{(Терентий Мальцев)} Terenty Maltsev	Nonmoldboard soil cultivation Безотвальная обработка почвы
A type of ard (plough)	Sokha
^[18]^[19] ^1829–30s. By ^{(Даниил Бокарев)} Daniil Bokarev	Sunflower oil industry
The credit is due to Sergei Vinogradsky	Vinogradsky column

Arts and music[edit]

The credit is due to Vasily Kandinsky	Pure abstract art
^[20] ^1937–58. By Yevgeny Murzin	ANS synthesizer
^{[additional citation(s) needed]}^[21]	Birch bark art
^[22]^[23]	Bone watch
...	Constructivism
^1931. Rhythmicon. The credit is due to Lev Termen	Drum machine
...	Kuleshov Effect
The credit is due to Lev Kuleshov	Montage
^[24]^[25] By Yegor Kuznetsov	Musical carriage
^[26] ^1916–24. By Vladimir Baranov-Rossine	Optophonic Piano
...	Socialist realism
...	Stanislavsky's system
^1918–20. By Lev Termen	Theremin
^[27]	Welded sculpture
^[22]^[28] By Semyon Bronnikov	Wooden watch

Chemistry and metallurgy[edit]

^[29] ^1859–65. The credit is due to Nikolai Beketov	Aluminothermy
...	BARS apparatus
^1838. Modern rediscovery. By ^{(Павел Аносов)} Pavel Anosov	Bulat steel
...	Chromatography
...	Fire fighting foam
^[30] ^1831. The credit is due to ^{(Павел Аносов)} Pavel Anosov	Metallographic microscopy
BN-350 reactor	Nuclear desalination
...	Periodic table
^[31] By Pyotr Sobolevsky and Vasily Lyubarsky, simultaneously with William Wollaston	Modern powder metallurgy
^[32]^[33] ^1913. The credit is due to Grigory Petrov	Synthetic detergent
^[34]^[35] ^1910. The first commercially viable form of production. Polybutadiene. The credit is due to Sergei Lebedev	Synthetic rubber
By Aleksandr Butlerov	Theory of chemical structure
The credit is due to Igor Gorynin	Weldable titanium alloys

Communications[edit]

^[36]^[37] By Vladimir Zvorykin	CRT television
^[38]^[39] ^1923. By Oleg Losev	Crystodine
...	Interlaced video
^{[Note 2]}^[40]	Optical telegraph
^[41]^[42] By Leonid Kupriyanovich	Pocket phone
^[41]^[43] By Leonid Kupriyanovich	Early portable mobile phone device
^[44] ^{7 May 1895.} The first practical device. The credit is due to Aleksandr Popov	Radio receiver
By Lev Termen	Thing (listening device)

Computing and information technology[edit]

^1999. By Igor Pavlov	7z
Russian Wikipedia article	Acmeology
^1962. By Yevgeny Landis and Georgy Adelson-Velsky	AVL tree datastructure
^1967. By ^{(Михаил Карцев)} Mikhail Kartsev	Computer for operations with functions
^{[Note 3]} MIR	Desktop workstation
^[45] By Mikhail Bonch-Bruyevich, independently from William Eccles & Frank Jordan	Flip-flop (electronics)
^1880. By Bruno Abakanowicz, independently from Charles Boys	Integraph
^1832. The first application in informatics. By Semyon Korsakov	Punched card
^2009. Chatroulette. By Andrei Ternovsky	Randomized webcam chat room
^1993. By Yevgeny Roshal	RAR
...	Russian abacus
^1956–59. Setun. By Sergei Sobolev and Nikolai Brusentsov	Modern ternary computer
Was proposed in 1997 by Aleksei Kitayev	Topological quantum computer
^1946–56. By Genrikh Altshuller	TRIZ

Culture[edit]

	Art[edit]
Borok ^{(Борецкая роспись)} · Gorodets · Khokhloma · Mezen ^{(Мезенская роспись)} · Zhostovo	Painting
Fedoskino · Kholuy · Mstyora · Palekh	Miniature
Bird of Happiness · Dymkovo · Filimonovo · Kargopol · Matryoshka doll	Toys
Orenburg shawl · Vologda lace ^{(Вологодское кружево)}	Other
	Clothing[edit]
Boyar hat · Kalfak ^{(Калфак)} · Kokoshnik · Kosovorotka · Lapti · Sarafan · Valenki	Civilian
Budyonovka · Gimnastyorka · Peaked cap · Sailor cap · Ushanka	Service
	Music[edit]
Gudok · Szopelka · Vladimirsky rozhok · Zhaleika	Wind
Balalaika · Domra · Doshpuluur · Gusli · Pondar ^{(Atukh-Pondur^[46], Dechig-Pondur^[47])} · Russian guitar	String
Bayan · Chastushki · Treshchotka	Other

Cuisine[edit]

Glass-holder · Russian samovar · Table-glass	Utensils
Botvinya ^{(Ботвинья)} · Kalya ^(Калья) · Malosol ^[48] · Okroshka · Rassolnik · Shchi · Solyanka · Tyurya ^(Тюря) · Ukha	Soups
Balyk · Chopsy ^[48] · Khinkal ^{(Хинкал)} · Litsuklibzhe · Porsa ^[49] · Shomokh ^[48] · Smetana · Stewler · Stroganina ^{(Строганина)} · Tyram ^[48]	Meat, fish, dairy products
Blini · Khingalsh · Khychin ^(Хычин) · Kulebyaka · Ochpochmak · Peremech ^{(Перемяч)} · Pirog · Pirozhki · Qabartma · Qistibi · Syrniki · Vatrushka	Pies, wraps, pancakes
Baked milk ^[50] · Kefir · Kissel · Kvas:^{[Note 4]} Kisly'ye shchi ^{(Кислые щи)}, Birch sap kvas ^{(Берёзовый квас)} · Mors ^(Морс) · Medovukha · Russian vodka · Sbiten	Drinks
Chakchak · Kozuli ^{(Козули)} · Pastila ^{(Пастила (Белёвская, Коломенская, Ржевская))} · Gingerbread: Gorodets ^{(Городецкий)} / Tula / Vyazma ^{(Вяземский)} · Tetyory ^{(Тетёры)} · Urbech ^(Урбеч)	Sweets
Borodinsky (bread) · Khrenovina (sauce) · Pelmeni (dumpling) ^[52]	Other

Energy[edit]

Russian Wikipedia article	Coal cutter-loader
^1969. Severnoye Siyaniye barge. The credit is due to ^{(Николай Кухто)} Nikolai Kukhto	Floating power station
^[53] ^1926. Ramzin boiler. The credit is due to Leonid Ramzin	Flow-through boiler
^[54] ^1970s?. The credit is due to Aleksandr Kalina	Kalina cycle
^[55] ^1958. The credit is due to Aleksandr Klimenko	Klimenko cycle
^1888–91. The cell based on the outer photoelectric effect. By Aleksandr Stoletov	Solar cell
^[56] ^1888. The synthesis through electrolysis. The credit is due to Dmitry Lachinov	Synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen
^[55] ^1934–39. The credit is due to Pyotr Kapitsa	Current turboexpander

Oil and gas[edit]

^1878–83. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov	Cylindric oil depot
^[57] ^1914. The credit is due to Mikhail Tikhvinsky	Gas lift
^[58] ^1846. By Nikolai Voskoboinikov and Vasily Semyonov	Modern oil well
Was proposed in 1863 by Dmitry Mendeleyev	Pipeline transport
^1891. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov	Thermal cracking
^[59]^[60] ^1922. The credit is due to Matvei Kapelyushnikov	Turbodrill

Nuclear energy[edit]

Russian Wikipedia article	BREST reactor
...	Fast-neutron reactor
^[61] International cooperation	GT-MHR reactor
...	Lead-cooled fast reactor
...	Nuclear power plant
Mass-produced	Nuclear power station barge
...	RBMK reactor
...	Traveling wave reactor
...	VVER reactor

Everyday life[edit]

^1372. The first written Uralic language (after Hungarian)	Anbur script
^[62]	Banya
...	Glass-holder
...	Russian samovar

In world-wide usage[edit]

^[63]	AC transformer
...	Decimal currency
^1878. Yablochkov candle. The credit is due to Pavel Yablochkov	Electric street lights
^{[Note 5]}^[64] ^1927. By Oleg Losev	Light-emitting diode
...	Modern powdered milk
...	Table-glass

Housing[edit]

^1795. By Nikolai Lvov	Early HVAC system
...	Izba
^{[Note 6]}^[65] ^1721–45. Leaning Tower of Nevyansk	Lightning rod
^[66]	Russian oven
^[67] ^1795. By Ivan Kulibin	Screw drive elevator
...	Water-based central heating

Architecture[edit]

Forms[edit]

...	Bochka roof
...	Kokoshnik
...	Multidomed church
^1164. The earliest depiction. Dobrila Evangeliary	Onion dome
...	Tented roof masonry
...	Vysotka
...	Zvonnitsa

Native styles[edit]

...	Constructivism
...	Early Russian architecture
^[68]	Neo-Russian
Developed	Neo-Byzantine
...	Late Muscovite
...	Russian Revival
...	Stalinist Empire
Russian Wikipedia article	Siberian Baroque
...	Middle Muscovite
...	Naryshkin Baroque
...	Postconstructivism
^[69]	North Caucasus architecture
Russian Wikipedia article	Russian wooden architecture

Structural engineering[edit]

^[65] ^1721–45. Leaning Tower of Nevyansk	Rebar
Russian Wikipedia article	Foamed concrete
^1896. Shukhov Rotunda. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov	Gridshell
^1896. Shukhov tower in Polibino. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov	Hyperboloid structure
All-Russia Exhibition 1896. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov	Tensile structure
All-Russia Exhibition 1896. The credit is due to Vladimir Shukhov	Thin-shell structure

Mechanical engineering[edit]

^[70] ^1832. The credit is due to Aleksandr Sablukov	Centrifugal fan
^[71] ^1811. The credit is due to ^{(Иван Неведомский)} Ivan Nevedomsky	Lever press Машина для чеканки с коленчатым рычагом
^1718. The credit is due to Andrei Nartov	Mechanic slide rest
^{Refer to}^[27]^[72]^[73]^[74]^{for inventions listed below}	Welding:
...	Arc welding
^{[Note 7]}^[75]	Automatic arc welding
...	Carbon arc welding
...	Manual metal arc
^[72] ^1905. The credit is due to ^{(Владимир Миткевич)} Vladimir Mitkevich	Three-phase arc welding
^[76]	Underwater welding

Medicine[edit]

^{[Note 8]}^[77] The credit is due to ^{(Сергей Соколов)} Sergei Sokolov	Acoustic microscope
Chizhevsky Chandelier. The credit is due to Aleksandr Chizhevsky	Air ioniser
^1990s. The credit is due to Anatoly Kaplunov, Mikhail Yegorov and others	Anthropometric cosmetology
^1905. The credit is due to Nikolai Korotkov	Auscultatory blood pressure measurement
By Vladimir Bekhterev	Bekhterev's mixture
^1930. The credit is due to Sergei Yudin	Blood bank
^1928–30. The credit is due to ^{(Владимир Шамов)} Vladimir Shamov and Sergei Yudin	Cadaveric blood transfusion
^1901–03. The credit is due to ^{(Иван Толочинов)} Ivan Tolochinov and Ivan Pavlov	Classical conditioning
The credit is due to Gavriil Ilizarov	Distraction osteogenesis
The credit is due to Nikolai Devyatkov, Mikhail Golant and others	EHF therapy
By Gavriil Ilizarov	External fixation
^1847. The credit is due to Nikolai Pirogov	Field anesthesia
The first head transplant with full cerebral function. The credit is due to Vladimir Demikhov	Head transplant
^1952. By Gavriil Ilizarov	Ilizarov apparatus
...	MM-wave therapy
^1963. The credit is due to ^{(Николай Сиротинин)} Nikolai Sirotinin	Oxygen cocktail
^1854. By Nikolai Pirogov	Pirogov amputation Операция Пирогова
^[78] By ^{(Вадим Юревич)} Vadim Yurevich	Plasmapheresis
^1974. The credit is due to Svyatoslav Fyodorov	Radial keratotomy
^1875. By Nikolai Sklifosovsky	Russian lock (Sklifosovsky lock) Русский замо́к (Замо́к Склифосовского)
^{[Note 8]} The credit is due to ^{(Сергей Соколов)} Sergei Sokolov	Ultrasonic testing
By ^{(Александр Вишневский)} Aleksandr Vishnevsky	Vishnevsky liniment Линимент бальзамический (по Вишневскому)

Military[edit]

Major innovations that became standard means of modern warfare are in bold.

Systema
Flamethrower (first use in modern era (Vasily Korchmin)) ^[79]
Bistatic radar
Railway troops (Russian Wikipedia article)
Radio jamming^{Was first used on 15 April 1904 during the Battle of Port Arthur.} ^[80]
Interceptor satellite (Istrebitel Sputnik, 1960–68) ^[81]^[82]
Radio rangefinder (Russian Wikipedia article)
Modern field kitchen (Anton Turchanovich (Russian Wikipedia article)) ^[83]
Modern field surgery (Nikolai Pirogov)
Explosively pumped flux compression generator^{The EMP bomb. The credit is due to Robert Lyudayev (1951, the first device), Aleksandr Prishchepenko (military application, 1984) and others.}

Underwater fleet[edit]

Underwater launches:

All-missile salvo (Operation Behemoth)
Submarine-launched satellite (Shtil')
Underwater-launched ballistic missile^{23 December 1956 (launch from a test platform);}^[118]^{armed test (20 October 1961).}^[119]

Submarine minelayer (Russian submarine Krab (1912))
Ballistic missile submarine (Project 611)^{Surface launch.}
Submarine-launched ballistic missile (R-11FM)^{Surface launch.}
Submarine-to-submarine missile ^[120]

Physics[edit]

By Yefim Berkovich	Berkovich tip
...	Cherenkov detector
By Gersh Budker (co-inventor)	Collider
The credit is due to Nikolai Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov	Continuous-output maser
^1962. The credit is due to Yevgeny Zababakhin, K. V. Volkov, Vyacheslav Danilenko, V. I. Yelina	Detonation nanodiamond
^1802. By Vasily Petrov	Electric arc
^1966. The credit is due to Gersh Budker	Electron cooling
^[121] ^1944. The credit is due to Yevgeny Zavoisky	EPR spectroscopy
By Zhores Alfyorov (co-developer)	Heterotransistor
^[122] ^1950. The credit is due to Andrei Tikhonov	Magnetotellurics
^1944. The credit is due to Vladimir Veksler	Microtron
By Yevgeny Zavoisky (co-developer)	NMR spectroscopy
^[123]	Nuclotron
The credit is due to Aleksandr Makarov	Orbitrap
^[124] ^1930–34. By Leonid Kubetsky	Photomultiplier
...	Reflectron
^[125] ^1939. By Nikolai Devyatkov	Reflex klystron
...	Shashlik (physics)
2001.	Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector
...	Synchrophasotron
By Vladimir Veksler (co-inventor)	Synchrotron
...	Tokamak
...	Voitenko compressor

Printing[edit]

^[126] ^1866–67. The credit is due to ^{(Пётр Княгининский)} Pyotr Knyagininsky	Automatic typesetter
^[127]^[128] ^1869. The credit is due to Mikhail Alisov	Hectograph
^{[Note 12]}^[129] ^1890. The credit is due to ^{(Иван Орлов)} Ivan Orlov	Orlov printing
^{[additional citation(s) needed]}^[130] By ^{(Иван Орлов)} Ivan Orlov	Iris printing (rainbow printing) Ирисовая печать (радужная печать)
^[131] ^1870s. The credit is due to ^{(Иосиф Ливчак)} Iosif Livchak	Slug-casting typesetter
^[128] ^1870. The credit is due to Mikhail Alisov	Typewritter-typesetter Наборно-пишущая машина

Recording[edit]

^[132] ^1962. The credit is due to Yury Denisyuk	3D holography
^{1926, 1927.} The credit is due to ^{(Павел Тагер)} Pavel Tager and ^{(Александр Шорин)} Aleksandr Shorin	Graphical sound
The credit is due to Lev Termen	Light beam microphone
^[133] ^1925. The credit is due to Sergei Rzhevkin	Piezoelectric microphone
^[134] ^1933. The credit is due to Fyodor Leontovich	Underwater movie camera

Photography[edit]

^[135] ^1840. The credit is due to Aleksei Grekov	Electroplated daguerreotype
^[136] ^1882. The credit is due to Sigizmund Yurkovsky	Instant focal-plane shutter
^{1891. 1939.} The credit is due to ^{(Яков Наркевич-Иодко)} Yakov Narkevich-Iodko and Semyon Kirlian	Kirlian photography
^[137] ^1852. The credit is due to ^{(Иван Александровский)} Ivan Aleksandrovsky	Stereo camera
	By Vyacheslav Sreznevsky (a prolific inventor in the field of photography): ^[138]^[139]
1875	Portable photographic studio
1882	Expeditional photocamera
1886	Aerial camera and photographic plates
1886	Watertight marine camera
1887	Camera for solar eclipses

Space exploration[edit]

1756	The credit is due to Mikhail Lomonosov	Night vision telescope
1762	Published in 1827. By Mikhail Lomonosov	Off-axis reflecting telescope
1959, 1895	Proposed by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and Yury Artsutanov	Space elevator
1903	By Konstantin Tsiolkovsky	Theoretical foundations of spaceflight
1916	The credit is due to Yury Kondratyuk	Lunar orbit rendezvous
1959, 1919	Proposal, first application	Gravity assist
1930	By Pavel Molchanov, independently from Robert Bureau	Radiosonde
1931	...	Hypergolic propellant
1931	...	Space suit
1941	...	Maksutov telescope
1951, 1947	The credit is due to Mikhail Tikhonravov and Dmitry Okhotsimsky	Modern multistage rocket
1963, 1949	Proposal, first application	Staged combustion cycle
????	The credit is due to Gavriil Tikhov	Feathering spectrograph
????	^{[citation needed]} First application	Electric propulsion
1957	...	Spaceport
1957	...	Orbital space rocket
1957	...	Satellite
1957	...	Space capsule
1958	...	Air-augmented rocket
1961	...	Space food
1961	...	Human spaceflight
1961	...	Reentry capsule
1963	...	Plasma propulsion engine
1964	...	Kardashyov scale
1964	...	Pulsed plasma thruster
1965	...	Extra-vehicular activity
1965	...	Molniya orbit satellite
1966	Luna 9	Lander spacecraft
1966	Luna 10	Orbiter
1966	...	Orbital module
1967	...	Automated space docking
1967	...	Space toilet
1970	...	Space probe
1970	...	Robotic sample return
1970	...	Space rover
1971	...	Space station
1971	...	Hall effect thruster
1975	Venera 9	Venus lander
1975	...	Androgynous Peripheral Attach System
1978	...	Unmanned resupply spacecraft
1979	^[81]	Space-based radio telescope
1982	...	Modular space station
1992	...	Space mirror
1995	...	Submarine-launched spacecraft
1999	Multinational cooperation	Sea Launch
2001	...	Space tourism
2015	^[140] Planned	Space cleaner

Sports and games[edit]

^[141]	Abalakov thread
...	Aviamodelling sport
...	Bandy
...	Business chess
...	Chapayev (game)
...	Fire-fighting sport
...	Gorodki
First conducted in 1776 by Grigory Orlov	Harness racing
...	Lapta
...	Mafia (party game)
...	Orlov Trotter
...	Parachuting sport
...	Preferans
...	Competitive rhythmic gymnastics
...	Rocket boots
...	Russian fist fighting
...	Russian pyramid
^[142]	Sambo
^[143]	Spring-loaded camming device
...	Tetris
^[144]^[145] Neva Yacht Club	Yacht club

Transportation[edit]

...	Modern bascule bridge
Amphibious ATV specially for swamp terrain	Bolotokhod Болотоход
...	Droshky
^[146] ^1900. The credit is due to ^{(Ипполит Романов)} Ippolit Romanov	Electric bus
...	Gyrocar
^{1739–52 & 1780.} The credit is due to Leonty Shamshurenkov and Ivan Kulibin	Self-propelling carriage
Bolotokhod for snow and swamp terrain	Snegobolotokhod
Aerosani	Snowmobile
...	Troika (driving)

Maritime[edit]

Russian Wikipedia article	Horse-boat
^{[Note 13]} The credit is due to Aleksei Krylov and Stepan Makarov	Insubmersibility
	Icebreakers:
^[147] Koch (boat)	Icebreaker
^[148]	Modern icebreaker
^[149]	Nuclear-powered icebreaker
^[150]	Polar icebreaker
...	Resonance method of ice destruction

Rail transport[edit]

...	Children's railway
...	Deep column station
^[151] ^1924. The first successful mainline diesel locomotive. The credit is due to Yury Lomonosov	Diesel locomotive
...	Electric tram
The credit is due to Pavel Yablochkov	Headlamp
...	Platform screen doors
^[152] Russian Wikipedia article	Rail assembly line
...	Railway electrification system
...	String transport
^{Refer to}^[152]^{for inventions listed below}	Work trains:
...	Ballast cleaner
Russian wikipedia article	Ditch cleaning machine
Russian wikipedia article	Snow-removal train
Russian wikipedia article	Snowplow (work train)
Russian wikipedia article	Track cleaning machine
^1887. The credit is due to ^{(Иосиф Ливчак)} Iosif Livchak	Track geometry car
Russian wikipedia article	Track liner

Aviation[edit]

Sikorsky Ilya Muromets. The credit is due to Igor Sikorsky	Airliner
^[153]^[154] ^{Late 1980s – 1996.} Hybrid of airplane, airship, helicopter and hovercraft. The credit is due to Aleksandr Filimonov	BARS (aircraft)
^{[Note 14]}^[155]	Coaxial rotors
^[156] ^1937–41. The credit is due to Arkhip Lyulka	Double-jet turbofan
Hybrid of ekranoplan and airplane	Ekranolet Экранолёт
...	Ekranoplan
The first successful jet airliner. Tupolev Tu-104	Jet airliner
^[157]^[158] ^1919. The first jet pack project. The credit is due to Aleksandr Andreyev	Jet pack
^1754. The credit is due to Mikhail Lomonosov	Model helicopter
^[159]	Pulse jet engine
Yakovlev Yak-40	Regional jet
^[160] The credit is due to ^{(Борис Юрьев)} Boris Yuryev	Swashplate (helicopter)
The first SST to enter service. Tupolev Tu-144	Supersonic transport
...	Thermoplan

Other[edit]

...	Burglar alarm
...	Foam extinguisher
...	Forensic facial reconstruction
^[161] ^1891. The credit is due to Yevgraf Fyodorov	Fyodorov table
...	Lightning detector
...	Manned drifting ice station
^[162] The credit is due to Ivan Kulibin	Searchlight
^[163]	Smokejumping
^[164]	Sounding weight probe

Developments leading to[edit]

Pyotr Ufimtsev is a Russian physicist and mathematician, considered the seminal force behind modern stealth aircraft technology. Much of Ufimtsev's work was translated into English, and in the 1970s American Lockheed engineers began to expand upon some of his theories to create the concept of aircraft with reduced radar signatures.

By Nikolai Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov	Laser
^[131] Slug-casting typesetter. By ^{(Иосиф Ливчак)} Iosif Livchak	Linotype
By Vladislav Ivanov	Magnetic resonance imaging
^{[Note 15]} 1911–16 contributions to modern tank design by Aleksandr Porokhovshchikov and ^{(Василий Менделеев)} Vasily Mendeleyev	Modern tank design
By Leonid Gobyato and Roman Kondratenko	Modern mortar (weapon)
By Pyotr Ufimtsev	Modern stealth aircraft technology
The solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effect. The credit is due to Aleksandr Stoletov	Solar panel

Precursors[edit]

^{(Мортирная батарея Нартова)} Nartov mortar battery, by Andrei Nartov	Automatic grenade launcher, Quick-firing gun
Self-propelling carriage (contained a flywheel, a brake, a gearbox and roller bearing), by Ivan Kulibin	Automobile
An early heating/ventilation system by Nikolai Lvov	HVAC
^[165] Ivan Elmanov's monorail	Monorail
The Thing, by Lev Termen	RFID
Russian Mountains	Roller coaster
^1881. Proposal. By Nikolai Kibalchich	Thrust vectoring
Aerowagon	Turbojet train
By Semyon Korsakov	Unit record equipment

Inventions by Russian emigrants[edit]

Igor Sikorsky ...............................

Nikolai Florin ..............................

Yury Gurevich .............................

Nikolai Obukhov .........................

Dmitry Garbuzov .........................

Vladimir Zvorykin .......................

Aleksandr Lodygin ......................

Vladimir Yurkevich .....................

Konstantin Fahlberg ....................

Aleksandr Khrennikov .................

Konstantin Novosyolov ................

Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky .........

Aleksandr Prokofyev-Seversky .....

: Modern helicopter ^{[Note 16]}

: Tandem rotor helicopter (first to fly freely)

: Abstract state machines

: Croix Sonore

: Continuous-wave-operating diode laser (with Zhores Alfyorov)

: Kinescope · Iconoscope (with Semyon Katayev)

: Electrical filament · Incandescent light bulb

: Modern ship hull design

: Saccharin

: Finite element method

: Graphene (with Andrei Geim)

: Three-phase electric power

: Ionocraft · Gyroscopically stabilized bombsight

Russian discoveries[edit]

^1872. By Aleksandr Borodin, independently from Adolphe Wurtz	Aldol reaction
^1761. The credit is due to Mikhail Lomonosov	Atmosphere of Venus
^1951.	Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction
^1952.	Carbon nanotubes
^1890.	Chemosynthesis
^1934.	Cherenkov radiation
^1903.	Cytoskeleton
^1968.	Dubnium
^1944. The credit is due to Yevgeny Zavoisky	Electron paramagnetic resonance
^1999.	Flerovium
^1859.	Formaldehyde
^1861.	Formose reaction
^1911. Was claimed by Georges Urbain and Vladimir Vernadsky (independently)	Hafnium
^1859.	Hexamine
^1905.	Korotkov sounds
^1961. Co-discovered by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Dubna Nuclear Research Institute	Lawrencium
^2000.	Livermorium
^1966.	Nobelium
^1910. The credit is due to Nikolai Vasilyev	Non-Aristotelian logic
^1868. The credit is due to Dmitry Chernov	Polymorphous transformations in steel
^1924. The credit is due to Aleksandr Oparin	Primordial soup theory
^1981.	Quantum dot
^1964.	Rutherfordium
^1908. Hypothesis. By Aleksandr Maksimov	Stem cells
^1937. By Pyotr Kapitsa (co-discoverer)	Superfluidity
^[166] ^1880. By ^{(Николай Лунин)} Nikolai Lunin	Vitamins
^1892.	Viruses
^2002. Unconfirmed	Ununoctium
^2003. Unconfirmed	Ununpentium
^2010. Unconfirmed	Ununseptium
^2003. Unconfirmed	Ununtrium

Technology records[edit]

— Tsar Bell (the largest and heaviest bell in the world)
— Mozhaisky Airplane II (the first feasible airplane project)
— Trans-Siberian Railway (the longest railway in the world)
— Moscow Metro (the world's most heavily used single operator metro system)
— Leningrad Metro (the deepest subway in the world)
— Aswan Dam (a megaproject; developed by the Hydroproject Institute)
— Druzhba pipeline (the longest oil pipeline system in the world)
— Proton (the most used heavy lift launch system)
— Soyuz (the most frequently used and most reliable launch vehicle in the world) ^[167]
— The Motherland Calls (the largest complex sculpture)
— Lunokhod 2 (longest distance of surface travel of any extraterrestrial vehicle) ^[168]
— Arktika-class icebreaker (the world's most powerful nuclear icebreaker; the first surface ship to reach the North Pole)
— Mir (submersible) (the first to reach the seabed under the North Pole; was developed in cooperation with Finland)
— RD-170 (the world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine)
— Antonov An-225 Mriya (the largest fixed-wing aircraft)
— Kola Superdeep Borehole (the deepest borehole)
— Mir mine (the largest diamond mine in the world and the second largest human-made excavation)
— 50 Let Pobedy (the world's largest nuclear-powered icebreaker, and the largest icebreaker in general) ^[169]
— Russky Bridge (the longest cable-stayed bridge)
— SP-117 (allegedly the most potent truth drug)

Weaponry records[edit]

— Zasechnaya cherta (the largest fortification line of abatis type)

— Tsar Cannon (the largest-calibre bombard)

— T-34 (the best medium tank of World War II) ^[170]

— AK-47 (the world's most produced assault rifle)

— RPG-7 (the world's most used anti-tank weapon)

— Tsar Bomba (the most powerful weapon ever tested)

— KM (ekranoplan) (the largest ekranoplan and the second largest fixed-wing aircraft)

— Mil V-12 (the largest helicopter ever built)

— Kirov-class battlecruiser (the largest and heaviest surface combatant warships currently in active operation in the world)

— R-36M (ICBM with the heaviest throw-weight)

— Typhoon-class submarine (the largest submarine ever built)

— Tupolev Tu-160 (the world's largest combat, supersonic, and variable-sweep aircraft built; the heaviest takeoff weight of any combat aircraft)

— Novichok agent (allegedly the most deadly nerve agents ever made) ^[171]

— Beriev A-40 (the largest amphibious flying boat) ^[172]

— Zubr-class LCAC (the world's largest hovercraft) ^[173]

— Don-2N (the most powerful early-warning radar)

— Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power (the most powerful non-nuclear weapon in the world)

Notes[edit]

^ It is unclear yet whether the discovery was a bridge or a docking pier.
^ With searchlight as medium, by Ivan Kulibin. The invention allowed the use of semaphore at night and during light fog, and extended the range between intermediate stations.
^ The Soviet MIR had the most functions among all early precursors of a modern personal computer. It was created for use in engineering and scientific applications, employed a user-friendly interface and was capable of a high-level programming language.
^ First mentioned in the Primary Chronicle. By the 15th century Russians knew more than 500 variations of the recipe.^[51]
^ No application was found at the time of the invention.
^ The first lightning conductor in the modern era might have been used intentionally in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk. However, it remains unknown if it was created as a grounding measure.
^ Automatic arc welding was developed and implemented almost simultaneously in Russia, USA and Germany. Some of the Russian contributions to the process include creation of a method of automatic submerged arc welding and equipment for rapid automatic arc welding.
^ ^a ^b Not realized due to immaturity of technology at the time of the invention.
^ First mentioned in the Tale of Igor's Campaign. However, according to the Kitab al-I'tibar, carrying a concealed knife in a boot was a custom in the Middle East around the same time.
^ Not to be confused with suppressed.
^ BMP-1 was the first purpose-designed infantry fighting vehicle. The preceding Schützenpanzer 12-3 is classified as an IFV in Western sources but does not meet Russian standards for such a vehicle.
^ Orlov printing: distinct color edges without disruptions or displacements. Iris printing: smooth transition of colors.
^ In historical ships, insubmersibility was pioneered in China.
^ First coaxial rotor helicopters originating in Russia: first (Mikhail Lomonosov's model helicopter for meteorological studies, 1754), first mass-produced helicopter (Kamov Ka-15), first combat helicopter (Kamov Ka-25), first attack helicopter (Kamov Ka-50).
^ The Mendeleyev tank (ru:Танк Менделеева) envisioned many innovations that became standard features of a modern battle tank - protection of the vehicle was well-thought out, main gun included automatic loading mechanism, pneumatic suspension allowed adjusting of clearance, some critical systems were duplicated, transportation by railroad was possible by a locomotive or with adapter wheels. Porokhovshchikov's Vezdekhod, though a less ambitious project than Mendeleyev's, was the first amphibious armored vehicle and the first tank design to combine caterpillar and wheel ways of movement. It could be considered the world's first monotrack tank, as well as the first tankette.
^ The first project of a helicopter with the essentials for a stable flight was developed in 1911 by Boris Yuryev (ru:Юрьев, Борис Николаевич).

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^ Левков, Владимир (1925), Вихревая теория ротора, referenced in "The Rise of the Soviet Navy". {{citation}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
^ Циолковский, Константин (1926), "Трение и сопротивление воздуха", Архив академика К. Э. Циолковского, Российская академия наук, pp. 55, 56 (in author's handwriting)
^ Грибовский, Владислав (1990). "Они были первыми". Техника — молодёжи. No. 1990–3. pp. 63–65. ISSN 0320-331X.
^ Солянкин, А. Г.; Павлов, Михаил; Павлов, Иван; Желтов, Игорь (2002). Отечественные бронированные машины. XX век. Vol. 1. М.: Экспринт. p. 112. ISBN 5-94038-030-1.
^ Желтов, Игорь (2004). "Летающий танк профессора Левкова". Техника — молодёжи. No. 2004–2. pp. 58–59. ISSN 0320-331X.
^ (in English) http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-4/joseph.html
^ Гудилин, Владимир; Слабкий, Леонид (1996). "Ракетные комплексы Р-11 и Р-11МФ". Ракетно-космические системы (История. Развитие. Перспективы). М.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Polmar, Norman; White, Michael (2010). Project Azorian: The CIA and the Raising of the K-129. USA: Naval Institute Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-59114-690-2.
^ "Памятные даты в истории авиации космонавтики: 30 августа - 5 сентября". Аэрокосмический портал Украины. Информационно-аналитический центр "Спейс-Информ", Аэрокосмическое общество Украины. Retrieved 20 March 2013. 2 сентября 1975 г. - Принята в опытную эксплуатацию БРПЛ с пассивным самонаведением на подводные корабли (мировой приоритет). Главный конструктор - В. П. Макеев, ЖРД - А. М. Исаев, СУ - Н. А. Семихатов.
^ Eaton, Gareth; Eaton, Sandra; Salikhov, Kev (1998). Foundations of modern EPR. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 45–46. ISBN 981-02-3295-0.
^ Тихонов, Андрей (1950). "Об определении электрических характеристик глубоких слоев земной коры". Доклады Академии наук СССР. Нов. Сер. 73 (2): 295–297. ISSN 0002-3264.
^ Kovalenko, Aleksandr. "Nuclotron: first beams and experiments at the superconducting synchrotron in Dubna". Nuclotron Overview. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
^ Lubsandorzhiyev, Bayarto (1 November 2006). "On the history of photomultiplier tube invention". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 567 (1): 236–238. arXiv:physics/0601159. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2006.05.221.
^ Балыко, Александр. "К 100-летию выдающегося учёного современности академика Николая Дмитриевича Девяткова". Институт радиотехники и электроники им. В. А. Котельникова РАН. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
^ (in Russian) http://polygraphicbook.narod.ru/text/statiy/11/118.htm
^ GSE: "Alisov, Mikhail Ivanovich".
^ ^a ^b Гойзман, Шимон (29 June 2004). "Михаил Иванович Алисов - изобретатель наборной машины". Городские Известия.
^ "1890. Ivan I. Orlov Invented a New Method of Multicolor Printing". Goznak. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
^ Дубинкина, Любовь (23 October 2009). "Иван Иванович Орлов: принадлежать России и служить только ей?". ShkolaZhizni.ru. Издательский дом «Ройбер». Retrieved 28 November 2009.
^ ^a ^b Немировский, Евгений (1952). "Изобретатель Ливчак" (DOC). Знание — сила. No. 1952–2. ISSN 0130-1640. В 70-х годах Ливчак работал над матрицевыбивальной наборной машиной «стереограф»... Эта работа привела Ливчака к мысли о строкоотливной наборной машине. Идея такой машины впервые в истории мировой полиграфии была высказана именно Ливчаком. Впоследствии, развивая идею русского техника, немецкий изобретатель О. Мергенталер построил широко известную наборную машину линотип. Приоритет Ливчака в этой области легко устанавливается, ибо его отливная машина была запатентована в 1883 году...
^ Denisyuk, Yury (1962). "On the reflection of optical properties of an object in a wave field of light scattered by it". Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences. 144 (6). Nauka: 1275–1278. ISSN 0002-3264.
^ Павликов, С. Н. (2005). Стрикаускас, Л. Д (ed.). Защита аудио и видео информационных каналов. Владивостокский государственный университет экономики и сервиса. p. 39.
^ Нисский, А. В. (1981). "Подводная съёмка". Фотокинотехника. М.: Советская энциклопедия.
^ "Греков Алексей Федорович (ок. 1800 – ок. 1855)". Руниверс. Транснефть. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
^ "Юрковский Сигизмунд Антонович". Белорусские имена в истории развития техники. Республиканская научно-техническая библиотека. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
^ БРЭ: «Александровский Иван Фёдорович».
^ Шершень, А. И. (1949). "Развитие аэрофотосъёмки в России". Аэрофотосъёмка. Летносъёмочный процесс. М.: Геодезиздат.
^ GSE: "Sreznevskii, Viacheslav Izmailovich".
^ "РФ построит корабль для уборки космического мусора". Электронное периодическое издание «Актуальные комментарии». Фонд «Центр политической конъюнктуры». 5 July 2011.
^ "Abalakov Thread". Needle Sports. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
^ Lukashev, Mikhail (1991). "Creation of Sambo". Physical Culture and Sport. No. 1991–9, 1991–10. Fizkultura i sport. pp. 36–39, 28–32. ISSN 0130-5670. Archived from the original on 2000-01-06.
^ Middendorf, John (1999). "The Mechanical Advantage". Big Walls. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
^ "World's Oldest Yacht Clubs". Yachting Club of America. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
^ Bogdanov, I. A. "Yacht Clubs". Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg. Likhachyov Foundation. Retrieved 18 May 2008.
^ Pashova, Alla (2003). "Electric Vehicle in Russia" (PDF). New Energy Technologies. No. 2003–2 [11]. Faraday Laboratories Ltd. pp. 57–58. ISSN 1684-7288.
^ Marchenko, Nataly (21 November 2007). "Navigation in ice conditions. Experience of Russian sailors" (PDF). Svalbard Science Forum. Norway: University Centre in Svalbard. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
^ Веселов, Павел (1993). "Продлить навигацию" (PDF). Ледоколы. Морской Музей ТМ. Техника — молодёжи. pp. 36–37.
^ "Nuclear icebreakers". Russian nuclear icebreakers fleet. Norway: Bellona Foundation. 18 June 1997. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
^ Кукушкин, Иван; Андреев, Александр (2008). ""Ермак", линейный ледокол". Полярная Почта. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
^ Heywood, Anthony (2011). Engineer of Revolutionary Russia: Iurii V. Lomonosov (1876-1952) and the Railways. Science, Technology and Culture, 1700-1945 Series. UK: Ashgate Publishing. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-7546-5539-8.
^ ^a ^b Конарев, Николай, ed. (1994). "Железнодорожный транспорт: Энциклопедия". Железнодорожный транспорт. М.: Большая российская энциклопедия. ISBN 5-85270-115-7.
^ (in English) http://www.tumenecotrans.ru/index2.html
^ (in Russian) http://sdelano-u-nas.livejournal.com/965572.html
^ Шавров, Вадим (1978). История конструкций самолётов в СССР до 1938 г. (2 ed.). М.: Машиностроение. pp. 7–8.
^ Soviet Union Author's Certificate No. 312328/25.
^ Montandon, Mac (2008). Jetpack Dreams: One Man's Up and Down (but Mostly Down) Search for the Greatest Invention That Never Was. USA: Perseus LLC: Perseus Books Group: Da Capo Press. ISBN 9780786726745. Around this time, a Russian fellow identifying himself as A. Andreev filed a patent for an oxygen- and methane-fueled flying device that could be worn on the back, with roughly three-foot wings extending to either side of the hopeful pilot... "This is the first device of its kind that had any engineering detail at all," says Mark Wells, a research engineer for the Center for Applied Optics at the University of Alabama in Huntsville who has worked for NASA, the U.S. military, and corporate clients throughout his twenty-three year career.
^ (in Russian) http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/stati/andreev.html
^ Gwynn, John (2003). "The history of the Pulse Jet". The Water-Rocket Explorer. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ "Автомат перекоса". Инженеры России. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
^ Schuh, Curtis. "Fyodorov, Evgraf Stepanovich (1853–1919)". The Mineralogical Record. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
^ Гуриков, Владимир, "Шлифовальных и оптических дел мастер" Иван Петрович Кулибин, archived from the original on 2010-01-14
^ Ford, Bruce (July 2006). "Russian Smokejumpers: The Pre-War Years". Smokejumper Magazine. USA: National Smokejumper Association. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
^ Ренкель, Алексей (September 2008). "Всё могут короли. Изобретатель Пётр Великий". Изобретатель и рационализатор. No. 2008–9 [705].
^ Измеров, Олег. "Впереди паровоза". Неизвестный отечественный монорельс. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
^ Hopkins, Frederick Gowland (11 December 1929). The Earlier History of Vitamin Research (Speech). Nobel Prize Award Ceremony. Stockholm. It is now generally agreed that the first clear evidence, based upon experiment, for the existence of dietary factors of the nature of vitamins came from the school of Bunge at Basel. In 1881 Lunin, one of the workers in that school, fed mice upon an artificial mixture of the separate constituents of milk; of all the constituents, that is, which were then known, namely the proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and salts. He found that upon such a mixture the animals failed to survive and was led to conclude that "a natural food such as milk must therefore contain besides these known principal ingredients small quantities of unknown substances essential to life". Such a statement, already half a century old, when allowed to stand out clear and apart from a context which tended to bury it, seems to contain the essentials of what is believed today.
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Bibliography[edit]

Большая советская энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 1–30 (3 ed.). М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1969–1978. OCLC 14476314 http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Келдыш, Юрий, ed. (1973–1982). Музыкальная энциклопедия (in Russian). Vol. 1–6. Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор. ISBN 5-94865-152-5 http://www.music-dic.ru/. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Bolotin, David Naumovich (1995). История советского стрелкового оружия и патронов [The History of Soviet Small-arms and Ammunition] (PDF). Военно-историческая библиотека (in Russian). СПб.: Полигон. ISBN 5-85503-072-5.
Калашников, Михаил (1992). Записки конструктора-оружейника. Военные мемуары (in Russian). М.: Воениздат. ISBN 5-203-01290-3.
Osipov, Yury; Kravets, Sergei, eds. (2005–). Большая российская энциклопедия. Vol. 1–. М.: Большая российская энциклопедия. ISBN 978-5-85270-320-6. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help); Check date values in: |year= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
"Большая биографическая энциклопедия". Академик. 2009.

{{Inventions}} [[Category:Russian inventions|*]] [[Category:Science and technology in Russia]] [[Category:Lists of inventions or discoveries|Russia]] [[Category:Technology-related lists|Russian inventions]] [[Category:Russia-related lists]]

[8] It is unclear yet whether the discovery was a bridge or a docking pier.

[41] With searchlight as medium, by Ivan Kulibin. The invention allowed the use of semaphore at night and during light fog, and extended the range between intermediate stations.

[47] The Soviet MIR had the most functions among all early precursors of a modern personal computer. It was created for use in engineering and scientific applications, employed a user-friendly interface and was capable of a high-level programming language.

[55] First mentioned in the Primary Chronicle. By the 15th century Russians knew more than 500 variations of the recipe.^[51]

[68] No application was found at the time of the invention.

[70] The first lightning conductor in the modern era might have been used intentionally in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk. However, it remains unknown if it was created as a grounding measure.

[81] Automatic arc welding was developed and implemented almost simultaneously in Russia, USA and Germany. Some of the Russian contributions to the process include creation of a method of automatic submerged arc welding and equipment for rapid automatic arc welding.

[ahead-84] Not realized due to immaturity of technology at the time of the invention.

[105] First mentioned in the Tale of Igor's Campaign. However, according to the Kitab al-I'tibar, carrying a concealed knife in a boot was a custom in the Middle East around the same time.

[113] Not to be confused with suppressed.

[127] BMP-1 was the first purpose-designed infantry fighting vehicle. The preceding Schützenpanzer 12-3 is classified as an IFV in Western sources but does not meet Russian standards for such a vehicle.

[140] Orlov printing: distinct color edges without disruptions or displacements. Iris printing: smooth transition of colors.

[159] In historical ships, insubmersibility was pioneered in China.

[168] First coaxial rotor helicopters originating in Russia: first (Mikhail Lomonosov's model helicopter for meteorological studies, 1754), first mass-produced helicopter (Kamov Ka-15), first combat helicopter (Kamov Ka-25), first attack helicopter (Kamov Ka-50).

[179] The Mendeleyev tank (ru:Танк Менделеева) envisioned many innovations that became standard features of a modern battle tank - protection of the vehicle was well-thought out, main gun included automatic loading mechanism, pneumatic suspension allowed adjusting of clearance, some critical systems were duplicated, transportation by railroad was possible by a locomotive or with adapter wheels. Porokhovshchikov's Vezdekhod, though a less ambitious project than Mendeleyev's, was the first amphibious armored vehicle and the first tank design to combine caterpillar and wheel ways of movement. It could be considered the world's first monotrack tank, as well as the first tankette.

[181] The first project of a helicopter with the essentials for a stable flight was developed in 1911 by Boris Yuryev (ru:Юрьев, Борис Николаевич).

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[3] Insulander, Ragnar (2002). "The Two-Wood Bow" (PDF). Acta Borealia. 19 (2002–1). UK: Taylor & Francis: Routledge: 49–73. doi:10.1080/08003830215543. ISSN 1503-111X. S2CID 144012834.

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[5] БСЭ: «Лён».

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[7] Подольный, Роман; Бромлей, Юлиан (1984). Создано человечеством. М.: Политиздат. pp. 100–101.

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[37] Bellis, Mary. "History of the Cathode Ray Tube". About.com. Inventors. USA: The New York Times Company. Retrieved 4 October 2009.

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[39] "The Crystodyne Principle". Radio News. USA: Experimenter Publishing. September 1924. pp. 294–295, 431.

[40] Morris, Peter (1990). A History of the World Semiconductor Industry. History of Technology. UK: Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 15. ISBN 0-86341-227-0.

[42] Альманах "Великая Россия. Личности. Год 2003–й.". Vol. 2. М.: АСМО-пресс. 2004.

[RefC-43] Измеров, Олег. "Отечественные мобильники 50-х". Окно в прошлое. Сенсации, преданные забвению. Retrieved 30 June 2009.

[44] "Карманный радиотелефон". Наука и жизнь. No. 1958–10. М.: Правда. p. 66. ISSN 0028-1263.

[45] Куприянович, Леонид (1957). "РАДИОТЕЛЕФОН". Наука и жизнь. No. 1957–8. М.: Правда. p. 49. ISSN 0028-1263.

[46] Vonderheid, Erica (6 May 2005). "Early Radio Transmission Recognized as Milestone". USA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008.

[48] "Страницы истории". Виртуальный музей информатики. Институт прикладной математики им. М. В. Келдыша РАН. Retrieved 17 January 2010.

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[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[Note 2]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[Note 3]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[Note 4]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[Note 5]

[64]

[Note 6]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[Note 7]

[75]

[76]

[Note 8]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]