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Consonant tables
Near-close front unrounded vowel (sound between cardinal [i] and [e]): [i̞], [e̝], [ɪ̟]
Near-close front rounded vowel (sound between cardinal [y] and [ø]): [y̞], [ø̝], [ʏ̟]
Near-close back unrounded vowel (sound between cardinal [ɯ] and [ɤ]): [ɯ̞], [ɤ̝], [ɯ̠̽]
Near-close back rounded vowel (sound between cardinal [u] and [o]): [u̞], [o̝], [ʊ̠] Dental, alveolar and postalveolar consonants [ edit ]
Voiceless dental
Voiced dental
Voiceless alveolar
Voiced alveolar
Voiceless postalveolar
Voiced postalveolar
Nasal
Plosive
Sibilant affricate t̪s̪
d̪z̪
ts
dz
t̠ʃ
d̠ʒ
Spirant affricate t̪θ
d̪ð
tθ̠ /tɹ̝̊
dð̠/dɹ̝
t̠ɹ̝̠̊
d̠ɹ̝̠
Sibilant fricative s̪
z̪
s
z
ʃ
ʒ
Spirant fricative θ
ð
θ̠ /ɹ̝̊
ð̠/ɹ̝
ɹ̝̠̊
ɹ̝̠
Approximant ð̞̊/ɹ̪̊
ð̞/ɹ̪
ɹ̊
ɹ
ɹ̠̊
ɹ̠
Flap ɾ̪̊
ɾ̪
ɾ̥
ɾ
ɾ̠̊
ɾ̠
Trill r̪̊
r̪
r̥
r
r̠̊
r̠
Lateral affricate t̪ɬ̪
d̪ɮ̪
tɬ
dɮ
t̠ɬ̠
d̠ɮ̠
Lateral fricative ɬ̪
ɮ̪
ɬ
ɮ
ɬ̠
ɮ̠
Lateral approximant l̪̊
l̪
l̥
l
l̠̊
l̠
Lateral flap ɺ̪̊
ɺ̪
ɺ̊
ɺ
ɺ̠̊
ɺ̠
Alveolo-palatal, palatal and palato-velar consonants [ edit ]
Voiceless alveolo-palatal
Voiced alveolo-palatal
Voiceless palatal
Voiced palatal
Voiceless palato-velar
Voiced palato-velar
Nasal ɲ̟̊/n̠̊ʲ
ɲ̟/n̠ʲ
ɲ̊
ɲ
ŋ̟̊/ɲ̠̊
ŋ̟/ɲ̠
Plosive c̟/t̠ʲ
ɟ̟/d̠ʲ
c
ɟ
k̟/c̠
g̟/ɟ̠
Sibilant affricate t̪s̪
d̪z̪
ts
dz
t̠ʃ
d̠ʒ
Spirant affricate cç̟/t̠ɹ̝̠̊ʲ
ɟʝ̟/d̠ɹ̝̠ʲ
cç
ɟʝ
kx̟/cç̠
gɣ̟/ɟʝ̠
Sibilant fricative s̪
z̪
s
z
ʃ
ʒ
Spirant fricative ç̟/ɹ̝̠̊ʲ
ʝ̟/ɹ̝̠ʲ
ç
ʝ
x̟/ç̠
ɣ̟/ʝ̠
Approximant j̟̊/ɹ̠̊ʲ
j̟/ɹ̠ʲ
j̊
j
ɰ̟̊/j̠̊
ɰ̟/j̠
Flap ɾ̠̊ʲ
ɾ̠ʲ
–
–
–
–
Trill r̠̊ʲ
r̠ʲ
–
–
–
–
Lateral affricate t̪ɬ̪
d̪ɮ̪
tɬ
dɮ
t̠ɬ̠
d̠ɮ̠
Lateral fricative ʎ̝̟̊/ɬ̠ʲ
ʎ̝̟/ɮ̠ʲ
ʎ̝̊
ʎ̝
ʟ̟̝̊/ʎ̝̠̊
ʟ̟̝/ʎ̝̠
Lateral approximant ʎ̟̊/l̠̊ʲ
ʎ̟/l̠ʲ
ʎ̥
ʎ
ʟ̟̊/ʎ̠̊
ʟ̟/ʎ̠
Lateral flap ɺ̪̊
ɺ̪
ɺ̊
ɺ
ɺ̠̊
ɺ̠
Velar, velo-uvular and uvular consonants [ edit ]
Voiceless velar
Voiced velar
Voiceless velo-uvular
Voiced velo-uvular
Voiceless uvular
Voiced uvular
Nasal ŋ̊
ŋ
ɴ̥̟/ŋ̠̊
ɴ̟/ŋ̠
ɴ̥
ɴ
Plosive k
g
q̟/k̠
ɢ̟/g̠
q
ɢ
Affricate kx
gɣ
qχ̟ /kx̠
ɢʁ̟/gɣ̠
qχ
ɢʁ
Fricative x
ɣ
χ̟ /x̠
ʁ̟/ɣ̠
χ
ʁ
Approximant ɰ̊
ɰ
ʁ̞̟̊/ɰ̠̊
ʁ̞̟/ɰ̠
ʁ̞̊
ʁ̞
Flap –
–
ɢ̟̆̊/ʀ̟̆̊
ɢ̟̆/ʀ̟̆
ɢ̥̆/ʀ̥̆
ɢ̆/ʀ̆
Trill –
–
ʀ̟̊
ʀ̟
ʀ̥
ʀ
Lateral affricate t̪ɬ̪
d̪ɮ̪
tɬ
dɮ
t̠ɬ̠
d̠ɮ̠
Lateral fricative ʟ̠̝̊
ʟ̠̝
Lateral approximant ʟ̥
ʟ
ʟ̠̊
ʟ̠
Lateral flap ɺ̪̊
ɺ̪
ɺ̊
ɺ
ɺ̠̊
ɺ̠
Implosives [ edit ] Voiced bilabial implosive: [ɓ]
Voiced labiodental implosive: [ɓ̪]
Voiced linguolabial implosive: [ɗ̼]/[ɓ̺]
Voiced dental implosive: [ɗ̪]
Voiced alveolar implosive: [ɗ]
Voiced postalveolar implosive: [ɗ̠]
Voiced retroflex implosive: [ᶑ]
Voiced alveolo-palatal implosive: [ʄ̟]/[ɗ̠ʲ]
Voiced palatal implosive: [ʄ]
Voiced palato-velar implosive: [ɠ̟]/[ʄ̠]
Voiced velar implosive: [ɠ]
Voiced velo-uvular implosive: [ʛ̟]/[ɠ̠]
Voiced uvular implosive: [ʛ] Voiceless [ edit ] More implosives [ edit ] More implosives
Voiceless approximants [ edit ] Central approximants [ edit ] Lateral approximants [ edit ] Coarticulated approximants with dedicated IPA symbols [ edit ] Nasalised approximants [ edit ] Coarticulated nasalised approximants with dedicated IPA symbols [ edit ] Affrication [ edit ] Affrication
Some vowels [ edit ] Between [e] and [ɛ]: [e̞] or [ɛ̝]
Semivowels [ edit ]
Front
Central
Back
Fricative
ʝ ʝʷ
ʝ̈ ɣ̈ʷ
ɣ ɣʷ
Semivowel
j ɥ
j̈ ẅ
ɰ w
Close
i y
ɨ ʉ
ɯ u
Near-close
ɪ ʏ
ɪ̈ ʊ̈
ɯ̽ ʊ
Voiceless dental dark L [ɫ̪̊]
Voiced dental dark L [ɫ̪]
Voiceless dark L [ɫ̥]
Voiced dark L [ɫ]
Voiceless postalveolar dark L [ɫ̠̊]
Voiced postalveolar dark L [ɫ̠] Affricates [ edit ] Approximant affricates [ edit ]
Sound (voiceless)
IPA
Languages
Sound (voiced)
IPA
Languages
Voiceless bilabial approximant affricate
[pɸ] Present allophonically in Kaingang and Taos . Not reported as a phoneme in any natural language.
Voiced bilabial approximant affricate
[bβ] Allophonic in Banjun [1] Shipibo
Voiceless labiodental approximant affricate
[p̪ʋ̥]
Voiced labiodental approximant affricate
[b̪ʋ]
Voiceless dental approximant affricate
[t̪ð̞̊]
Voiced dental approximant affricate
[d̪ð̞]
Voiceless alveolar approximant affricate
[tɹ̊]
Voiced alveolar approximant affricate
[dɹ]
Voiceless retroflex approximant affricate
[tɻ̊] Mapudungun [verification needed , Malagasy
Voiced retroflex approximant affricate
[dɻ] Malagasy
Voiceless palatal approximant affricate
[cj̊] Skolt Sami (younger speakers), Hungarian (casual speech), Albanian (transcribed as [c]), allophonically in Kaingang
Voiced palatal approximant affricate
[ɟj] Skolt Sami (younger speakers), Hungarian (casual speech), Albanian (transcribed as [ɟ]), some Spanish dialects. Not reported to contrast with a voiced palatal plosive [ɟ]
Voiceless velar approximant affricate
[kɰ̊] Voiced velar approximant affricate
[ɡɰ]
Voiceless uvular approximant affricate
[qʁ̞̊] Voiced uvular approximant affricate
[ɢʁ̞]
Voiceless pharyngeal approximant affricate
[ʡħ] Haida . Not reported to contrast with an epiglottal stop [ʡ] Voiced pharyngeal approximant affricate
[ʡʕ] Not attested in any natural language
Voiceless glottal affricate [ʔh] Yuxi dialect , allophonic in Received Pronunciation Voiced glottal affricate
[ʔɦ]
Not attested in any natural language
