User:Dc76/project3

1989

Stephen the Great Monument

(wiki:ru:Памятники Кишинёва)

Fall of Communism in Moldova

(wiki:ro:Republica Moldova după independenţă)

Bălţi

1812 By the Peace of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire, the eastern half of the Principality of Moldavia, is annexed to the latter. The region, becomes known as Bessarabia, a name that prior to 1812 extended only to its southern part. It containes Bălţi, which unexpectidly benefits from the division of Moldavia along the river Prut, because although the city of Iaşi remained on the right bank, the largest part of the Iaşi county was on the left bank, and Bălţi, until then a fair, gradually became its natural center.

1818 The Russian tsar visits his newly acquired province, and during his passing through Bălţi he received news that he had a nephew, the future tsar Alexander II of Russia, born. Overjoyed, he grants Bălţi official city status.

1812-1825 The Russians allow substantial economic and cultural freedom, and even political autonomy to Moldavians, wanting to secure the new province. In 1825, the new, much more authocratic Russian tsar abolishes the authonomy of the province; from now on judges, administrators, and church officials are not locally elected. Also in 1825, the number of counties of Bessarabia is reduced from 12 to 8, but Iaşi county is preserved.

1920s Bălţi has approx. 8,000 inhabitants.

1820s-1900s The ethnic composition of the city diversifies. Jews from Austrian-held Galicia and Russian-held Podolia settle in Bălţi; by the end of the century became a plurality. Ethnic-Ukrainian colonists arrive from Austrian-held Galicia and , fleeing from severe feodal obligations (100-150 days per year in Galicia and Podolia; no sherfdom in Bessarabia). Ethnic-Russian Lipovans (Old Believers) from Russia proper seek freedom of religion.

1860 Education in Romanian, previously restricted, is now banned. Moldavian nobility is forced to use Russian, intermarry Russians, or leave to Romania However, the policy has a rather contrary effect; due to the absence of assimilation through education by the Russian authorities, Bessarabians strengthen cultural links with the rest of the Romanians.

1887 Iaşi county is renamed Bălţi county.

1889 The city becomes a railroad hub.

1900s Anti-semitic rhethoric by Russian officials, but unlike Chişinău, no pogroms organized in Bălţi.

1914 15% of the population of Bessarabia is drafted in the Russian army to finght in World War One.

March 1917 - March 1918 In the wake of the Russian revolution, army units are often electing their command. Several hundred thousand solders gradually abandon their units on the Romanian front, and pass thrugh Bessarabia and its rail hubs on their way home. Due to large a very number of such solders, gangs are formed, maurauding is widespread.

October-December 1917 At the dissolution of the Russian Empire, under the influence of the organizations of Bessarabian Solders in the Russian army, Bessarabia elects a National Council (Sfatul Ţării), which proclaims the Moldavian Democratic Republic. Poorly organized and poorly armed Moldavian cohorts try, but fail to restore complete order.

April 1918 Sfatul Ţării votes union of Bessarabia with Romania

1920s-1930s In the wake of the agrarian reform, middle class grow, and the economy expands. This in turn has a beneficial influence on the economic life of the city, which diversifies. Many buildings in the city date from the inter-war period.

1920s The seat of the Bishopric is moved from Hotin to Bălţi, and the Bishopric Palace is built (finished 1933).

1920s Saint Constantine and Elena Cathedral is built; finished in 1932; officially inaugurated 1933

1940 The city reaches close to 40,000 inhabitants.

June 28, 1940 In accordance with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union demands Besssarabia from Romania, and, shortly thereafter, the Red Army enters the region. Surprisingly, the Romanian authorities, in great limbo due to recent international developments (conquest of France by Germany four days before the Soviet ultimatum), decide to temporarily avoid an armed conflict, and withdraw. Together with the army and administration, cca 7% of the population leaves during an interval of 4 days. The Romanian army gives up the defensive installations in the area, which were built for the sole eventuality of a Soviet aggression.

June 13, 1941 Thousands of former teachers, doctors, office workers, and even better-than-average peasants, thought to be hostile and dangerous to the Soviet regime, are gathered to be deported in cattle cars to Siberia as "emenies of the people". Bălţi-Slobozia rail station serves as a departing point for trains carrying deportees from may districts of northern Moldova to Siberia.

June 22 - July 26, 1941 Romanian Army participates in the Axis offensive against the Red Army, in order to push it out of Bessarabia, helped in this by a German contingent, 11th German Army, which is distributed over an 80 km long segment of front line, portion that includes Bălţi. After developping bridgeheads until July 2, German motorized units, and the 1st Romanian Armored Division pushed forward, and by July 5 sliced northern Bessarabia into Soviet strongholds of resistence, including a major one around the city.

The Battle for Bălţi opposed, on the Soviet side, the 74th Soviet Infantry Division, and the 2nd Soviet Mechanized Corps, consisting of the 21st Motorized Infantry, the 11th and 16th Tank Divisions, and, on the Romanian side, the 14th, 5th, and 13th Romanian Infantry Divisions, supported by the 170th German Division. Soviet units managed to halt the attack of the 14th Division on July 4 on the eastern outskirts of the town. In response, 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 13th Dorobanţi regiment Ştefan cel Mare of the 14th Division maneuvered to the south, and took the area of the village of Biliceni. The main action took part on July 7 - July 9 around the villages just south of the city: 8th Dorobanţi Regiment and the 32nd Infantry Regiment Mircea, both from the 5th Romanian Infantry Division, clashed with Soviet cavalry. Feeling easier on the ground than the German and Soviet units, they overcame several Soviet strongholds near Zgîrdeşti, Mîndreşti, and the Gliceni Forest; then, supported by four artillery battalions, the 32nd Regiment attacked Mîndreşti with two batalions, in a simultaneous frontal-southern maneuver manner, threatening the rear of the Soviet forces, which hastely retreated abandoniing heavy weaponry. On July 8, the 22nd Regiment of the 13th Romanian Division also joined the battle, fighting at Singureni and Ţărinei Hill. The latter, together with the 39th Romanian Infantry Regiment from the 14th Romanian Division, reached the river Răut at 10:00 on July 9, and managed to establish a bridgehead north of Răut near Elisabeta, on the north-eastern outskirt of the city. This threatened to encircle the Red Army units in the city, which then hastily withdrew during July 9.

Main article: Holocaust of Bessarabian And Bukovinian Jews

In the several days following the takeover of the city by the Romanian and German troups, while these were moving through the it, and before the Romanian administration moved in, the approximately two-dozen-strong SS Einsatzkommando unit hunted and assassinated over 200 civilian Jews from the city. The 11th German Army, under which command were both Romanian and German units in the area, was ordered by Berlin not to interfere in "non-military matters", and was sometimes obliged to hand in Jews in the houses of which they temporarily installed. In addition, Romanian army assassinated 14 civilian Jews in the city.

The returning Romanian administration found only 1,300 Jews in the city, out of the 14,000 in 1940. Fortunately, the majority of Jews from the city fled with the retreating Soviets (many to Uzbekistan), and survived the war, albeit in very miserable conditions. The remaining Jews hoped they would be safe once the frontline had passed. The Romanian authorities, however, decided to deport all Jews from the territories occupied by USSR in 1940, across the river Dniester. They motivated this by the fact that some Jews had welcomed the Soviet takeover a year earlier. Although some fanaticized Jewish youth, led by infiltared Soviet Communist activists, did form several small gangs that operated in the city on 28 June - 2 July, beating and killing several individuals that wanted to retreat to Romania, these were a tiny minority among the cca 40% Jewish population of the city.

Eight concentration camps for Jews were created in Bessarabia in October 1941, including one in Rautel (3,253 individuals), and one in Marculesti (11,000 individuals). In november 1941, these were marched to northern Transnistria. During the marches, that were generally completed during the night to avoid publicity, food supply was scarce or inexistent, overnight housing, transportation, or additional clothing were not organized, and many died on the road; some were even shot by guards on the pretext of slowing down the movement. At the arrival, these Jews were received in towns, such as Mohyliv-Podilskyi (Movilău in Romanian), Yampil (Iampol in Romanian), Bershad and others, where ghettos were fenced out. Being deprived of the right to own agricultural land, and having very few job opportunities, often without clean water and having insufficient housing, many became ill from malnutrition and infections. Interestingly, the Jews from Romania that were not affected by the deportation were treated quite tolerantly by the Romanian authorities, and even were allowed to visit the ghettos to deliver food and clothing. Unfortunately, because of fear, few ventured to do this. In several of these places the retreating German troops in 1944 shot every Jew in order to cover up the existence of the ghetto camps. Despite the fact that 70% of Jews that survived on the Soviet territory under occupation during World war II were in Transnistria, of those deported to that region in 1941, 70% did not survive 1944.

1944 Fearing the repeat of the 1941 deportation, thousands of people, including most of intellectuals, flee to Romanian in front of the Soviet troops.

February 27, 1944 Soviet troops, driving Romanian and German forces westwards, enter the city. West of Bălţi they first reach and boldly cross the border of the USSR of 22 June 1941.

March to August 1944 The frontline stabilizes along a west-east curve passing 40 km south of the city. After gathering enormous quantities of troops (approx. 3.4 million) and artillery (approx. 370 units per km of frontline) the Red Army penetrates the German-Romanian defenses (approx. 600,000 troops) in the Iaşi-Chişinău operation, partly surrounding them.

Bălţi POW Camp

From March to August 1944, the World War II frontline stabilized along a west-east curve passing 40 km south of the city. After gathering enormous quantities of troops (3.4 million) and artillery (370 units per km of frontline) the Red Army penetrated the German-Romanian defenses (600,000 troops) in the Iaşi-Chişinău operation, partly surrounding them.

Before the operation, the Soviets had established two POW camps in Bălţi, a simple camp on the location of the present-day military unit, and a concentration camp by fencing out several streets in the southeast limits of the city, next to the small airport situated there. During the night, lights were arranged inside the camp in a way to resemble those of the airport. Heavily bombed by the German aviation, they would produce havoc inside the POW camp, while the airport would be left intact. The holes produced by the bombs were used as common graves for the dying prisoners. In the outcome of the Iaşi-Chişinău operation, around 45,000 prisoners, including up to 40,000 Romanians (including many locals), 5,000 Germans, 2,000 Hungarians, 3,000 Italians, Czechs, and Poles were gathered in the POW camp in Bălţi, the main transit POW camp for this operation. Some prisoners ended in the camp as late as September-October 1944, after fighting in the Romanian army on the Allies side, but being injured, were sent to hospitals close to their homes, and were arrested by the Soviets.

Many POWs died in the camp from malnutrition, infections, or were shot by guards, and then were buried in the bomb holes. Prisoners were kept in the camp anywhere from two months to over a year. On one occasion, a brake was made through a wall, and a major escape took place. By the end of 1945, all surviving prisoners were moved out to the interior of the Soviet Union to work. The site of the camp was leveled, and no buildings were ever erected in the area. Rumors about the POW camp and the conditions inside it were quickly silenced, and even by the 1980s the vast majority of the inhabitants of the town did not know about its existence. Consequently, during the Perestroika time, laborers were astonished to run upon thousands of human skeletons while working on straightening a road, and were so disturbed they refused to continue the work.

The political changes of the end of the 1980s allowed the remaining survivors of the camp to come out and relate the truth. Fortunately for these individuals, they were originally from the north of Moldova. By simply approaching the inner barbed wire on the side facing the city, and crying out in Romanian when the guards were not near, they were able to pass the word about their fate to friends and relatives in their home villages. The latter would come to the camp – bribe and feed the Soviet guards for a spared life. Unfortunately Germans, as well as the majority of Romanian POWs who were not locals, could not use this method to escape. Many German officers died of malnutrition, refusing the black bread. The more physically fit were then transferred for work throughout the former USSR. The Soviet archives have preserved considerable information about the POW camps in Bălţi, although they were kept a secret before 1989. Apparently, a study in 1992 on a sample of 800 POWs came up with only 13 survivors by 1953.

In 1992, many locals took part in the unveiling of one of the common graves. Sculs and bones were gathered in a piramid on a dry ground and covered with "fresh earth", A cross has been erected on the site on May 7, 1992. The name of the first prisoner discovered in the Soviet archives was decided to be the first written on the cross: "Tudor, son of Nicolae, Glavan from the village Sofia, Drochia district", i.e happened to be a local from just 20 km north of the city. The building of an "Ossuary Church" is in progress, despite the lack of financial possibilities and political will from the still Communist-dominated municipal authorities. Even the exact extent of the camp is not known, with only a small portion being unveiled so far (the field is approx. 1 km² in size).

August-September 1944 Active age Moldavians in the recuptured territories are enrolled en masse in the Soviet army, and are not disbanded until 1946.

1945-1947 Soviet authorities practice a quasi-total confiscation of peasants' harvest and food "for the needs of the State", while many fields remain unworked.

1946-1947 Moldova suffers two years of famine, the only known famine in the recorded history of Moldova, taking a tall of 298,500 lives.

Soviet deportations and political imprisonments

1949 Another mass Soviet deportation

1949-1950 Mass collectivization of farmed land is implemented.

1951 Another mass Soviet deportation

The war and the events that followed have left a deep impact on the city. Many buildings were leveled or damaged by bombardments and military action. A part of the population was killed, deported, sent to labor camps, ghettos, starved to death, or simply fled and did not return. The losses affected all the ethnic groups, while from social groups the inter-war intelligentsia has all by disappeared.

1950s through 1980s From throughout the Soviet Union arrive in Bălţi, as well as in Chişinău and other cities of Moldova, many ordinary workers trying to leave the poorest regions, a handful of well-qualified engineers, many World War II veterans, Soviet and Communist Party apparatchiks, a few outright criminals. Although the city could now claim several dozen nationalities, only one language was accepted in public places - Russian. The majority of the newcomers never felt a home connection with the city, rather considering USSR as a whole as their home, in contrast with the Russian and Ukrainian minorities before 1940. From 1940 to 1989 the population of the city increases 4-fold, with the addition of the newcomers from all over USSR, and of the local Moldovans/Romanians moving from countryside to the city. By 1989 a tie was established between the numbers of the two communities, although one of them was entirely deprived of using its language in public life, even for shopping. The Jews of the city, primarily speakers of (generally) Yiddish and some of Romanian before 1940, quickly switched to Russian, so that by 1980s only the elderly was speaking Yiddish. However the degree of knowing the Moldavian/Romanian language before 1989 was clearly higher among Jews, even those born after 1940, than among Russians.

1980s Almost all Jews move to Israel.

1988-1989 Bălţi is known as the "quiet city" of Moldova. Only four public demonstrations take place in the city during this period, none gathering more than 15,000. The main reform-oriented part of the population was formed by the students and faculty of the local university, which regularly gathered indoors, sometimes numbering several thousands.

Since 1989 All local elections are won by the old Soviet apparatus candidates, the Russian minority being stronger politically not least because of its higher turnout rate. However the policies of the local authorities have evolved from one individual to the next, so that although extreme left by today's standards, some of them would have been considered quite liberal in Soviet times. A large degree of municipal activity is still done only in Russian, in total disregard with the 1989 national language law.

1994-2004 Emigration (back to Russia, or in search of work in western Europe) and low natality rate lead to 23% decrease in population, including 45% decrease among Russians, 30% among Ukrainians, 15% among ethnic Moldovans (Romanians).

Heaven of Transnistria

Heaven of Transnistria is a popular culture expession in reference to the propaganda attempts of the Transnistrian regime to challenge popular notions of Transnistria from a dreary, corrupt region, run by a repressive regime funded by arms and people trafficking, and protray it as a Heaven, a Paradise where people live happy ever after. According to the critics of PMR regime, this campain is expressed through:

• propaganda and misinformation of the local population through
  • portraying the regime as a victim
  • falsifying election results
  • des-information about outside events
  • inventing non-existing international organizations which would endorse the regime
• propaganda and misinformation destined for the outside world trhough
  • creating the impression of a forward-thinking young democracy
  • creating the impression of statehood and legality
  • creating the impression of controversy and point of view with respect to human rights critics

and is characterized by:

• promoting and spreading a positive view of the separatist government of Transnistria
• seldom or never criticize the autorities. In the instances they do the criticism of inessential details, or of details clearly outside the conrol of the autorities, is used rather as a mask to promote a positive view.
• the tone or the report is strikingly similar to the Soviet-era propaganda wooden language.

In search for information the public uses its senses to perceive information to form a cognitive representation. By giving wrong impression the public forms wrong perception and wrong representation.

According to journalist Edward Lucas from Radio Free Europe, behind the Heaven of Transnistria is: "I think that the extreme conspiracy theory that the entire thing is run from Tiraspol is quite hard to sustain. I think it's much more likely that it's a mixture of some money from Tiraspol, which might either be government money, money from Mr. [Vladimir] Antyufeyev's State Security Committee, or possibly from one of the wealthy trading companies there,"

Links

• 2004 Census results and comparation with 1989, by Olvia Press
• MOLDOVAN NGOs REGARD TRANSNISTRIAN REFERENDUM AS A FARCE
• Disinformation The Economist
• Transdniester in Cyberspace Radio Free Europe
• Covering tracks The Economist
• ICDISS
• Propaganda

History of Transnistria

the refference: Charles Upson Clark: “Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea”:

“Frequent mention has been made of the Moldavian Soviet Republic. It is not generally known that the lower Dniester is an almost purely Roumanian stream. The villages along its left bank, from Movilau down to Ovidiopol, opposite Akkerman, are as Moldavian as those on the Bessarabian bank. And this Moldavian peasantry stretches as far east as the Bug, beyond Elisavetgrad, and down to within a few miles of Odessa (see Draghicesco). This is due to a very early immigration of Roumanian shepherds and traders along the streams of the black-earth district east of the Dniester-so early that we find here some Roumanian place-names on the Reichersdorf map of 1541. Further extensive colonization took place in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Polish princes of Podolia encouraging the creation of large farms by Moldavian boyars; and in the eighteenth century, Russian generals took back with them from their campaigns against the Turks, enormous numbers of Roumanian peasants. In 1739, Gen. Munnich carried back with him 100,000 Roumanian peasants, according to the memoirs of Trenck, his companion; and_ in 1792, another great immigration took place. As a result, it is reckoned that there are probably half a million Roumanian peasants in Russia east of the Dniester.”

Ch. XXIX. Upson Clark was reffering at actual Transnistria, not at the entire Dniester-Bug teritorry

Stefan Mailat

http://astra.logon.ro/lucrari/DICPERS/disipklm.html]

Mailat ªtefan, voievod al Transilvaniei (1534-1541). Originar din Þânþari Comana, stãpân al domeniului Fãgãraº. Român catolicizat, ce se intitula “Stephanus Maylad, liber dominus terre Fogaraº Wayvoda Transylvaniae et Siculorum Comes”. Dragostea pentru þinut îl face pe Mailat sã distingã Þara Fãgãraºului de voievodatul Transilvaniei, înscriind calitatea sa de stãpân al domeniului înaintea demnitãþii voievodale ºi de aceea de comite al secuilor. Aºezat în Fãgãraº prin 1528. De la el au rãmas o seamã de hrisoave cu confirmãri în boierie, a întãrit privilegiile Fãgãraºului ºi a avut un aport considerabil în evoluþia cetãþii, care a fost un bastion puternic în planurile ºi lupta sa politicã. De aici a intervenit, în 1530, sã-l ajute pe Voievodul Moise din Þara Româneascã (1529-1530) sã-ºi pãstreze scaunul. Tot aci veneau ºi de aci plecau solii la domnul Þãrii Româneºti Radu paisie (1535-1545). ªtefan Mailat a fost un bun conducãtor de oºti. Ferdinand I încheie pace cu turcii. Pentru aplanarea conflictului dintre Ferdinand I ºi Ioan I Zapolya sultanul Soliman Magnificul trimite la Buda, în misiune de supraveghere, pe Aloisio Gritti (unul dintre personajele tipice create de Renaºterea italianã, care a gãsit în imperiul Otoman condiþii optime pentru fulgerãtoare ascensiuni politice ºi sociale, personalitate care a iscat concomitent adulaþii ºi urã, pasiuni ºi temeri, nãscocind diabolice planuri prin care sã ajungã pe tronul de la Buda, visând sã uneascã sub sceptrul sãu þãrile române, Transilvania sã o dea lui Hyeronim laski, iar fiii sãi Antonio ºi Pietro sã domneascã în Moldova ºi Þara Româneascã) care intrase machiavelic în graþiile sultanului, ce dãduse ordin domnilor din Moldova ºi Þara Româneascã sã-l sprijine cu oºti. Dupã evenimentele din Þara Româneascã unde domnul Vlad Vintilã pedepsise aspru o seamã de boieri rãzvrãtiþi, Gritti poposeºte în Þara Bârsei, la începutul lui august 1534, nu departe de Braºov de unde participã la uciderea lui Emerik Czibak, episcopul Orazii, voievod al Transilvaniei (1533-1534), faptã ce ridicã împotriva-i conducãtorii Transilvaniei ameninþaþi de planurile veneþianului. Gritti fuge din faþa primejdiei ºi se închide la Mediaº. Sub conducerea lui ªtefan Mailat cetatea mediaºului este înconjuratã de rãsculaþi. În apropiere se afla ºi oastea moldoveanã condusã de logofãtul Toader. Sosind a doua oaste din Moldova cu vornicul Huru. ªtefan Mailat susþinut ºi de oºteni din Þara Româneascã, porneºte atacul asupra Mediaºului, îl prinde pe Aloisio Gritti, la 28 septembrie 1534 ºi-l decapiteazã din dispoziþia vicevoievodului Transilvaniei Fr. Kendi. Copiii aventurierului sunt uciºi apoi ºi ei. Dupã aceste evenimente Ioan I. Zapolya îl ridicã pe ªtefan Mailat în scaunul voievodal al Transilvaniei, rãmas vacant dupã uciderea lui Czibak. Dupã pedepsirea lui Gritti la Mediaº oastea lui ªtefan Mailat ia partea alãtur de Zapolya la împresurarea cetãþii Sibiului, participând la asediu. În 1535 Zapolya îi dãruieºte o parte din zona Tãlmaciului. La 24 februarie 1538 a fost negociatã Pacea de la Oradea de Gheorghe Martinuzzi, omul lui Zapolya ºi arhiepiscopul de Vells din partea regelui Ferdinand I. Soliman Magnificul invadeazã Moldova. În locul lui Petru Rareº este pus în scaun ªtefan Lãcustã. Rareº se adãpostise cu familia în cetatea Ciceului. Situaþia din Transilvania era tot mai grea, trebuind sã facã faþã împovãrãtoarelor obligaþii impuse de politica aservitã turcilor pe care o duceau Zapolya ºi Martinuzzi. În sânul conducãtorilor apar frãmântãri. Izbucnesc miºcãri ale locuitorilor împotriva silniciilor ºi marilor dãri. Voievozii ªtefan Mailat ºi Emeric Balassa, profitând de situaþie cautã sã rãstoarne partida lui Zapolya. Pornit în campanie împotriva lui Mailat ºi balassa, la 22 iulie 1540, la Sebeº, Zapolya se stinge de urmãrile unui atac de apoplexie. Dupã moartea lui, Transilvania condusã de Martinuzzi trece printr-o perioadã de puternice frãmântãri. Cu sprijinul unei pãrþi din nobilime, ªtefan Mailat a cãutat sã obþinã de la Soliman Magnificul recunoaºterea ca principe al Transilvaniei autonome, fãrã rezultat. Soliman dã domnia Ungariei ºi Transilvaniei lui Ioan II Sigismund Zapolya ºi pregãteºte Campania pentru ocuparea Budei. La 22 februarie 1541 Petru Rareº se urcã din nou în scaunul Moldovei. ªtefan Mailat trece de partea lui Ferdinand. Turcii se pregãtesc sã intre în Transilvania, trãgând dupã ei ºi oºti din Þara Româneascã. Ameninþat Mailat se închide în cetatea Fãgãraºului, de unde cere ajutor lui Ferdinand ºi secuilor, decis sã reziste. La 25 mai 1541, în Dieta de la ªinca Mare, un ceauº dãdea glas hotãrârii sultanului “... am dat þara fiului Ioan Zapolya ... cã dacã ªtefan Mailat nu se va supune urma sã fie pedepsit...”. Rareº pãtrunde ºi el cu oastea în Transilvania la cererea sultanului. La Bod, lângã Braºov, se întâlneºte cu domnul þãrii Româneºti Radu paisie, unde solul sibienilor Filip Moldoveanu le ceruse sã intervinã pe lângã turci sã nu prade þara. Oºtile domnilor români la 9 iulie 1541 se aflau sub zidurile cetãþii Fãgãraºului alãturi de Bali beg. Cetatea era bine fortificatã ºi întãritã de Mailat cu tot arsenalul sãu. Bali beg propune atragerea lui Mailat prin ºiretlic în tabãrã pentru tratative (cu promisiunea cã sultanul îi dã conducerea Transilvaniei). Mailat acceptã, cerând ostateci. Dupã ce a primit ostatecii, Mailat intrã în tabãra turcilor la 20 iulie. Bali beg îl aresteazã ºi-l duce la Istambul, unde va rãmâne în cartierul Galata pânã la moarte (1551). Cetatea capituleazã.

Fata lui ªtefan Mailat, margareta, s-a cãsãtorit cu voievodul Transilvaniei Andrei Bathory de Ecsed (1552-1553), într-o vreme cãpitanul lui Ferdinand I (mort la 4 octombrie 1566). Andrei era frate cu Cristofor Bathory (1530-1581) principe al Transilvaniei (1576-1581) ce a fost tatãl lui Sigismund Bathory (1572-1613), principe al Transilvaniei ºi a lui Griseldis, fata ce fusese promisã lui Petru Cercel, dupã detronarea cãruia s-a cãsãtorit în 1585 cu jan Zamoyski cancelarul Poloniei. Andrei mai era frate cu ªtefan Bathory (1533-1586) principe al Transilvaniei ºi rege al Poloniei. Andrei cu margareta Mailat au avut patru copii: pe Baltazar, crescut la curtea unchiului sãi ªtefan Bathory, regele Poloniei – amestecat într-un complot, va fi ucis din ordinul vãrului sãu Sigismund, în 1594; pe ªtefan ce a avut funcþii importante în vremea vãrului sãi Sigismund (mort în 1605); pe Andrei, cardinalul ce va ajunge principe al Transilvaniei ºi în luptele de la ªelimbãr din 1599 cu oastea lui mihai Viteazul, a fost ucis. O fiicã, Elisabeta, decedatã în 1614, toþi formând arborele genealogic al voievodului ªtefan Mailat.