User:Amateos/Sandbox
| Paraguay: Electricity sector | ||
|---|---|---|
| ||
| Data | ||
| Electricity coverage (2005) | 89% (total); (LAC total average in 2007: 92%) | |
| Installed capacity(2006) | 7,420MW | |
| Share of fossil energy | <0.1% | |
| Share of renewable energy | >99.9% (hydroelectric) | |
| GHG emissions (2005) | 3.85 MtCO2 | |
| Average electricity use (2006) | 849kWh per capita | |
| Distribution losses (2005) | 31% | |
| Transmission losses (2003) | 7.3% | |
| Residential consumption (% of total) | 41% | |
| Industrial consumption (% of total) | 26% | |
| Commercial consumption (% of total) | 18.3% | |
| Average residential tariff (US$/kWh, 2006) | 0.091; (LAC average in 2005: 0.115) | |
| Average industrial tariff (US$/kWh, 2006) | 0.056; (LAC average in 2005: 0.107) | |
| Average commercial tariff (US$/kWh, 2006) | 0.090 | |
| Annual investment in electricity | n/a | |
| Institutions | ||
| Sector unbundling | No | |
| Share of private sector generation | 0% | |
| Competitive supply to large users | No | |
| Competitive supply to residential users | No | |
| Number of service providers | 1 | |
| National electricity regulator | No | |
| Responsibility for policy setting | Vice ministry of Mines and Energy | |
| Responsibility for renewable energy | Vice ministry of Mines and Energy | |
| Responsibility for the environment | Secretaría del Ambiente, SEAM | |
| Electricity Sector Law | Yes (1993) | |
| Renewable Energy Law | No | |
| CDM transactions related to the electricity sector | 0 registered CDM projects | |
Paraguay, with 100% of hydroelectric generation is a major exporter of electric power to neighboring Argentina and Brazil and one of the world’s largest electricity net exporters [1]. Despite the abundance of resources, the Paraguayan electricity system faces a meager situation due to the lack of investment in transmission and distribution networks. In addition, distribution losses are among the highest in the region.
Electricity supply and demand[edit]
Installed capacity and generation[edit]
Paraguay is the only country in Latin America with almost 100% hydroelectric generation capacity, 7,420 MW [2] in 2005. The hydroelectric plants Itaipu, Yacyreta and Acaray account for 85%, 12% and 3% of generation capacity respectively, while thermal plants contribute less than 0.1% [3].
While total generation amounted to 51.17 GWh in 2005, consumption was only 5.01 TWh, with exports as high as 43.8 TWh. [4] Almost all of the country’s consumption comes from a single facility, the bi-national 14 GW Itaipu hydroelectric dam [1].
Demand[edit]
In 2005, total electricity consumed in Paraguay was 5.01 TWh, which corresponds to 849 kWh per capita [4]. Electricity generated by Itaipu and Acaray, located in the East of the country, is transported to the West (to the Asuncion area), where over 60% of the total national consumption is located [3].
Electricity consumption by consumer group is divided as follows[3]:
- Residential: 41%
- Commercial: 18.3%
- Industrial: 26%
- Others: 14.2%
Demand versus supply, electricity exports[edit]
Paraguay operates two bi-national hydroelectric dams: Itaipu, with Brazil, and Yacyreta, with Argentina. In 2004, the country consumed only 16% of its 50% share of Itaipu’s production, exporting the rest to Brazil. As for Yacyreta, Paraguay consumes less than 1% of its share, exporting the rest to Argentina. [1]
The electricity interconnections that allow power exchanges with Brazil and Argentina are:
| Entities | Country | Supply point | Voltage (kV) | Power (MW) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FURNAS, ELECTROSUL, ELECTROBRAS | Brazil | Itaipu | 500 | 7,000 |
| EBISA | Argentina | Yacyretá | 500 | 1,540 |
| ENERSUL | Brazil | Pedro Juan Caballero | 23 | 3 |
| COPEL | Brazil | Acaray | 132 | 50 |
| EMSA | Argentina | C.A. López | 132 | 30 |
| TRANSNEA/EDEFOR | Argentina | Guarambaré | 220 | 80 |
Source: ESMAP, 2006
Access to electricity[edit]
In 2005, almost 90% of the population in Paraguay had access to electricity, which is just slightly below than the 94.6 average for LAC [5]
Since 2004, the National Electricity Administration (ANDE) has been carrying out a Program to Recover Distribution Works under the Self-Help System (Sistema de Autoayuda), which aims at the regularization of all the low and medium voltage distribution networks. This program, with a 10 year time-horizon, is implemented according to priorities defined by the conservation status of the networks involved. Under this program, installations that do not comply with current ANDE’s rules are replaced. [3]
Service quality[edit]
Interruption frequency and duration[edit]
In 2005, the average number of interruptions per subscriber was 16.4, while duration of interruptions per subscriber was 7.58 hours. While the number of interruptions is just slightly above than the weighted average for LAC, 13 interruptions, the duration is well below the weighted average of 14 hours. [5]
Distribution and transmission losses[edit]
In 2005, distribution losses in Paraguay were has high as 31%, well above the 13.5% weighted average for LAC [5] and up from about 22% in 2001 [6]
System losses have become a serious problem in the last few years, having followed continuous upward trend. The highest percentage of losses occurs in the National Interconnected System (SIN), while the remaining corresponds to the bi-national enterprises. In the SIN, distribution losses represented 23% of the total in 2003, while transmission losses, according to ANDE, were 7.3%. ANDE has established a 23% target for electricity losses for the year 2010. [3]
Responsibilities in the electricity sector[edit]
Policy and regulation[edit]
Law 167/93 indicated that the Vice ministry of Mines and Energy (under the Ministry of Public Works and Communication) was responsible for establishing and guiding energy policy, as well as for the study of the technical, economic, financial and legal aspects that promote energy use. However, the Vice ministry does not have the adequate resources to efficiently perform its functions in energy planning. [7]
In practice, all the energy responsibilities are concentrated in the National Electricity Administration (Administración Nacional de Electricidad, ANDE), the vertically-integrated public utility, which is the de facto electricity regulator. ANDE also elaborates the tariff structure, which is then analyzed and approved (usually setting lower tariffs to the ones proposed by ANDE) by the Economic Council of the Executive Power. The Council usually sets lower tariffs to the ones proposed by ANDE, which leads to a lack of resources for the necessary investment for adequate performance of the electricity system. [3]
Generation, transmission and distribution[edit]
The National Electricity Administration (Administración Nacional de Electricidad, ANDE), Paraguay’s state-owned utility, controls the country’s entire electricity market, including generation, transmission and distribution. ANDE operates only one hydroelectric dam, Acaray, and six thermal power plants, with total installed capacity of 220 MW. It is also responsible for Paraguay’s share of Itaipú and Yacyretá, the two bi-national hydroelectric facilities (See bi-national facilities above).
ANDE operates 2,100 miles of transmission lines in the Interconnected National System, divided in 6 subsystems, and 670 miles of distribution lines. [1] It is also responsible for all of the distribution, except for two exception: CLYFSA (Compañía de Luz y Fuerza, S.A.), which has a concession to distribute and commercialize electricity in the Villarica town, and Empresas Distribuidoras Menoitas del Chaco Central. [3]
History of the electricity sector[edit]
Hydroelectric plants[edit]
Itaipu[edit]
In April 1973, the governments of Paraguay and Brazil signed the Itaipu Treaty, by which it was decided to create a binacional entity to hydroelectric use of the Paraná river. This entity was constituted by ANDE (Paraguay) and ELECTROBRAS (Brazil). US$100 million where contributed in equal parts by both companies. [3]
Yacyretá[edit]
In December 1973, the governments of Argentina and Paraguay signed the Yacyreta Treaty, by which ANDE and Agua y Energía constituted the Binational Entity, whose aim is the hydroelectric use of the Paraná river. US$100 million where contributed in equal parts by both companies. [3]
Corpus Christi[edit]
In 1971, Paraguay and Argentina created the River Parana Joint Commission (Comisión Mixta del Río Paraná, COMIP), which started to carry out different studies (pre-feasibility, environmental, etc.) for the Corpus project, to be located upstream of the Paraná river, close to the towns of Corpus (in the Argentina Misiones Province and Puerto Bella Vista in Paraguay [3]. In the mid 1980s, Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil signed a tripartite agreement that established the operating height of the project, which would allow to bring into line the operation of Corpus with those of Yacyreta and Itaipu.[8]
The different alternatives for this project are still under study. As a large hydroelectric project, with installed capacity of about 3,000 MW and annual generation of about 19,000 GWh [9], Corpus is a controversial project that is opposed both at the regional and social levels. In April 1996, in a plebiscite in the Misiones Province, the construction of the dam was opposed by almost 89% of the voters. [3]
Blackouts[edit]
Despite consuming less than 6 TWh per year and exporting closet o 45 TWh per year, Paraguay faces blackouts as well as a serious risk of suffering an energy crisis. This is the result of the limitations of both the transmission and distribution systems. The ceiling of the system is placed by ANDE’s at 1,700 MW, with demand above 1,500 MW in 2008. [10] Transport capacity is urgently needed to avoid a supply crisis [10] in a system in which quality and technical services are practically nonexistent. [3]
Different authors believe that the price received for the electricity sold to Brazil (from Paraguay’s share in Itaipu) and also to Argentina to some extent (from its share in Yacyreta) is too currently too low. The “fair price” established by the Itaipu Treaty was conceived on the basis of a “compensation for concession of energy” and not on the basis of a commercial exchange. This price has remained very low (about US$2.81 per MWh). It is argued that, if this price was more in line with actual electricity prices in the Brazilian market, Paraguay would have enough resources to strengthen its electricity transportation capacity. [11]
Tariffs and subsidies[edit]
Tariffs[edit]
In 2006, the average national tariff in Paraguay was US$0.080 per kWh [6] Tariffs for the different consumer groups were[6]:
- Residential: US$0.091/kWh ( weighted average for LAC in 2005: 0.105[5])
- Commercial: US$0.090/kWh
- Industrial: US$0.056/kWh ( weighted average for LAC in 2005: 0.1075[5])
- General: US$0.075/kWh
- Others: US$0.094/kWh
Subsidies[edit]
In November 2004, the Paraguayan Government approved Law 2,501, which broadened the electricity social tariff applied by ANDE. The social tariff is applied to residential users below 150kWh of monthly consumption. Currently, about 37% of total customers benefit from this tariff. ANDE estimates that this share will gradually increase to 56% of the total[3].
Investment and financing[edit]
Investments for maintenance and expansion of the necessary assets to provide electricity service have been executed with the support of multilateral credit institutions[3].
Summary of private participation in the electricity sector[edit]
The National Electricity Administration (Administración Nacional de Electricidad, ANDE), Paraguay’s state-owned utility, controls the country’s entire electricity market, including generation, transmission and distribution. [1]
| Activity | Private participation (%) |
|---|---|
| Generation | 0% of installed capacity |
| Transmission | 0% |
| Distribution | 0% |
Electricity and the environment[edit]
Responsibility for the environment[edit]
The Environmental Directorate (Secretaría del Ambiente, SEAM) is the institution in charge of environmental issues in Paraguay, focusing on natural resources management and preservation.[12]
Greenhouse gas emissions[edit]
Paraguay emitted 3.85 millions tons of CO2 in 2005, which corresponds to just 0.61 tCO2 per capita annually, the lowest rate in the LAC region after Haiti’s. [13]
CDM projects in electricity[edit]
Currently (August 2008), there are no registered CDM projects in any sector in Paraguay. [14] The low emission factor of a fully hydroelectric system is most likely the reason for the absence of this type of projects in the electricity sector.
External assistance[edit]
Inter-American Development Bank[edit]
Currently, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) is contributing funds and assistance to one projects in the electricity sector in Paraguay:
- Phase I of a Multi-Phase Power Transmission Program supported through a US$69.5 million credit. The objective of this project, which was approved in December 2006 but has not disbursed any funds as of August 2008, is to strengthen transmission networks in already served areas as well as to extend them to areas still not being served.
The IDB is also providing technical assistance to two activities:
- Support for Paraguay's Electrical Sector Modernization]. The objective of this support is to execute studies that will formulate the fundamental and integrated actions, to increase the total loss management capacity of the ANDE in these categories: i) management of loss, ii) prospection of losses, iii) regularization of systems and facilities, iv) collection of the recovered revenue, and v) loss prevention.
- Development of a National Rural Electrification Program that will explore grid extension, renewable energy and natural gas solutions.
Sources[edit]
Casco Carreras, 2008. Presente y Futuro del Sector Energético Nacional. Centro de Análisis y Difusión de la Economía Paraguaya
ESMAP, 2006. Estrategia para el desarrollo del sector eléctrico del Paraguay.
Suarez Montorfano, 2007. El Proyecto hidroeléctrico Corpus Christi
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b c d e Energy Information Administration (EIA)
- ^ International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ESMAP 2006 Cite error: The named reference "ESMAP06" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b International Energy Agency (IEA)
- ^ a b c d e Benchmarking data of the electricity distribution sector in Latin America and Caribbean Region 1995-2005 Cite error: The named reference "Benchmarking" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c National Electricity Administration (ANDE)
- ^ Casco Carreras 2008
- ^ Comisión Mixta del Río Paraná, COMIP
- ^ Viceministry of Energy and Mines
- ^ a b Casco Carreras 2008
- ^ Casco Carreras 2008
- ^ Environmental Directorate
- ^ Energy Information Administration, International Emissions Data
- ^ UNFCCC
See also[edit]
- Paraguay
- Economy of Paraguay
- Water supply and sanitation in Paraguay
- History of Paraguay
- Politics of Paraguay