User:Bleff/sandbox19
Expeditus | |
|---|---|
 Saint Expeditus in a 19th-century oil painting from Palermo, Italy. | |
| Martyr | |
| Venerated in | |
| Feast | 19 April |
| Patronage |
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Expeditus was, according to tradition, a member of the Roman Army that was martyred in Melitene, ancient Armenia (in present-day eastern Turkey) during the Diocletianic Persecution of AD 303. Although he is not "officially" recognized as a saint by the Catholic Church, he is widely venerated as such by Catholics in various countries, most notably in Argentina and Brazil.[1] Expeditus also has an important following on the French island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean—where he is linked to various Hindu gods—and has been incorporated as a lua (spirit) in Haitian Vodou and Louisiana Voodoo, being known in the latter as Saint Expedite.[1]
History[edit]
Saint Expeditus makes his first historic appearance in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum, a martyrology attributed to Jerome that was probably compiled in 6th-century Gaul.[1] The text mentions him as part of a group of six Roman soldiers who were executed by emperor Diocletian at Melitene in ancient Armenia (present-day Malatya, eastern Turkey), and sets his feast day on April 19.[1]
https://archive.org/details/sim_month_1906-11_108_509/page/548/mode/2up
According to Basil Watkins' The Book of Saints: A Comprehensive Biographical Dictionary: "In the old Roman Martyrology, Elpidius became Expeditus and Gaius, Aristonicus, Rufus and Galata were added. These have been deleted. The cultus of St Expeditus as a patron against procrastination dates from C17th Germany."[2]
However, in a 2018 paper published in the Journal of Religious History, Mathew Kuefler noted that the earliest evidence for devotion to Saint Expeditus comes from the second half of the 18th century.[1] It consists of a "handful of images created in the Habsburg lands of the Holy Roman Empire [that] still survive", among them a drawing by Franz Xaver Jungwirth, an engraving by Jan Quirin Jahn and a painting in an Austrian church signed by Johann Ferstler, all of them dated to that period.[1] According to the author, the fact that these were created by identified artists "hints at a lofty origin to the cult owing its beginnings even perhaps to the empress Maria Theresia (ruled 1740–1780), known for her own Catholic piety and her attempts to instill novel forms of it among her subjects."[1]
https://www.cairn.info/revue-societes-2001-2-page-125.htm
Attributes and iconography[edit]
Veneration[edit]
The cult of Expeditus also reached the southern United States, most notably New Orleans, where it was incorporated into the local Voodoo.[3]
As noted by Kuefler:
Recent scholarship has made us aware of the surprising historical malleability of the Catholic cult of saints. Over time some saints have been elevated in status and others discredited, some renamed and others given new biographies invented for them, some twinned and others lost in obscurity. Yet few forms of devotion have shown such inventiveness and flexibility as that of the cult of St Expeditus. His story reminds us of the extent to which the idea of sanctity is an organic object independent of institutional regulation, theological precision, or factual verification.[1]
Argentina[edit]
https://andamios.uacm.edu.mx/index.php/andamios/article/view/536/883
The prayer to San Expedito used in Argentina says:
Mi San Expedito de las causas justas y urgentes, intercede por mí junto a Nuestro Señor Jesucristo, para que venga en mi socorro en esta hora de aflicción y desesperanza.
Mi San Expedito tú que eres el Santo guerrero. Tú que eres el Santo de los afligidos. Tú que eres el Santo de los desesperados. Tú que eres el Santo de las causas urgentes, protégeme, ayúdame, otorgándome: fuerza, coraje y serenidad. ¡Atiende mi pedido! (En esta parte se debe realizar el pedido).
Mi San Expedito, ayúdame a superar estas horas difíciles, protégeme de todos los que puedan perjudicarme, protege a mi familia, atiende mi pedido con urgencia. Devuélveme la Paz y la tranquilidad.
¡Mi San Expedito! Estaré agradecido por el resto de mi vida y propagaré tu nombre a todos los que tienen Fe.
Muchas Gracias
My San Expedito of the just and urgent causes, intercede for me with Our Lord Jesus Christ, so that He may come to my aid in this hour of affliction and despair.
My Sain Expedito, you who are the Holy Warrior. You who are the Saint of the afflicted. You who are the Saint of the desperate. You who are the Saint of urgent causes, protect me, help me, grant me: strength, courage and serenity. Attend to my request! (In this part the request must be made).
My San Expedito, help me to overcome these difficult hours, protect me from all those who may harm me, protect my family, attend to my request urgently. Give me back my Peace and tranquility.
My San Expedito! I will be grateful for the rest of my life and I will spread your name to all those who have Faith.
Thank you very much
Brazil[edit]
"Popular but oficially unrecognized Catholic saints like Rosa Egipcíaca, Slave Anastácia, Saint Expedito, or others suggestive of multi-racial fusions, like Maria Lionza in Venezuela (Canals 2017), or, today, the Mayan rogue saint Maximón in Guatemala and Honduras, demonstrate the creative vitality of Afro- and indigenized catholicisms."[6]
See also[edit]
- List of Christians martyred during the reign of Diocletian
- Religion in South America
- Saint symbolism
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kuefler, Mathew (2018). "The Convertible Saint: Expeditus through Time and Space". Journal of Religious History. 42 (1). John Wiley & Sons: 25–51. ISSN 0022-4227. Retrieved 18 December 2022 – via the Wikipedia Library.
- ^ Watkins, Basil (2016). The Book of Saints: A Comprehensive Biographical Dictionary (8th ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 310. ISBN 978-056-766-413-6. Retrieved December 21, 2022 – via Google Books.
- ^ Gnarra, Irene E. (2004). "Expeditus". In Jestice, Phyllis G. (ed.). Holy People of the World: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-Clio. p. 265. ISBN 978-157-607-355-1. Retrieved December 20, 2022 – via Google Books.
- ^ "San Expedito: quién fue y por qué cientos de fieles se acercan a la iglesia de Balvanera". Página/12 (in Spanish). April 19, 2022. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
- ^ "San Expedito: ¿Quién fue y por qué se celebra su día el 19 de abril?". Clarín (in Spanish). April 19, 2020. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
- ^ Johnson, Paul Christopher (2018). "Modes and moods of "Slave Anastácia," Afro-Brazilian saint". Journal de la Société des Américanistes. 104 (1): 27–73. ISSN 1957-7842. Archived from the original on April 29, 2019. Retrieved December 22, 2022 – via OpenEdition Journals.
The Book of Saints: A Comprehensive Biographical Dictionary p. 310
External links[edit]
Media related to Saint Expeditus at Wikimedia Commons
Category:Military saints Category:Folk saints Category:Fictional Christian saints Category:4th-century Christian martyrs Category:Canonizations by Pope Clement X Category:Beatifications by Pope Urban VIII Category:Louisiana Voodoo