User:Bdschi/The 200

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The 200 are the 200 most famous and influential people in history of mankind.

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Abraham Lincoln[edit]

Abraham Lincoln (/ˈlɪŋkən/ LING-kən; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the United States through the American Civil War, defending the nation as a constitutional union, defeating the insurgent Confederacy, abolishing slavery, expanding the power of the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln in 1863

Wikipedia: Abraham Lincoln

Adele[edit]

Adele Laurie Blue Adkins MBE (/əˈdɛl/;[1] born 5 May 1988), known mononymously as Adele, is an English singer-songwriter. She is known for her mezzo-soprano vocals and sentimental songwriting. Adele has received numerous accolades including 16 Grammy Awards, 12 Brit Awards (including three for British Album of the Year), an Academy Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, and a Golden Globe Award.

Adele for Vogue in 2021

Wikipedia: Adele

Adolf Hitler[edit]

Adolf Hitler[a] (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party,[c] becoming the chancellor in 1933 and then taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934.[d] During his dictatorship, he initiated World War II in Europe by invading Poland on 1 September 1939. He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims.

Portrait of Adolf Hitler, 1938

Wikipedia: Adolf Hitler

Agatha Christie[edit]

Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, Lady Mallowan, DBE (née Miller; 15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976) was an English writer known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections, particularly those revolving around fictional detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. She also wrote the world's longest-running play, the murder mystery The Mousetrap, which has been performed in the West End of London since 1952. A writer during the "Golden Age of Detective Fiction", Christie has been called the "Queen of Crime"—a moniker which is now trademarked by her estate—or the "Queen of Mystery".[4][5] She also wrote six novels under the pseudonym Mary Westmacott. In 1971, she was made a Dame (DBE) by Queen Elizabeth II for her contributions to literature. Guinness World Records lists Christie as the best-selling fiction writer of all time, her novels having sold more than two billion copies.[5]

Black and white portrait photograph of Christie as a middle-aged woman

Wikipedia: Agatha Christie

Ai Weiwei[edit]

Ai Weiwei (Chinese: 艾未未; pinyin: Ài Wèiwèi, English pronunciation: (help·info); born 28 August 1957) is a Chinese contemporary artist, documentarian, and activist. Ai grew up in the far northwest of China, where he lived under harsh conditions due to his father's exile.[6] As an activist, he has been openly critical of the Chinese Government's stance on democracy and human rights. He investigated government corruption and cover-ups, in particular the Sichuan schools corruption scandal following the collapse of "tofu-dreg schools" in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. In 2011, Ai Weiwei was arrested at Beijing Capital International Airport on 3 April, for "economic crimes". He was detained for 81 days without charge. Ai Weiwei emerged as a vital instigator in Chinese cultural development, an architect of Chinese modernism, and one of the nation's most vocal political commentators.[6]

Ai in 2017

Wikipedia: Ai Weiwei

Al Pacino[edit]

Alfredo James Pacino (/pəˈtʃiːnoʊ/ pə-CHEE-noh; Italian: [paˈtʃiːno]; born April 25, 1940) is an American actor. Considered one of the greatest and most influential actors of the 20th century, Pacino has received numerous accolades: including an Academy Award, two Tony Awards, and two Primetime Emmy Awards achieving the Triple Crown of Acting. He also received four Golden Globe Awards, a BAFTA, two Screen Actors Guild Awards and been honored with the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 2001, the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2007, the National Medal of Arts in 2011, and the Kennedy Center Honors in 2016.[7][8][9][10]

Pacino in 2016

Wikipedia: Al Pacino

Albert Einstein[edit]

Albert Einstein (/ˈaɪnstaɪn/ EYEN-styne;[11] German: [ˈalbɛɐt ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn] ⓘ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held to be one of the greatest and most influential scientists of all time. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics, and was thus a central figure in the revolutionary reshaping of the scientific understanding of nature that modern physics accomplished in the first decades of the twentieth century.[12][13] His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from relativity theory, has been called "the world's most famous equation".[14] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect",[15] a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science.[16][17] In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World, Einstein was ranked the greatest physicist of all time.[18] His intellectual achievements and originality have made the word Einstein broadly synonymous with genius.[19]

Portrait by Ferdinand Schmutzer, 1921

Wikipedia: Albert Einstein

Alexander Graham Bell[edit]

Alexander Graham Bell (/ˈɡreɪ.əm/, born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922)[20] was a Scottish-born[N 1] Canadian-American inventor, scientist and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.[23]

Bell c. 1917

Wikipedia: Alexander Graham Bell

Alexander der Große[edit]

Alexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος, romanized: Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great,[c] was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.[d] He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20 and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout Western Asia, Central Asia, parts of South Asia, and Egypt. By the age of 30, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from Greece to northwestern India.[24] He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered to be one of history's greatest and most successful military commanders.[25][26]

Alexander in the Alexander Mosaic

Wikipedia: Alexander the Great

Alfred Hitchcock[edit]

Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock KBE (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was an English film director. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of cinema.[27] In a career spanning six decades, he directed over 50 feature films,[e] many of which are still widely watched and studied today. Known as the "Master of Suspense", he became as well known as any of his actors thanks to his many interviews, his cameo roles in most of his films, and his hosting and producing the television anthology Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1955–65). His films garnered 46 Academy Award nominations, including six wins, although he never won the award for Best Director, despite five nominations.

Hitchcock, c. 1960s

Wikipedia: Alfred Hitchcock

Alfred Nobel[edit]

Alfred Bernhard Nobel (/noʊˈbɛl/ noh-BEL, Swedish: [ˈǎlfrɛd nʊˈbɛlː] ⓘ; 21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, inventor, engineer and businessman. He is known for inventing dynamite as well as having bequeathed his fortune to establish the Nobel Prize. He also made several important contributions to science, holding 355 patents in his lifetime. Nobel's most famous invention was dynamite, an explosive using nitroglycerin; it was patented in 1867.

Nobel in 1896

Wikipedia: Alfred Nobel

Amelia Earhart[edit]

Amelia Mary Earhart (/ˈɛərhɑːrt/ AIR-hart; born July 24, 1897; disappeared July 2, 1937; declared dead January 5, 1939) was an American aviation pioneer and writer.[30][Note 1] Earhart was the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.[32] She set many other records,[31][Note 2] was one of the first aviators to promote commercial air travel, wrote best-selling books about her flying experiences, and was instrumental in the formation of The Ninety-Nines, an organization for female pilots.[34]

Earhart beneath the nose of her Lockheed Model 10-E Electra, March 1937 in Oakland, California, before departing on her final round-the-world attempt prior to her disappearance

Wikipedia: Amelia Earhart

Amy Winehouse[edit]

Amy Jade Winehouse (14 September 1983 – 23 July 2011) was an English singer and songwriter. She was known for her deep, expressive contralto vocals and her eclectic mix of musical genres, including soul, rhythm and blues, reggae and jazz.

Winehouse singing in front of a microphone, looking to the side.

Wikipedia: Amy Winehouse

Andy Warhol[edit]

Andy Warhol (/ˈwɔːrhɒl/;[35] born Andrew Warhola Jr.; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was an American visual artist, film director, producer, and leading figure in the pop art movement. His works explore the relationship between artistic expression, advertising, and celebrity culture that flourished by the 1960s, and span a variety of media, including painting, silkscreening, photography, film, and sculpture. Some of his best-known works include the silkscreen paintings Campbell's Soup Cans (1962) and Marilyn Diptych (1962), the experimental films Empire (1964) and Chelsea Girls (1966), and the multimedia events known as the Exploding Plastic Inevitable (1966–67).

Warhol in 1980

Wikipedia: Andy Warhol

Angelina Jolie[edit]

Angelina Jolie[36] (/dʒoʊˈliː/; born Angelina Jolie Voight;[37] June 4, 1975) is an American actress, filmmaker and humanitarian. The recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award and three Golden Globe Awards, she has been named Hollywood's highest-paid actress multiple times.

A headshot of Angelina Jolie at the U.S. Department of State in Washington, D.C., on March 17, 2022

Wikipedia: Angelina Jolie

Anne Frank[edit]

Annelies Marie Frank (German: [ˈanə(liːs maˈʁiː) ˈfʁaŋk] ⓘ, Dutch: [ˌɑnəˈlis maːˈri ˈfrɑŋk, ˈɑnə ˈfrɑŋk] ⓘ; 12 June 1929 – c. February or March 1945)[38] was a German-born Jewish girl who kept a diary in which she documented life in hiding under Nazi persecution during the German occupation of the Netherlands. She is a celebrated diarist who described everyday life from her family hiding place in an Amsterdam attic. One of the most-discussed Jewish victims of the Holocaust, she gained fame posthumously with the 1947 publication of The Diary of a Young Girl (originally Het Achterhuis in Dutch, lit. 'the back house'; English: The Secret Annex), in which she documents her life in hiding from 1942 to 1944 — it is one of the world's best-known books and has been the basis for several plays and films.

Frank in May 1942, two months before she and her family went into hiding

Wikipedia: Anne Frank

Archimedes[edit]

Archimedes of Syracuse (/ˌɑːrkɪˈmiːdiːz/, ARK-ihm-EE-deez;[39][f] c. 287 – c. 212 BC) was an Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor from the ancient city of Syracuse in Sicily.[40] Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Considered the greatest mathematician of ancient history, and one of the greatest of all time,[41] Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by applying the concept of the infinitely small and the method of exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometrical theorems.[42][43] These include the area of a circle, the surface area and volume of a sphere, the area of an ellipse, the area under a parabola, the volume of a segment of a paraboloid of revolution, the volume of a segment of a hyperboloid of revolution, and the area of a spiral.[44][45]

Archimedes Thoughtful by Domenico Fetti (1620)

Wikipedia: Archimedes

Aretha Franklin[edit]

Aretha Louise Franklin (/əˈriːθə/ ə-REE-thə; March 25, 1942 – August 16, 2018) was an American singer, songwriter and pianist.[46] Referred to as the "Queen of Soul", Rolling Stone twice named her as the greatest singer of all time.[47][48] With global sales of over 75 million records, Franklin is one of the world's best-selling music artists.[49]

Franklin in 1968

Wikipedia: Aretha Franklin

Aristoteles[edit]

Aristotle (/ˈærɪsˌtɒtəl/ ARR-iss-tot-əl;[50] Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs, pronounced [aristotélɛːs]; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science.

Roman copy (in marble) of a Greek bronze bust of Aristotle by Lysippos (c. 330 BC), with modern alabaster mantle

Wikipedia: Aristotle

People with the given name Aristotle[edit]

The modern Greek name is also anglicized Aristotelis; the French form is Aristote:

Audrey Hepburn[edit]

Audrey Kathleen Hepburn (née Ruston; 4 May 1929 – 20 January 1993) was a British[g] actress. Recognised as a film and fashion icon, she was ranked by the American Film Institute as the third-greatest female screen legend from the Classical Hollywood cinema and was inducted into the International Best Dressed Hall of Fame List.

Hepburn in 1956

Wikipedia: Audrey Hepburn

Augustus[edit]

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Latin: Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire. He reigned as the first Roman emperor from 27 BC until his death in AD 14.[h] The reign of Augustus initiated an imperial cult, as well as an era associated with imperial peace (the Pax Romana or Pax Augusta) in which the Roman world was largely free of armed conflict (aside from expansionary wars and the Year of the Four Emperors, the latter of which occurring after Augustus' reign). The Principate system of government was established during his reign and lasted until the Crisis of the Third Century.

Augustus of Prima Porta, 1st century

Link: Augustus

Barack Obama[edit]

Barack Hussein Obama II (/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/ ⓘ, bə-RAHK hoo-SAYN oh-BAH-mə;[54] born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African-American president in U.S. history. Obama previously served as a U.S. senator representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, as an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004, and as a civil rights lawyer and university lecturer.

Obama standing in the Oval Office with his arms folded and smiling

Wikipedia: Barack Obama

Benjamin Franklin[edit]

Benjamin Franklin FRS FRSA FRSE (January 17, 1706 [O.S. January 6, 1705][Note 3] – April 17, 1790) was an American polymath, a leading writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer, publisher, and political philosopher.[55] Among the most influential intellectuals of his time, Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States; a drafter and signer of the Declaration of Independence; and the first postmaster general.[56]

Portrait by Joseph Duplessis, 1778

Wikipedia: Benjamin Franklin

Beyoncé[edit]

Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (/biˈɒnseɪ/ ⓘ bee-ON-say;[57] born September 4, 1981)[58] is an American singer, songwriter and businesswoman. Dubbed as "Queen Bey" and a prominent cultural figure of the 21st century, she has been recognized for her artistry and performances, with Rolling Stone naming her one of the greatest vocalists of all time.

Beyoncé in 2023

Wikipedia: Beyoncé

Bill Clinton[edit]

William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992. Clinton, whose policies reflected a centrist "Third Way" political philosophy, became known as a New Democrat.

Official portrait, 1993

Wikipedia: Bill Clinton

Bill Gates[edit]

William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American businessman, investor, philanthropist, and writer best known for co-founding the software giant Microsoft, along with his childhood friend Paul Allen. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of chairman, chief executive officer (CEO), president, and chief software architect, while also being its largest individual shareholder until May 2014.[59][i] He was a prominent pioneer of the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s.

Bill Gates in 2023

Wikipedia: Bill Gates

Bob Dylan[edit]

Bob Dylan (legally Robert Dylan;[62] born Robert Allen Zimmerman, May 24, 1941) is an American singer-songwriter. Generally regarded as one of the greatest songwriters ever,[63][64][65] Dylan has been a major figure in popular culture over his 60-year career. He rose to prominence in the 1960s, when his songs "Blowin' in the Wind" (1963) and "The Times They Are a-Changin'" (1964) became anthems for the civil rights and antiwar movements. Initially modeling his style on Woody Guthrie's folk songs,[66] Robert Johnson's blues,[67] and what he called the "architectural forms" of Hank Williams's country songs,[68] Dylan added increasingly sophisticated lyrical techniques to the folk music of the early 1960s, infusing it "with the intellectualism of classic literature and poetry".[63] His lyrics incorporated political, social, and philosophical influences, defying pop music conventions and appealing to the burgeoning counterculture.[69]

Dylan in 2010

Wikipedia: Bob Dylan

Bob Marley[edit]

Robert Nesta Marley OM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican reggae singer, guitarist, and songwriter. Considered one of the pioneers of the genre, Marley fused elements of reggae, ska, and rocksteady in his music and was renowned for his distinctive vocal and songwriting style.[70][71] Marley's contribution to music increased the visibility of Jamaican music worldwide and made him a global figure in popular culture.[72][73] Over the course of his career, Marley became known as a Rastafarian icon, and he infused his music with a sense of spirituality.[74] He is also considered a global symbol of Jamaican music and culture and identity, and was controversial in his outspoken support for democratic social reforms.[75][76] He also supported legalisation of cannabis, and advocated for Pan-Africanism.[77] In 1976, Marley survived an assassination attempt in his home, which was thought to be politically motivated.[78]

Black and white image of Bob Marley

Wikipedia: Bob Marley

Bono[edit]

Paul David Hewson (born 10 May 1960), known by the nickname Bono (/ˈbɒnoʊ/ BON-oh), is an Irish singer-songwriter and activist.[79] He is the lead vocalist and primary lyricist of the rock band U2.

Bono performing on the Joshua Tree Tour 2017 in Indianapolis

Wikipedia: Bono

Brad Pitt[edit]

William Bradley Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer. He is the recipient of various accolades, including two Academy Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, and a Primetime Emmy Award. As a public figure, Pitt has been cited as one of the most powerful and influential people in the American entertainment industry.

Brad Pitt in 2019

Wikipedia: Brad Pitt

Britney Spears[edit]

Britney Jean Spears (born December 2, 1981) is an American singer. Often referred to as the "Princess of Pop", she is credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Spears has sold over 150 million records worldwide, making her one of the world's best-selling music artists. She has earned numerous awards and accolades, including a Grammy Award, 15 Guinness world records, six MTV Video Music Awards, seven Billboard Music Awards (including the Millennium Award), the inaugural Radio Disney Icon Award, and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Her heavily choreographed videos earned her the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award.

Spears in 2013

Wikipedia: Britney Spears

Bruce Lee[edit]

Bruce Lee (Chinese: 李小龍; born Lee Jun-fan, 李振藩; November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973) was a Hong Kong-American martial artist and actor. He was the founder of Jeet Kune Do, a hybrid martial arts philosophy drawing from different combat disciplines that is sometimes credited with paving the way for modern mixed martial arts (MMA).[80] Lee is considered by some commentators and martial artists to be the most influential martial artist of all time and a pop culture icon of the 20th century, who bridged the gap between East and West. He is credited with promoting Hong Kong action cinema and helping to change the way Chinese people were presented in American films.[81]

Bruce Lee

Wikipedia: Bruce Lee

Bruce Springsteen[edit]

Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen (born September 23, 1949) is an American rock singer, songwriter, and guitarist. Nicknamed "the Boss",[82] he has released 21 studio albums during a career spanning six decades, most of which feature his backing band, the E Street Band. Springsteen is a pioneer of heartland rock, a genre combining mainstream rock music with poetic and socially conscious lyrics that feature narratives primarily concerning working class American life. He is known for his descriptive lyrics and energetic concerts, which sometimes last over four hours.[83]

Springsteen in 2012

Wikipedia: Bruce Springsteen

Celine Dion[edit]

Céline Marie Claudette Dion CC OQ (/seɪˌliːn diˈɒn/ say-LEEN dee-ON;[j] born 30 March 1968)[86] is a Canadian singer. Referred to as the "Queen of Power Ballads",[87][88] she is noted for her powerful and technically skilled vocals.[89][90] Her music has incorporated genres such as pop, rock, R&B, gospel, and classical music. Her recordings have been mainly in English and French, although she has also sung in Spanish, Italian, German, Latin, Japanese, and Chinese.

Dion in 2012

Wikipedia: Celine Dion

Charles Darwin[edit]

Charles Robert Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZS JP[91] (/ˈdɑːrwɪn/[92] DAR-win; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist,[93] widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all species of life have descended from a common ancestor is now generally accepted and considered a fundamental concept in science.[94] In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding.[95] Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history and was honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey.[96][97]

Darwin, c. 1854, when he was preparing On the Origin of Species

Wikipedia: Charles Darwin

Charles Dickens[edit]

Charles John Huffam Dickens (/ˈdɪkɪnz/; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English novelist and social critic who created some of the world's best-known fictional characters, and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era.[98] His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime and, by the 20th century, critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories are widely read today.[99][100]

Charles Dickens, Portrait by Jeremiah Gurney, c. 1867–1868

Wikipedia: Charles Dickens

Charlie Chaplin[edit]

Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin KBE (16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film. He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona, the Tramp, and is considered one of the film industry's most important figures. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy.

Chaplin in the early 1920s

Wikipedia: Charlie Chaplin

Che Guevara[edit]

Ernesto "Che" Guevara (Spanish: [ˈtʃe ɣeˈβaɾa];[101] 14 June 1928[102] – 9 October 1967) was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, guerrilla leader, diplomat, and military theorist. A major figure of the Cuban Revolution, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous countercultural symbol of rebellion and global insignia in popular culture.[103]

Guerrillero Heroico, 1960

Wikipedia: Che Guevara

Christoph Kolumbus[edit]

Christopher Columbus[k] (/kəˈlʌmbəs/;[104] between 25 August and 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italian[105][l] explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and European colonization of the Americas. His expeditions were the first known European contact with the Caribbean and Central and South America.

Posthumous portrait by Sebastiano del Piombo, 1519

Wikipedia: Christopher Columbus

Clark Gable[edit]

William Clark Gable (February 1, 1901 – November 16, 1960) was an American film actor. Often referred to as the "King of Hollywood",[107] he had roles in more than 60 films in a variety of genres during a career that lasted 37 years, three decades of which was as a leading man. He was named the seventh greatest male movie star of classic American cinema by the American Film Institute.[108]

Gable in a publicity portrait in 1940

Wikipedia: Clark Gable

Claude Monet[edit]

Oscar-Claude Monet (UK: /ˈmɒneɪ/, US: /moʊˈneɪ, məˈ-/, French: [klod mɔnɛ]; 14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a French painter and founder of impressionist painting who is seen as a key precursor to modernism, especially in his attempts to paint nature as he perceived it.[109] During his long career, he was the most consistent and prolific practitioner of impressionism's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions of nature, especially as applied to plein air (outdoor) landscape painting.[110] The term "Impressionism" is derived from the title of his painting Impression, soleil levant, exhibited in 1874 (the "exhibition of rejects") initiated by Monet and his associates as an alternative to the Salon.

Monet c. 1899

Wikipedia: Claude Monet

Clint Eastwood[edit]

Clinton Eastwood Jr. (born May 31, 1930) is an American actor and film director. After achieving success in the Western TV series Rawhide, Eastwood rose to international fame with his role as the "Man with No Name" in Sergio Leone's Dollars Trilogy of spaghetti Westerns during the mid-1960s and as antihero cop Harry Callahan in the five Dirty Harry films throughout the 1970s and 1980s. These roles, among others, have made Eastwood an enduring cultural icon of masculinity.[111][112] Elected in 1986, Eastwood served for two years as the mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California.

Eastwood in 2010

Wikipedia: Clint Eastwood

Coco Chanel[edit]

Gabrielle Bonheur "Coco" Chanel (/ʃəˈnɛl/ shə-NEL, French: [ɡabʁijɛl bɔnœʁ kɔko ʃanɛl] ⓘ; 19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971)[113] was a French fashion designer and businesswoman. The founder and namesake of the Chanel brand, she was credited in the post–World War I era with popularizing a sporty, casual chic as the feminine standard of style. This replaced the "corseted silhouette" that had earlier been dominant with a style that was simpler, far less time-consuming to put on and remove, more comfortable, and less expensive, all without sacrificing elegance. She is the only fashion designer listed on Time magazine's list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.[114] A prolific fashion creator, Chanel extended her influence beyond couture clothing, realizing her aesthetic design in jewellery, handbags, and fragrance. Her signature scent, Chanel No. 5, has become an iconic product, and Chanel herself designed her famed interlocked-CC monogram, which has been in use since the 1920s.[115]

Coco Chanel in Los Angeles, 1931

Wikipedia: Coco Chanel

Confucius[edit]

Confucius (孔子; pinyin: Kǒngzǐ; lit. 'Master Kong'; c. 551 – c. 479 BCE), born Kong Qiu (孔丘), was a Chinese philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. Confucius's teachings and philosophy underpin the East Asian culture and society, and remain influential across China and East Asia to this day.[116] His philosophical teachings, called Confucianism, emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, kindness, sincerity, and a ruler's responsibilities to lead by virtue.[117]

Depiction of Confucius by Wu Daozi (685–758), Tang dynasty

Wikipedia: Confucius

Cristiano Ronaldo[edit]

Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH ComM (Portuguese pronunciation: [kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁɔˈnaldu]; born 5 February 1985) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for and captains both Saudi Pro League club Al Nassr and the Portugal national team. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, Ronaldo has won five Ballon d'Or awards,[note 1] a record three UEFA Men's Player of the Year Awards, and four European Golden Shoes, the most by a European player. He has won 33 trophies in his career, including seven league titles, five UEFA Champions Leagues, the UEFA European Championship and the UEFA Nations League. Ronaldo holds the records for most appearances (183), goals (140) and assists (42) in the Champions League, goals in the European Championship (14), international goals (128) and international appearances (205). He is one of the few players to have made over 1,200 professional career appearances, the most by an outfield player, and has scored over 850 official senior career goals for club and country, making him the top goalscorer of all time.

Ronaldo with Al Nassr in 2023

Wikipedia: Cristiano Ronaldo

Dalai Lama[edit]

The 14th Dalai Lama[m] (spiritual name: Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, also known as Tenzin Gyatso;[n] né Lhamo Thondup;[o] born 6 July 1935), known to the Tibetan people as Gyalwa Rinpoche, is, as the incumbent Dalai Lama, the highest spiritual leader and head of Tibet.[118] He is considered a living Bodhisattva; specifically, an emanation of Avalokiteśvara in Sanskrit, and Chenrezig in Tibetan. He is also the leader and a monk of the Gelug school, the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism,[119] formally headed by the Ganden Tripa. The central government of Tibet, the Ganden Phodrang, invested the Dalai Lama with temporal[120] duties until his exile in 1959.[121][122]

Dalai Lama in 2012 02

Daniel Craig[edit]

Daniel Wroughton Craig CMG (born 2 March 1968) is an English actor. He gained international fame by playing the fictional secret agent James Bond for five installments in the film series, from Casino Royale (2006) up to No Time to Die (2021).[123][124]

Daniel Craig in 2021

David Beckham[edit]

David Robert Joseph Beckham OBE (/ˈbɛkəm/ BEK-əm;[125] born 2 May 1975) is an English former professional footballer, the president and co-owner of Inter Miami CF and co-owner of Salford City.[126] Primarily a right winger and known for his range of passing, crossing ability and free-kick taking, Beckham has been hailed as one of the greatest and most recognisable midfielders of his generation, as well as one of the best free-kick takers of all time.[127][128][129] He won 19 major trophies in his career, and is the first English player to win league titles in four different countries: England, Spain, the United States and France.[130]

Beckham at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships

David Bowie[edit]

David Bowie|David Robert Jones (8 January 1947 – 10 January 2016), known professionally as David Bowie (/ˈboʊi/ BOH-ee),[131] was an English singer, songwriter, musician, and actor. He is regarded as one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century. Bowie was acclaimed by critics and musicians, particularly for his innovative work during the 1970s. His career was marked by reinvention and visual presentation, and his music and stagecraft had a significant impact on popular music.

David Bowie, Chicago 2002-08-08, photo by Adam Bielawski

Wikipedia: David Bowie

David Livingstone[edit]

David Livingstone FRGS FRS (/ˈlɪvɪŋstən/; 19 March 1813 – 1 May 1873) was a Scottish physician, Congregationalist, pioneer Christian missionary[132] with the London Missionary Society, and an explorer in Africa. Livingstone was married to Mary Moffat Livingstone, from the prominent 18th-century Moffatt missionary family.[133] Livingstone came to have a mythic status that operated on a number of interconnected levels: Protestant missionary martyr, working-class "rags-to-riches" inspirational story, scientific investigator and explorer, imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader, and advocate of British commercial and colonial expansion. As a result, Livingstone became one of the most popular British heroes of the late 19th-century Victorian era.

Livingstone in 1864

Wikipedia: David Livingstone

Diana, Princess of Wales[edit]

Diana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997), was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of Charles III (then Prince of Wales) and mother of Princes William and Harry. Her activism and glamour made her an international icon, and earned her enduring popularity.

Diana in 1997

Wikipedia: Diana, Princess of Wales

Dolly Parton[edit]

Dolly Rebecca Parton (born January 19, 1946) is an American singer-songwriter, actress, and philanthropist, known primarily for her decades-long career in country music. After achieving success as a songwriter for others, Parton made her album debut in 1967 with Hello, I'm Dolly, which led to success during the remainder of the 1960s (both as a solo artist and with a series of duet albums with Porter Wagoner), before her sales and chart peak came during the 1970s and continued into the 1980s. Some of Parton's albums in the 1990s did not sell as well, but she achieved commercial success again in the new millennium and has released albums on various independent labels since 2000, including her own label, Dolly Records.

Parton in 2010

Wikipedia: Dolly Parton

Donald Trump[edit]

Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.

Official portrait, 2017

Wikipedia: Donald Trump

Edgar Allan Poe[edit]

Edgar Allan Poe (né Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, author, editor, and literary critic who is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism and Gothic fiction in the United States, and of American literature. Poe was one of the country's earliest practitioners of the short story, and is considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre, as well as a significant contributor to the emerging genre of science fiction. He is the first well-known American writer to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.

Poe in 1849

Wikipedia: Edgar Allan Poe

Edgar Degas[edit]

Edgar Degas (UK: /ˈdeɪɡɑː/, US: /deɪˈɡɑː, dəˈɡɑː/;[134][135] born Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas, French: [ilɛːʁ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ ɛdɡaʁ də ɡa]; 19 July 1834 – 27 September 1917) was a French Impressionist artist famous for his pastel drawings and oil paintings.

Self-portrait (Degas Saluant), 1863

Wikipedia: Edgar Degas

Edith Piaf[edit]

Édith Piaf (born Édith Giovanna Gassion; 19 December 1915 – 10 October 1963) was a French singer best known for performing songs in the cabaret and modern chanson genres. She is widely regarded as France's greatest popular singer and one of the most celebrated performers of the 20th century.[136][137]

Piaf in 1946

Wikipedia: Edith Piaf

Edvard Munch[edit]

Edvard Munch (/mʊŋk/ MUUNK,[138] Norwegian: [ˈɛ̀dvɑɖ ˈmʊŋk] ⓘ; 12 December 1863 – 23 January 1944) was a Norwegian painter. His 1893 work, The Scream, has become one of Western art's most acclaimed images.

Munch in an undated photo

Wikipedia: Edvard Munch

Elisabeth I.[edit]

Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603)[p] was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last monarch of the House of Tudor.

The Darnley Portrait, c. 1575

Wikipedia: Elisabeth I

Elisabeth II.[edit]

Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states over the course of her lifetime and remained the monarch of 15 realms by the time of her death. Her reign of over 70 years is the longest of any British monarch, the longest of any female monarch, and the second longest verified reign of any monarch of a sovereign state in history.

Formal portrait, 1959

Wikipedia: Elisabeth II

Elizabeth Taylor[edit]

Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor DBE (27 February 1932 – 23 March 2011) was a British and American actress. She began her career as a child actress in the early 1940s and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s. She then became the world's highest paid movie star in the 1960s, remaining a well-known public figure for the rest of her life. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked her seventh on its greatest female screen legends list.

Publicity photo, late 1950s

Wikipedia: Elizabeth Taylor

Ellen DeGeneres[edit]

Ellen Lee DeGeneres (/dəˈdʒɛnərəs/ də-JEN-ər-əs; born January 26, 1958)[113][139] is an American comedian, television host, actress, and writer. She starred in the sitcom Ellen from 1994 to 1998, which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award for "The Puppy Episode". She also hosted the syndicated television talk show, The Ellen DeGeneres Show from 2003 to 2022, for which she received 33 Daytime Emmy Awards.

DeGeneres in 2009

Wikipedia: Ellen DeGeneres

Elton John[edit]

Sir Elton Hercules John CH CBE (born Reginald Kenneth Dwight; 25 March 1947[140]) is a British singer, pianist and composer. Acclaimed by critics and musicians, particularly for his work during the 1970s and for his lasting impact on the music industry, his music and showmanship have had a significant impact on popular music.[141] His songwriting partnership with lyricist Bernie Taupin is one of the most successful in history.[142]

John at Glastonbury Festival 2023

Wikipedia: Elton John

Elvis Presley[edit]

Elvis Aaron Presley[q] (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), also known mononymously as Elvis, was an American singer and actor. Known as the "King of Rock and Roll", he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century. Presley's energized interpretations of songs and sexually provocative performance style, combined with a singularly potent mix of influences across color lines during a transformative era in race relations, brought both great success and initial controversy.

Presley in a publicity photograph for the 1957 film Jailhouse Rock

Wikipedia: Elvis Presley

Eminem[edit]

Ernest Hemingway[edit]

Fidel Castro[edit]

Frank Lloyd Wright[edit]

Frank Sinatra[edit]

Frida Kahlo[edit]

Frédéric Chopin[edit]

Galileo Galilei[edit]

Gandhi[edit]

Genghis Khan[edit]

George Clooney[edit]

George Orwell[edit]

George W. Bush[edit]

George Washington[edit]

Grace Kelly[edit]

Hadrian (Kaiser)[edit]

Hans Christian Andersen[edit]

Henri Matisse[edit]

Hillary Clinton[edit]

Homer[edit]

Immanuel Kant[edit]

Isaac Newton[edit]

J. K. Rowling[edit]

J. R. R. Tolkien[edit]

Jackie Chan[edit]

James Cook[edit]

James Dean[edit]

Jane Austen[edit]

Jay-Z[edit]

Jeanne d’Arc[edit]

Jennifer Lawrence[edit]

Jesus[edit]

Jim Morrison[edit]

Johann Sebastian Bach[edit]

Johannes Gutenberg[edit]

Johannes Kepler[edit]

John F. Kennedy[edit]

John Lennon[edit]

John Travolta[edit]

Johnny Depp[edit]

Joseph Stalin[edit]

Julius Caesar[edit]

Justin Bieber[edit]

Justin Timberlake[edit]

Kafka[edit]

Karl Marx[edit]

Kate Winslet[edit]

Kim Jong Il[edit]

Kim Kardashian[edit]

Kleopatra[edit]

Lady Gaga[edit]

Lenin[edit]

Leo Tolstoy[edit]

Leonardo DiCaprio[edit]

Leonardo da Vinci[edit]

Lionel Messi[edit]

Louis Armstrong[edit]

Ludwig van Beethoven[edit]

Madonna (Künstlerin)[edit]

Malala Yousafzai[edit]

Malcolm X[edit]

Mao Zedong[edit]

Marco Polo[edit]

Margaret Thatcher[edit]

Mariah Carey[edit]

Marie Antoinette[edit]

Marie Curie[edit]

Marilyn Monroe[edit]

Mark Twain[edit]

Mark Zuckerberg== ==Marlon Brando Martin Luther[edit]

Martin Luther King[edit]

Marvin Gaye[edit]

Meryl Streep[edit]

Michael Jackson[edit]

Michael Jordan[edit]

Michelangelo[edit]

Muhammad Ali[edit]

Mutter Teresa[edit]

Napoleon[edit]

Neil Armstrong[edit]

Nelson Mandela[edit]

Nero[edit]

Olivia Newton-John[edit]

Oprah Winfrey[edit]

Osama bin Laden[edit]

Oscar Wilde[edit]

Pablo Picasso[edit]

Paul McCartney[edit]

Plato[edit]

Pocahontas[edit]

Prince[edit]

Pythagoras[edit]

Queen Victoria[edit]

Quentin Tarantino[edit]

Raffael[edit]

Rasputin[edit]

Rembrandt[edit]

Rihanna[edit]

Robert De Niro[edit]

Ronald Reagan== ==Rosa Parks Rowan Atkinson[edit]

Salvador Dalí[edit]

Sandro Botticelli[edit]

Shakira[edit]

Shania Twain[edit]

Sigmund Freud[edit]

Sitting Bull[edit]

Sokrates[edit]

Stephen Hawking[edit]

Stephen King[edit]

Steve Jobs[edit]

Steven Spielberg[edit]

Stevie Wonder[edit]

Taylor Swift[edit]

Theodore Roosevelt[edit]

Thomas Jefferson[edit]

Tiger Woods[edit]

Tom Cruise[edit]

Tom Hanks[edit]

Tutanchamun[edit]

Twiggy[edit]

Vasco da Gama[edit]

Vincent van Gogh[edit]

Vlad III. Drăculea[edit]

Vladimir Putin[edit]

Walt Disney[edit]

Whitney Houston[edit]

Will Smith[edit]

William Shakespeare[edit]

William the Conqueror[edit]

Winston Churchill[edit]

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart[edit]

Yoko Ono[edit]

Zodiac-Killer[edit]

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  118. ^ "His Holiness the Dalai Lama Speaks to Tibetan Students in Delhi". Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. 26 January 2015. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
  119. ^ Van Schaik, Sam (2011). Tibet: A History. Yale University Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-300-15404-7.
  120. ^ The two footnotes at the end of this sentence -- (at least, 'as of' this [March 2024] version of this article) -- may help to understand what the phrase "temporal duties" means here. The last footnote there contains a "QUOTE" that ends with the phrase "the spiritual and temporal ruler of Tibet". That might serve as a hint, indicating that investigating the meaning and use of the phrase "spiritual and temporal" (especially in a context like this one) might help to clarify the meaning of the word "temporal" in the phrase "temporal duties" here. The footnote before that (the second-to-last footnote in this sentence) contains a link to a PDF version of The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, ... a source that does not contain a defining entry for the word "temporal", but it does have a sentence that begins by saying

    In 1645, three years after his installation as temporal ruler of Tibet, the fifth Dalai Lama NGAG DBANG BLO BZANG RGYA MTSHO began [...]

    which is another example of the use of the word "temporal". A Wikipedia search for the phrase "temporal duties" might or might not be helpful. However, a Wikipedia search for the phrase "Temporal and Spiritual" might be more useful, since it includes a result for the Wikipedia disambiguation page Temporal power, although it lists only two meanings, and only one that is not specific to the Roman Catholic pope, which says:

    The temporal power (simply), the state (polity) or secular authority, in contrast to the church or spiritual authority

    so ... that Wikipedia article -- "state (polity)" -- that is mentioned there, might well shed some light on the meaning of the phrase "Temporal and Spiritual", and (by doing that), help us to understand what the word "temporal" means, as it is used here.
  121. ^ Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S., Jr. (2013). The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism. Archived 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400848058. Entries on "Dalai Lama" and "Dga' ldan pho brang".
  122. ^ "Definition of Dalai Lama in English". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 7 July 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2015. The spiritual head of Tibetan Buddhism and, until the establishment of Chinese communist rule, the spiritual and temporal ruler of Tibet
  123. ^ Hoyle, Ben (15 November 2006). "'Best Bond ever' vanquishes his greatest foe – the critics". The Times. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2006.
  124. ^ Gant, Charles (5 December 2012). "Skyfall windfall is UK box office's biggest ever". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
  125. ^ Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
  126. ^ "David Beckham: Salford City directorship approved by Football Association". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  127. ^ Hughes, Matt (16 May 2013). "David Beckham was one of best and most significant footballers of his generation". The Times. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  128. ^ Lara, Lorenzo; Mogollo, Álvaro; Wilson, Emily (20 September 2018). "Messi and the other best freekick takers in football history". Marca. Spain. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  129. ^ "Ranked! The 101 greatest football players of the last 25 years: full list". FourFourTwo (253 ed.). 13 February 2018. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  130. ^ "David Beckham: his club and international career in stats". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  131. ^ "How to say: Bowie". BBC. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  132. ^ Easton, Mark (3 September 2017). "Why don't many British tourists visit Victoria Falls?". BBC News. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  133. ^ Bayly, Paul (2013). David Livingstone, Africa's greatest explorer : the man, the missionary and the myth. Stroud. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-78155-333-6. OCLC 853507173.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  134. ^ Upton, Clive; Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. (2017). The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-138-12566-7.; Bollard, John K. (1998). Pronouncing Dictionary of Proper Names (2nd ed.). Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, Inc. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-7808-0098-4.
  135. ^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  136. ^ Huey, Steve. Édith Piaf biography at AllMusic. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
  137. ^ Burke, Carolyn. No Regrets: The Life of Edith Piaf, Alfred A. Knopf 2011, ISBN 978-0-307-26801-3.
  138. ^ Wells 2008. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFWells2008 (help)
  139. ^ "Try not to get jealous reading about Ellen DeGeneres' star-studded 60th birthday party". USA Today. February 13, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2021. DeGeneres, who marked the milestone birthday on Jan. 26
  140. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Artist Biography [Elton John]". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  141. ^ Dean, Jonathan (26 June 2023). "Elton John's best 25 songs ranked — from Daniel to Your Song". The Times. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  142. ^ "Elton John and Bernie Taupin | Songwriters Hall of Fame". www.songhall.org. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  143. ^ Elster 2006, p. 391.
  144. ^ a b Nash 2005, p. 11.
  145. ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 13.
  146. ^ a b Adelman 2002, pp. 13–15.
  1. ^ Pronunciation: German: [ˈaːdɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ⓘ
  2. ^ Pronounced [natsi̯oˈnaːlzotsi̯aˌlɪstɪʃə ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈʔaʁbaɪtɐpaʁˌtaɪ] ⓘ
  3. ^ Officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei[b] or NSDAP).
  4. ^ The position of Führer und Reichskanzler ("Leader and Chancellor") replaced the position of President, which was the head of state for the Weimar Republic. Hitler took this title after the death of Paul von Hindenburg, who had been serving as President. He was afterwards both head of state and head of government, with the full official title of Führer und Reichskanzler des Deutschen Reiches und Volkes ("Führer and Reich Chancellor of the German Reich and People").[2][3]
  5. ^ According to Gene Adair (2002), Hitchcock made 53 feature films.[28] According to Roger Ebert in 1980, it was 54.[29]
  6. ^ Ancient Greek: Ἀρχιμήδης; Doric Greek: [ar.kʰi.mɛː.dɛ̂ːs]
  7. ^ When asked about her background, Hepburn identified as half-Dutch,[51] as her mother was a Dutch noblewoman. Furthermore, she spent a significant number of her formative years in the Netherlands and was able to speak Dutch fluently. She solely held British nationality since at the time of her birth Dutch women were not permitted to pass on their nationality to their children; the Dutch law did not change in this regard until 1985.[52] Her ancestry is covered in the "Early life" section.
  8. ^ The dates of his rule are contemporary dates; Augustus lived under two calendars, the Roman Republican until 45 BC and the Julian calendar after 45 BC. Due to departures from Julius Caesar's intentions, Augustus finished restoring the Julian calendar in March AD 4 and the correspondence between the proleptic Julian calendar and the calendar observed in Rome is uncertain before 8 BC.[53]
  9. ^ Gates regularly documents his share ownership through public U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Form 4 filings.[60][61]
  10. ^ Although common to pronounce her first name as /səˈliːn/ sə-LEEN, the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English has the pronunciation listed as /seɪˈliːn/ say-LEEN.[84] In addition to /diˈɒn/ dee-ON, her last name is also pronounced in the UK as /ˈdiːɒn/ DEE-on.[85] In French, her full name is pronounced as [selin maʁi klodɛt djɔ̃], with "Dion" being pronounced in Quebec French as [d͡zjɔ̃].
  11. ^ In other relevant languages:
  12. ^ Though the modern state of Italy had yet to be established, the Latin equivalent of the term Italian had been in use for natives of the region since antiquity; most scholars believe Columbus was born in the Republic of Genoa.[106]
  13. ^ US: /ˈdɑːlaɪ ˈlɑːmə/, UK: /ˈdælaɪ ˈlɑːmə/
  14. ^ Tibetan: བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ, Wylie: bsTan-'dzin rgya-mtsho
  15. ^ Tibetan: ལྷ་མོ་དོན་འགྲུབ།, Wylie: Lha-mo Don-'grub, ZYPY: Lhamo Tönzhub, Lhasa dialect: [ˈl̥a̰ˌmo ˈtʰø̃ˌɖup]; simplified Chinese: 拉莫顿珠; traditional Chinese: 拉莫頓珠; pinyin: Lāmò Dùnzhū
  16. ^ Dates in this article before 14 September 1752 are in the Julian calendar and 1 January is treated as the beginning of the year, even though 25 March was treated as the beginning of the year in England during Elizabeth's life.
  17. ^ Although some pronounce his surname /ˈprɛzli/ PREZ-lee, Presley himself pronounced it /ˈprɛsli/ PRESS-lee, as did his family and those who worked with him.[143]

    The correct spelling of his middle name has long been a matter of debate. The physician who delivered him wrote "Elvis Aaron Presley" in his ledger.[144] The state-issued birth certificate reads "Elvis Aron Presley". The name was chosen after the Presleys' friend and fellow congregation member Aaron Kennedy, though a single-A spelling was probably intended by Presley's parents to parallel the middle name of Presley's stillborn brother, Jesse Garon.[145] It reads Aron on most official documents produced during his lifetime, including his high school diploma, RCA Victor record contract, and marriage license, and this was generally taken to be the proper spelling.[146] In 1966, Presley expressed the desire to his father that the more traditional biblical rendering, Aaron, be used henceforth, "especially on legal documents".[144] Five years later, the Jaycees citation honoring him as one of the country's Outstanding Young Men used Aaron. Late in his life, he sought to officially change the spelling to Aaron and discovered that state records already listed it that way. Knowing his wishes for his middle name, Aaron is the spelling his father chose for Presley's tombstone, and it is the spelling his estate has designated as official.[146]

  1. ^ Bell was a British subject for most of his early life. When he moved to Canada in 1870, Canadian and British citizenship were functionally identical, with Canadian citizenship only becoming a formal classification in 1910. He applied for American citizenship after 1877, gained it in 1882, and referred to himself as an American citizen from that point on. Quote from Bell speaking to his wife: "you are a citizen because you can't help it – you were born one, but I chose to be one."[21] Aside from Bell's own view of his citizenship, many, if not most Canadians considered him also as one of theirs as evidenced in an address by the Governor General of Canada. On October 24, 1917, in Brantford, Ontario, the Governor General spoke at the unveiling of the Bell Telephone Memorial to an audience numbering in the thousands, saying: "Dr. Bell is to be congratulated upon being able to receive the recognition of his fellow citizens and fellow countrymen".[22]
  1. ^ Charles Kuralt said on CBS television program Sunday Morning, referring to Earhart: "She was a pioneer in aviation ... she led the way so that others could follow and go on to even greater achievements", further stating, "trailblazers prepare the rest of us for the future."[31]
  2. ^ Earhart set several records, being the first woman to fly across the Atlantic, first as a passenger and later, as a solo pilot.[33]
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference birthdate was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

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