User:Citizen/sandbox

The growth of ancient Rome and expansion of its sanitation innovations

The concept of Sanitation in ancient Rome has puzzled and perplexed historians and archeologists for centuries. It is considered to be a complex system much like modern societies enjoy today but was largely lost in Europe during the Dark Ages. A system of aquaducts served the citizens of the empire by providing them with pristine water. People utilized this in the public baths and latrines much like an early form of modern toliets. A system of latrines was found in Sicily which allowed for the waste to be flushed away along with sea sponges on sticks to use after defecation. The Romans had a complex system of sewers which were covered by stones much like the modern covers found on streets. After waste was flushed from the toliets or latrines it flowed through a central channel into the main sewage system. This soon flowed into a nearby river or stream. However, the Romans were not as sanitory as may be percieved to be believed. It was not uncommon for waste to be thrown out of windows into the streets and for nearbyers to be hit with the waste. Also the drainage system was not perfect, it called for many openings to be covered by rock which caused the citizens to be exposed to the potential diseases in the sewage and the unpleasant smell. Despite this, Roman waste management is generally admired for its innovative feats.

List of Presidents (in a world without Watergate)

The colors indicate the political party affiliation of each president.

#	President		Took office	Left office	Party	Vice President	Term
1	George Washington		April 30 1789	March 4 1797	No party	John Adams	1
							2
2	John Adams		March 4 1797	March 4 1801	Federalist	Thomas Jefferson	3
3	Thomas Jefferson		March 4 1801	March 4 1809	Democratic-Republican	Aaron Burr	4
						George Clinton	5
4	James Madison		March 4 1809	March 4 1817	Democratic-Republican	George Clinton vacant	6
						Elbridge Gerry vacant	7
5	James Monroe		March 4 1817	March 4 1825	Democratic-Republican	Daniel Tompkins	8
							9
6	John Quincy Adams		March 4 1825	March 4 1829	Democratic-Republican	John Calhoun	10
7	Andrew Jackson		March 4 1829	March 4 1837	Democratic	John Calhoun vacant	11
						Martin Van Buren	12
8	Martin Van Buren		March 4 1837	March 4 1841	Democratic	Richard Johnson	13
9	William H. Harrison		March 4 1841	April 4 1841	Whig	John Tyler	14
10	John Tyler		April 4 1841	March 4 1845	Whig No party	vacant
11	James K. Polk		March 4 1845	March 4 1849	Democratic	George Dallas	15
12	Zachary Taylor		March 4 1849	July 9 1850	Whig	Millard Fillmore	16
13	Millard Fillmore		July 9 1850	March 4 1853	Whig	vacant
14	Franklin Pierce		March 4 1853	March 4 1857	Democratic	William King vacant	17
15	James Buchanan		March 4 1857	March 4 1861	Democratic	John Breckinridge	18
16	Abraham Lincoln		March 4 1861	April 15 1865	Republican National Union	Hannibal Hamlin	19
						Andrew Johnson	20
17	Andrew Johnson		April 15 1865	March 4 1869	Democratic National Union	vacant
18	Ulysses S. Grant		March 4 1869	March 4 1877	Republican	Schuyler Colfax	21
						Henry Wilson vacant	22
19	Rutherford B. Hayes		March 4 1877	March 4 1881	Republican	William Wheeler	23
20	James Garfield		March 4 1881	September 19 1881	Republican	Chester A. Arthur	24
21	Chester A. Arthur		September 19 1881	March 4 1885	Republican	vacant
22	Grover Cleveland		March 4 1885	March 4 1889	Democratic	Thomas Hendricks vacant	25
23	Benjamin Harrison		March 4 1889	March 4 1893	Republican	Levi Morton	26
24	Grover Cleveland (2nd term)		March 4 1893	March 4 1897	Democratic	Adlai E. Stevenson	27
25	William McKinley		March 4 1897	September 14 1901	Republican	Garret Hobart vacant	28
						Theodore Roosevelt	29
26	Theodore Roosevelt		September 14 1901	March 4 1909	Republican	vacant
						Charles Fairbanks	30
27	William H. Taft		March 4 1909	March 4 1913	Republican	James Sherman vacant	31
28	Woodrow Wilson		March 4 1913	March 4 1921	Democratic	Thomas Marshall	32
							33
29	Warren G. Harding		March 4 1921	August 2 1923	Republican	Calvin Coolidge	34
30	Calvin Coolidge		August 2 1923	March 4 1929	Republican	vacant
						Charles Dawes	35
31	Herbert Hoover		March 4 1929	March 4 1933	Republican	Charles Curtis	36
32	Franklin D. Roosevelt		March 4 1933	April 12 1945	Democratic	John Garner	37
							38
						Henry Wallace	39
						Harry S. Truman	40
33	Harry S. Truman		April 12 1945	January 20 1953	Democratic	vacant
						Alben Barkley	41
34	Dwight D. Eisenhower		January 20 1953	January 20 1961	Republican	Richard Nixon	42
							43
35	John F. Kennedy		January 20 1961	November 22 1963	Democratic	Lyndon B. Johnson	44
36	Lyndon B. Johnson		November 22 1963	January 20 1969	Democratic	vacant
						Hubert Humphrey	45
37	Richard Nixon		January 20 1969	January 20 1977	Republican	Spiro Agnew	46
38	Ronald Reagan		January 20 1977	January 20 1981	Republican	Gerald Ford	47
39	Ted Kennedy		January 20 1981	March 30 1981	Democratic	Jimmy Carter	48
40	Jimmy Carter		March 30 1981	January 20 1985	Democratic	vacant
						Walter Mondale	49
41	Clint Eastwood		January 20 1985	January 20 1993	Republican	George H. W. Bush	50
42	Ross Perot		January 20 1993	January 20 2001	No Party	James B. Stockdale	51
					Republican	Colin Powell	52
43	Colin Powell		January 20 2001	January 20 2005	Republican	George W. Bush	53
44	John F. Kennedy Jr.		January 20 2005	January 20 2013	Democratic	Joe Biden	54
45	Joe Biden		January 20 2013	January 20 2017	Democratic	Barack Obama	55
46	Donald Trump		January 20 2017		Republican	Mike Pence	56