User:Nite-Sirk/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

NWOBHM bands[edit]

By number of sources[edit]

Acts described as NWOBHM include Angel Witch, Def Leppard, Diamond Head, Girlschool, Iron Maiden, Raven, Samson, Saxon,[1][2][3] Grim Reaper, Judas Priest, Motörhead, Quartz,[1][2] Praying Mantis, Tygers of Pan Tang, Witchfinder General, Witchfynde,[1][3] Blitzkrieg, Holocaust, Jaguar, Sweet Savage, Tresprass, Venom and White Spirit.[3]

  1. ^ a b c "NWOBHM". Allmusic. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
  2. ^ a b Bowar, Chad. "What Is New Wave of British Heavy Metal?". About.com. Retrieved 7 August 2009.
  3. ^ a b c Rivadavia, Eduardo. "New Wave of British Heavy Metal '79 Revisited". Allmusic. Retrieved 7 August 2009.

In alphabetical order[edit]

Acts described as NWOBHM include Angel Witch,[1][2][3] Blitzkrieg,[3] Def Leppard, Diamond Head, Girlschool,[1][2][3] Grim Reaper,[1][2] Holocaust,[3] Iron Maiden,[1][2][3] Jaguar,[3] Judas Priest, Motörhead,[1][2] Praying Mantis,[1][3] Quartz,[1][2] Raven, Samson, Saxon,[1][2][3] Sweet Savage, Tresprass,[3] Tygers of Pan Tang,[1][3] Venom,[3] Witchfinder General, Witchfynde[1][3] and White Spirit.[3]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "NWOBHM". Allmusic. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Bowar, Chad. "What Is New Wave of British Heavy Metal?". About.com. Retrieved 7 August 2009.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Rivadavia, Eduardo. "New Wave of British Heavy Metal '79 Revisited". Allmusic. Retrieved 7 August 2009.

Exhorder's sound[edit]

Exhorder sound was a mix of speed metal, doom metal,[1] thrash metal[1][2] and death metal[2][3] and even included elements of funk.[3]

  1. ^ a b Torreano, Bradley. "Exhorder". Allmusic. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  2. ^ a b Rivadavia, Eduardo. "Slaughter in the Vatican - Exhorder". Allmusic. Retrieved October 21, 2005.
  3. ^ a b Rivadavia, Eduardo. "The Law - Exhorder". Allmusic. Retrieved November 5, 2011.

John Zorn[edit]

John Zorn is a multitalented composer, arranger and saxophonist whose music has often been classed as avant-garde.[1] Yet it is difficult to classify his style, since his works are so wildly eclectic, touching on jazz, hardcore, rock, classical and klezmer,[2] as well as underground styles that include death metal, grindcore and sludge metal, and various aleatoric styles of composition he has dubbed "game pieces" and "file card pieces", both of which afford much leeway to the performer.[1][3][4]

Zorn has been indefatigable in the creation of new forms of expression and is unafraid to show the influence of others on him, from the works of Ives, Cage,[2] Anthony Braxton and Derek Bailey, to the film music of Ennio Morricone and cartoon music of Carl Stalling.[2][3] As a saxophonist, Zorn is a virtuoso and has performed with various groups over the years, including the several he has founded: Naked City, Painkiller and Moonchild Trio. Zorn's works have appeared on more than 400 recordings and he has recorded for a variety of labels, including Elektra/Nonesuch, Avant, Parachute, and his own enterprise Tzadik.[2]

John Zorn was born in Queens, New York, on September 2, 1953. As a child he studied piano, flute and guitar, and attended the United Nations School, where Leonardo Balada instructed him in composition. Zorn soon took up the saxophone and began playing in bands. He had further advanced studies at Webster College, where Oliver Lake was among his teachers. From about 1974 Zorn performed regularly on the Lower East Side of New York while turning out his first important compositions. Baseball (1976), Lacrosse (1976), Golf (1977), Hockey (1978) and others were part of his so-called game pieces.

Zorn's most important early recording was the 1985 The Big Gundown, which featured imaginative arrangements, often radical in nature, of music from Morricone film scores.[4] In about 1990 Zorn founded the aforementioned Naked City group and its first album, Naked City, was released that year with great success. Zorn first began writing film scores in 1986, but was especially active in the genre in the 1990s and first decade of the new century with efforts like The Golden Boat (1990), the underground movie Latin Boys Go to Hell (1997), the documentary Port of Last Resort (1998) and Invitation to a Suicide (2002). Among his later works was the score for the 2008 documentary film Sholem Aleichem.

  1. ^ a b Rockwell, John. "As Important As Anyone In His Generation". NY Times. February 21, 1988. "Mr. Zorn can be recognized as the single most interesting, important and influential composer to arise from the Manhattan downtown avant garde since Steve Reich and Philip Glass 20 years ago."
  2. ^ a b c d Columbia News (2007). Composer John Zorn Garners William Schuman Award. March 2007. "Zorn has created an influential body of work that draws on his experience in a variety of genres including jazz, rock, hardcore punk, classical, klezmer, film, cartoon, popular, and improvised music, [...] Early inspirations include American innovators Ives, Varèse, Cage, Carter, and Partch; [...] soundtrack composers Herrmann, Morricone and Stalling; [...] he founded his own label, Tzadik, in 1995."
  3. ^ a b Pareles, Jon. "There Are 8 Million Stories in John Zorn's Naked City". NY Times. April 8, 1990. "He acknowledged his fascination with soundtrack composers like Carl Stalling, who wrote the collision-happy music for Warner Brothers cartoons, and Mr. Morricone, the composer of themes for everything from The Good, the Bad and the Ugly to The Untouchables;"
  4. ^ a b Rockwell, John. "Zorn Variations on Themes by Morricone". NY Times. November 2, 1986. "John Zorn and a 25-member big band consisting of nearly every well-known name on that scene who happened to be in town addressed themselves to the film music of Ennio Morricone as arranged, insofar as an arranger can be said to arrange improvisation, by Mr. Zorn. [...] Those interested in a recorded version are directed warmly to the brand new Zorn-Morricone album on Nonesuch Records entitled The Big Gundown."

Example of how to be very specific in sourcing[edit]

Narnack Records lists Sasha Grey as a guest artist[1] on the song "Pum-Pum"[citation needed] on the album Repentance,[1] the 54th studio album[citation needed] by Grammy-winning[1][2] reggae icon[1] Lee "Scratch" Perry,[1][2] though Perry himself has denied her involvement.[3]

  1. ^ a b c d e "Narnack Records - Artist: Lee Scratch Perry". Narnack Records. Retrieved November 13, 2011. Guest artists include electronic maven Moby (...) and adult entertainer Sasha Grey.
  2. ^ a b San Francisco Chronicle. "The 2003 Grammy award winners". February 24, 2003.
  3. ^ "Dub Legend Lee "Scratch" Perry Sets the Record (Kind of) Straight". Flavorwire.com. February 18, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2010. She didn't have anything to do with it. That's a rumor.

Frank Zappa[edit]

Frank Vincent Zappa[1] (December 21, 1940 – December 4, 1993) was an American composer, singer-songwriter, electric guitarist, record producer and film director. In a career spanning more than 30 years, Zappa wrote rock, jazz, orchestral and musique concrète works. He also directed feature-length films and music videos, and designed album covers. Zappa produced almost all of the more than 60 albums he released with the band The Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist.

While in his teens, he acquired a taste for percussion-based avant-garde composers such as Edgard Varèse and 1950s rhythm and blues music. He began writing classical music in high school, while at the same time playing drums in rhythm and blues bands; he later switched to electric guitar. He was a self-taught composer and performer, and his diverse musical influences led him to create music that was often impossible to categorize. His 1966 debut album with The Mothers of Invention, Freak Out!, combined songs in conventional rock and roll format with collective improvisations and studio-generated sound collages. His later albums shared this eclectic and experimental approach, irrespective of whether the fundamental format was one of rock, jazz or classical. He wrote the lyrics to all his songs, which—often humorously—reflected his iconoclastic view of established social and political processes, structures and movements. He was a strident critic of mainstream education and organized religion, and a forthright and passionate advocate for freedom of speech, self-education, political participation and the abolition of censorship.

Zappa was a highly productive and prolific artist and gained widespread critical acclaim. Many of his albums are considered essential in rock and jazz history. He is regarded as one of the most original guitarists and composers of his time. He also remains a major influence on musicians and composers. He had some commercial success, particularly in Europe, and for most of his career was able to work as an independent artist. Zappa was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 and received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997.

Zappa was married to Kathryn J. "Kay" Sherman from 1960 to 1964. In 1967, he married Adelaide Gail Sloatman, with whom he remained until his death from prostate cancer in 1993. They had four children: Moon Unit, Dweezil, Ahmet Emuukha Rodan and Diva Thin Muffin Pigeen. Gail Zappa manages the businesses of her late husband under the name the Zappa Family Trust.

  1. ^ Until discovering his birth certificate as an adult, Zappa believed he had been christened "Francis", and he is credited as Francis on some of his early albums. His real name was "Frank", however, never "Francis". Cf. Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 15.

Thrash metal in the mid-1980s[edit]

The popularity of thrash metal increased in 1984 with the release of Metallica's Ride the Lightning, Anthrax's Fistful of Metal, Overkill's self-titled EP and Slayer's Haunting the Chapel EP. This led to a heavier sounding form of thrash, which was reflected in Exodus's Bonded by Blood and Slayer's Hell Awaits. In 1985, the German band Kreator released their debut album Endless Pain and the Brazilian band Sepultura released their EP Bestial Devastation. Megadeth, which was formed by former Metallica guitarist Dave Mustaine, released their debut album Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!, and Anthrax released the critically acclaimed Spreading the Disease in 1985.

A number of high profile thrash albums were released in 1986. Metallica released Master of Puppets.[1] Megadeth released Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?, which proved to be the band's commercial and critical breakthrough[2] and a landmark album which AllMusic cited as "one of the most influential metal albums of its decade, and certainly one of the few truly definitive thrash albums".[3][4] Slayer, regarded as one of the most sinister thrash metal bands from the early 1980s,[5] released Reign in Blood, an album considered by some to have almost single-handedly inspired the entire death metal genre.[6] Kreator released Pleasure to Kill, which would later be a major influence on the death metal genre.[7][8]

  1. ^ You can hear a 30 seconds sample of its closer, "Damage Inc.", here.
  2. ^ Huey, Steve. "Peace Sells...But Who's Buying? Review". AllMusic.com. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
  3. ^ Birchmeier, Jason. "Peace Sells...But Who's Buying? Remastered Version Review" Answers.com copy. AllMusic.com. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
  4. ^ The original URL for Birchmeier's review was this and then this. As of July 2012, both links redirect to Huey's review.
  5. ^ "Slayer band page". Rockdetector.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
  6. ^ Huey, Steve. "Reign in Blood Review". AllMusic.com. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
  7. ^ "The History of Thrash Metal". Metal and Horror Movies. Archived from the original on 2007-04-28. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
  8. ^ "Interview with Cannibal Corpse". Invisible Oranges. Archived from the original on 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2010-08-10.

Sludge metal[edit]

New Orleans[edit]

Throughout the 1990s, many sludge metal bands started in the area. New Orleans' heavy metal bands like Eyehategod,[1] Soilent Green,[2] Crowbar,[3] and Down[4] have incorporated styles such as hardcore punk, doom metal, and southern rock to create an original and heady brew of swampy and aggravated metal that has largely avoided standardization.[1][2][3][4]

  1. ^ a b Huey, Steve. "Eyehategod". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
  2. ^ a b York, William. "Soilent Green". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
  3. ^ a b Huey, Steve. "Crowbar". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
  4. ^ a b Prato, Greg. "Down". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-06-22.

Music of Louisiana[edit]

Louisiana is known as the most important place for the development of a style of heavy metal: sludge metal. Two of its founding acts, Eyehategod[1] and Crowbar,[2] are from New Orleans, where the genre's most important scene can be found.[3] Other notable sludge metal bands such as Acid Bath,[4] Down,[5] Soilent Green[6] and Choke are based in Louisiana.

  1. ^ Huey, Steve. "Eyehategod". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
  2. ^ Huey, Steve. "Crowbar". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
  3. ^ "Doom metal". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
  4. ^ York, William. "Acid Bath". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
  5. ^ Prato, Greg. "Down". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
  6. ^ York, William. "Soilent Green". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-07-21.

Music of New Orleans[edit]

New Orleans has an active metal scene which began to take real form in the late 1980s.[1][2][3] Bands such as Eyehategod,[2] Down,[4] Exhorder,[3] Crowbar,[5] Soilent Green,[6] Goatwhore,[7] Kingdom of Sorrow,[8] and Superjoint Ritual[9] are either based in the city, or have a majority of their members hailing from the area. Artists such as Mike Williams, Jimmy Bower, Brian Patton,[2] Phil Anselmo, Kirk Windstein, Pepper Keenan,[4] Pat Bruders, and Kyle Thomas are New Orleans residents.[10]

The city is known for the "Louisiana sound", which was pioneered by Exhorder, who was the first band to combine doom metal and up-tempo thrash metal.[3] As a result, New Orleans is often recognized as the place where sludge metal was born.[11] Several of these metal groups share a style which draws inspiration from Black Sabbath, Melvins, hardcore punk as well as Southern rock.[2][4][5][6] There is still variance within the sounds of the scene, however. Eyehategod features very harsh vocals and guitar distortion;[12][13] Down has a style closer to classic rock;[4] Crowbar's music has mostly slow tempos and a downtuned guitar sound;[5] and Soilent Green has a sound which is closer to grindcore.[6]

It's quite usual for a member of one of these bands to be part of another band from New Orleans or Louisiana. Collaborations by members of a band on another are also fairly common. Jimmy Bower is one of the founding members of Eyehategod,[2] he is also a member of Down,[4] he is a former member of Superjoint Ritual[9] and has worked several times with Crowbar.[5] Pepper Keenan, member of Corrosion of Conformity, is a member of Down[4] and also worked on Eyehategod's album Dopesick.[14] Kirk Windstein is founding member of Crowbar[5] and member of Kingdom of Sorrow[8] and Down. Phil Anselmo is member of Down,[4] former member of Superjoint Ritual as well as various metal acts based in New Orleans;[9] he also has a hardcore punk side project along with Mike Williams of Eyehategod and Hank Williams III[2] named Arson Anthem.[15] Brian Patton is a member of Eyehategod[2] and Soilent Green.[6] L. Ben Falgoust II is the singer of Goatwhore[7] and Soilent Green.[6]

  1. ^ Fensterstock, Alison. "Axe to Grind: Heavy Metal in New Orleans". BestofNewOrleans.com. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Huey, Steve. "Eyehategod biography". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  3. ^ a b c Torreano, Bradley. "Exhorder". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Prato, Greg. "Down biography". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  5. ^ a b c d e Huey, Steve. "Crowbar biography". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  6. ^ a b c d e York, William. "Soilent Green biography". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  7. ^ a b Ankeny, Jason. "Goatwhore". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  8. ^ a b True, Chris. "Kingdom of Sorrow". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  9. ^ a b c Prato, Greg. "Superjoint Ritual biography". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  10. ^ Larmore, Dave. "Kyle Thomas of Alabama Thunderpussy". Midwest Metal. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  11. ^ "Doom metal". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
  12. ^ York, William. "Eyehategod - In the Name of Suffering". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  13. ^ York, William. "Eyehategod - Take as Needed for Pain". Allmusic. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  14. ^ Williams, Mike. Dopesick. Recording notes on the 2007 European reedition. Century Media Records.
  15. ^ True, Chris. "Arson Anthem". Allmusic. Retrieved 2008-03-31.

Crunkcore artists[edit]

Artists that have been described as crunkcore include Brokencyde,[1][2] 3OH!3,[2][3][4] Millionaires,[2][3] Breathe Carolina,[3] Hollywood Undead,[3] I Set My Friends On Fire,[3] and Family Force 5.[5][6] Also, David Jeffries of Allmusic referred to Kesha as the 'crunkcore queen' when noting her guest spot on the 3OH!3 album, Streets of Gold.[7] She has also been described as 'electro-crunk'[8] and 'crunk-pop'.[9]

  1. ^ Screamo meets crunk? Welcome to Scrunk! | Music| guardian.co.uk
  2. ^ a b c Gail, Leor (14 July 2009). "Scrunk happens: We're not fans, but the kids seem to like it". The Boston Phoenix. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Revolver Magazine". Revolver. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
  4. ^ By Jody Rosen (22 June 2010). "Streets of Gold by 3OH3 | Rolling Stone Music | Music Reviews". Rollingstone.com. Retrieved 5 Abril 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  5. ^ Fowler, Melissa (8 April 2010). "Family Force 5 At Citizens Business Bank Arena, Fri, April 9". Inland Empire Weekly. Oasis CMS. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  6. ^ "Nightlife". Cincinnati Magazine. 43 (3). Emmis Communications: 216. December 2009. ISSN 0746-8210. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  7. ^ Jeffries, David. "Streets of Gold". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
  8. ^ Usinger, Mike (8 September 2011). "The flash, trash, and philosophy of Ke$ha". Straight.com.
  9. ^ Karpis, Paulina (28 September 2010). "Students look forward to crunk-pop star Ke$ha in concert". The Dartmouth.

Theism[edit]

Theism, in the broadest sense, is the belief that at least one deity exists.[1] In a more specific sense, theism is a doctrine concerning the nature of a monotheistic God and God's relationship to the universe.[2][3][4] Theism, in this specific sense, conceives of God as personal, present and active in the governance and organization of the world and the universe. As such theism describes the classical conception of God that is found in Christianity, Judaism, Islam and some forms of Hinduism. The use of the word theism to indicate this classical form of monotheism began during the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century in order to distinguish it from the then-emerging deism which contended that God, though transcendent and supreme, did not intervene in the natural world and could be known rationally but not via revelation.[5]

The term theism derives from the Greek theos meaning "god". The term theism was first used by Ralph Cudworth (1617–88).[6] Atheism is rejection of theism in the broadest sense of theism; i.e. the rejection of belief that there is even one deity.[7] Rejection of the narrower sense of theism can take forms such as deism, pantheism, and polytheism. The claim that the existence of any deity is unknown or unknowable is agnosticism.[8][9] The positive assertion of knowledge, either of the existence of gods or the absence of gods, can also be attributed to some theists and some atheists. Put simply theism and atheism deal with belief, and agnosticism deals with (absence of) rational claims to asserting knowledge.[9]

  1. ^ "Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Retrieved 2011-03-18.
  2. ^ The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Second Edition, OUP.
  3. ^ The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1997).
  4. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica.
  5. ^ John Orr (English Deism: Its Roots and Its Fruits, 1934) explains that before the seventeenth century theism and deism were interchangeable terms but during the course of the seventeenth century they gained separate and mutually exclusive meanings (see deism).
  6. ^ Halsey, William (1969). Louis Shores (ed.). Collier's Encyclopedia. Vol. 22 (20 ed.). Crowell-Collier Educational Corporation. pp. 266–7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  7. ^
    • Nielsen, Kai (2010). "Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2011-01-26. Atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings.... Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons (which reason is stressed depends on how God is being conceived)...
    • Edwards, Paul (2005) [1967]. "Atheism". In Donald M. Borchert (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference USA (Gale). p. 359. ISBN 9780028657806. On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |volume= has extra text (help)(page 175 in 1967 edition)
  8. ^ Hepburn, Ronald W. (2005) [1967]. "Agnosticism". In Donald M. Borchert (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference USA (Gale). p. 92. ISBN 9780028657806. In the most general use of the term, agnosticism is the view that we do not know whether there is a God or not. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |volume= has extra text (help) (page 56 in 1967 edition)
  9. ^ a b Rowe, William L. (1998). "Agnosticism". In Edward Craig (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3. In the popular sense, an agnostic is someone who neither believes nor disbelieves in God, whereas an atheist disbelieves in God. In the strict sense, however, agnosticism is the view that human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that God exists or the belief that God does not exist. In so far as one holds that our beliefs are rational only if they are sufficiently supported by human reason, the person who accepts the philosophical position of agnosticism will hold that neither the belief that God exists nor the belief that God does not exist is rational.

Atheism[edit]

Atheism is, in a broad sense, the rejection of belief in the existence of deities.[1] In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities.[2][3] Most inclusively, atheism is simply the absence of belief that any deities exist.[3][4][5] Atheism is contrasted with theism,[6][7] which in its most general form is the belief that at least one deity exists.[7][8]

The term atheism originated from the Greek ἄθεος (atheos), meaning "without god", used as a pejorative term applied to those thought to reject the gods worshipped by the larger society. With the spread of freethought, skeptical inquiry, and subsequent increase in criticism of religion, application of the term narrowed in scope. The first individuals to identify themselves using the word "atheist" lived in the 18th century.[9]

Atheists tend to be skeptical of supernatural claims, citing a lack of empirical evidence for deities.[10] Rationales for not believing in any deity include the problem of evil, the argument from inconsistent revelations, and the argument from nonbelief. Other arguments for atheism range from the philosophical to the social to the historical. Although some atheists have adopted secular philosophies,[11][12] there is no one ideology or set of behaviors to which all atheists adhere.[13] Many atheists hold that atheism is a more parsimonious worldview than theism, and therefore the burden of proof lies not on the atheist to disprove the existence of God, but on the theist to provide a rationale for theism.[14]

Atheism is accepted within some religious and spiritual belief systems, including Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Neopagan movements[15] such as Wicca,[16] and nontheistic religions. Jainism and some forms of Buddhism do not advocate belief in gods,[17] whereas Hinduism holds atheism to be valid, but difficult to follow spiritually.[18]

Since conceptions of atheism vary, determining how many atheists exist in the world today is difficult.[19] According to one estimate, about 2.3% of the world's population are atheists, while a further 11.9% are nonreligious.[20] According to another, rates of self-reported atheism are among the highest in Western nations, again to varying degrees: United States (4%), Italy (7%), Spain (11%), Great Britain (17%), Germany (20%), and France (32%).[21]

  1. ^
    • Nielsen, Kai (2011). "Atheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2011-12-06. Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons...: for an anthropomorphic God, the atheist rejects belief in God because it is false or probably false that there is a God; for a nonanthropomorphic God... because the concept of such a God is either meaningless, unintelligible, contradictory, incomprehensible, or incoherent; for the God portrayed by some modern or contemporary theologians or philosophers... because the concept of God in question is such that it merely masks an atheistic substance—e.g., "God" is just another name for love, or ... a symbolic term for moral ideals.
    • Edwards, Paul (2005) [1967]. "Atheism". In Donald M. Borchert (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference USA (Gale). p. 359. ISBN 978-0-02-865780-6. On our definition, an 'atheist' is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |volume= has extra text (help) (page 175 in 1967 edition)
  2. ^ Rowe, William L. (1998). "Atheism". In Edward Craig (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-07310-3. Retrieved 2011-04-09. As commonly understood, atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. So an atheist is someone who disbelieves in God, whereas a theist is someone who believes in God. Another meaning of "atheism" is simply nonbelief in the existence of God, rather than positive belief in the nonexistence of God. ...an atheist, in the broader sense of the term, is someone who disbelieves in every form of deity, not just the God of traditional Western theology.
  3. ^ a b Simon Blackburn, ed. (2008). "atheism". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (2008 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2011-12-05. Either the lack of belief that there exists a god, or the belief that there exists none. Sometimes thought itself to be more dogmatic than mere agnosticism, although atheists retort that everyone is an atheist about most gods, so they merely advance one step further.
  4. ^ Religioustolerance.org's short article on Definitions of the term "Atheism" suggests that there is no consensus on the definition of the term. Most dictionaries (see the OneLook query for "atheism") first list one of the more narrow definitions.
    • Runes, Dagobert D.(editor) (1942 edition). Dictionary of Philosophy. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. ISBN 0-06-463461-2. Retrieved 2011-04-09. (a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called "atheistic" because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means "not theistic". The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help); Check date values in: |date= (help) – entry by Vergilius Ferm.
  5. ^ "atheism". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
  6. ^ "Definitions: Atheism". Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama. Retrieved 2011-04-09. [dead link]
  7. ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). 1989. Belief in a deity, or deities, as opposed to atheism
  8. ^ "Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Retrieved 2011-04-09. belief in the existence of a god or gods
  9. ^ Armstrong, Karen (1999). A History of God. London: Vintage. ISBN 0-09-927367-5.
  10. ^ Various authors. "Logical Arguments for Atheism". Internet Infidels, The Secular Web Library. Retrieved 2007-APR-09.
  11. ^ Honderich, Ted (Ed.) (1995). "Humanism". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. p 376. ISBN 0-19-866132-0.
  12. ^ Fales, Evan. "Naturalism and Physicalism", in Martin 2007, pp. 122–131.
  13. ^ Baggini 2003, pp. 3–4.
  14. ^ Stenger 2007, pp. 17–18, citing Parsons, Keith M. (1989). God and the Burden of Proof: Plantinga, Swinburne, and the Analytical Defense of Theism. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-551-5.
  15. ^ Carol S. Matthews (19 October 2009). A New Vision A New Heart A Renewed Call - Volume Two. William Carey Library. ISBN 978-0-87808-364-0. Although Neo-Pagans share common commitments to nature and spirit there is a diversity of beliefs and practices. Some are atheists, others are polytheists (several gods exists), some are pantheists (all is God) and others are panentheists (all is in God).
  16. ^ Carol S. Matthews (19 October 2009). New Religions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7910-8096-2. There is no universal worldview that all Neo-Pagans/Wiccans hold. One online information source indicates that depending on how the term God is defined, Neo-Pagans might be classified as monotheists, duotheists (two gods), polytheists, pantheists, or atheists.
  17. ^ Kedar, Nath Tiwari (1997). Comparative Religion. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 50. ISBN 81-208-0293-4.
  18. ^ Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991). Hinduism, a way of life. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 71. ISBN 978-81-208-0899-7. Retrieved 2011-04-09. According to Hinduism, the path of the atheist is very difficult to follow in matters of spirituality, though it is a valid one.
  19. ^ Zuckerman, Phil (2007). Martin, Michael T (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-521-60367-6. OL 22379448M. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
  20. ^ "Worldwide Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-2005". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2005. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
    • 2.3% Atheists: Persons professing atheism, skepticism, disbelief, or irreligion, including the militantly antireligious (opposed to all religion).
    • 11.9% Nonreligious: Persons professing no religion, nonbelievers, agnostics, freethinkers, uninterested, or dereligionized secularists indifferent to all religion but not militantly so.
  21. ^ "Religious Views and Beliefs Vary Greatly by Country, According to the Latest Financial Times/Harris Poll". Financial Times/Harris Interactive. 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2011-04-09.

Brutal death metal[edit]

  • Brutal death metal is more simplistic, violent, and heavy style of death metal. It features extremely violent subject matter, unintelligible guttural vocals, detuned guitars focused on breakdowns, and blast beat drumming with triggers and tight snares. Brutal death metal is the most extreme sub-genre of death metal. Bands include Devourment, Disgorge, Cryptopsy, Pathology, and Abominable Putridity. Brutal death metal known for its constant slams, or breakdowns, is called slam death metal.

Black/doom[edit]

  1. ^ Newshound, Terrorizer. "Italian Blackened Doomsters Forgotten Tomb Plan Release Review". Terrorizer Online. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
  2. ^ Marsicano, Dan. "Ordo Obsidium - Orbis Tertius Review review". About.com. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  3. ^ Newshound, Terrorizer. "Woods of Ypres Release Discuss the Green Album Review". Terrorizer Online. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
  4. ^ Nortt Interview
  5. ^ Interview with Nortt
  6. ^ xFiruath. "Throne of Malediction's Eric Horner Discusses the Art of Black Metal". Metal Underground.com. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  7. ^ "Katatonia 'Brave Murder Day'". Decibel Magazine. Retrieved 27 June 2012.

How to cite Wikipedia[edit]

{{cite web |author=Wikipedia contributors |date=June 30, 2012 |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neidermeyer's_Mind&oldid=500081671 |title=Neidermeyer's Mind |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]] |work=[[Wikipedia]] |accessdate=June 30, 2012}}

Wikipedia contributors (June 30, 2012). "Neidermeyer's Mind". Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved June 30, 2012. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)

Wikipedia contributors (June 30, 2012). "Neidermeyer's Mind". Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved June 30, 2012. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)

Untitled[edit]

Heavy metal[edit]

January 2013[edit]

Whore of Bethlehem[edit]

Untitled

Whore of the Bethlehem is the first studio album by Finnish black metal band Archgoat, released on September 2006 through Hammer of Hate Records.[1]

Track listing[edit]

No.TitleLength
1."Invocation"2:11
2."Angel of Sodomy"2:57
3."Lord of the Void"5:07
4."Dawn of the Black Light"4:55
5."Luciferian Darkness"2:59
6."Desecration"4:34
7."Black Crusade"3:32
8."Whore of Bethlehem"4:10
9."Grand Marshall of the Black Tower"2:56
10."Hammer of Satan"2:15
Total length:35:36

Releases[edit]

CD pressings
  • CD released in 2006 by Hammer of Hate Records.[2]
  • Digipak CD released in 2006 by Hammer of Hate Records, limited 1500 copies:
    • Contains a bonus Video CD (VCD) with two live Archgoat shows:
      • Under the Black Sun, 2006, Helenau, Germany, and
      • Riihimäki, Finland, 1993.[3]
Cassette pressings
  • MC released in 2007 by Terratur Possessions, limited 500 copies, the first 100 copies released in a box with patch.[4]
  • MC released in 2008 by InCoffin Productions, limited 333 copies, the first 50 copies in gold cover, the rest copies in silver cover (only available in Thailand).
Vinyl pressings
  • Gatefold LP released on August 22, 2007 by Blasphemous Underground Productions with an A2 size poster, limited 1000 copies.[5]
  • Limited edition 12" picture vinyl released by Debemur Morti Productions on July 29, 2011. 12" die-cut with printed inner sleeve. Retouched artwork courtesy of Helgorth of Babalon Graphics. Catalog number: DMP0072.[6]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Archgoat". MusicMight. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  2. ^ "Archgoat ‎– Whore of Bethlehem (CD, Album)". Discogs. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  3. ^ "Archgoat ‎– Whore of Bethlehem (CD, Album)". Discogs. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  4. ^ "Archgoat ‎– Whore of Bethlehem (Cassette)". Discogs. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  5. ^ "Archgoat ‎– Whore of Bethlehem (Vynil, LP, Album)". Discogs. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  6. ^ "Archgoat ‎– Whore of Bethlehem (Vynil, LP, Album)". Discogs. Retrieved March 22, 2013.


Bands and albums mentioned in black metal article[edit]

First wave
End of the first wave
Second wave
Second wave outside Norway
Scenes

List of black metal albums[edit]

1980s
1990s
2000s

Parabellum[edit]

Parabellum
OriginMedellín, Colombia
GenresBlack metal, death metal
Years active1983–1988
LabelsDiscos Fuentes, Sonolux (es)
Past membersRamón Reinaldo Restrepo
Carlos Mario Pérez
John Jairo Gutiérrez
Cipriano Álvarez

Parabellum were a Colombian extreme metal band from Medellín active in the 1980s. The band was described by Terrorizer magazine as one of the world's first black metal bands, as well as the first extreme metal band from Colombia and one of the very first from all South America.[1] According to writer Emilio Cuesta, Øystein "Euronymous" Aarseth—a musician associated with the early Norwegian black metal scene—has said Parabellum and Medellín's Reencarnación were both influential to his own band Mayhem.[2]

Parabellum were formed in Medellín, Antioquia, in early 1983 by drummer Cipriano Álvarez and guitarist Carlos Mario Pérez. It took the band until 1987 to release their debut single, the two track Sacrilegio, limited to 500 copies. This was followed up with a second EP, Mutación por radiación, in 1988, limited to 600 copies. Sacrilegio was reissued in 1992, again limited to 500 copies, and a bootlegged version surfaced with an added third track ("Guerra, Monopolio, Sexo").[3] Adam Ganderson of Terrorizer describes their music as "somewhere between hardcore and bizarrely backwards speed metal riffing ... one of those inimitable sounds that can only be generated by accident. Seriously, this is some of the weirdest, most intense music ever to blast from the gutters." The band also makes a brief appearance in Victor Gaviria's film Rodrigo D: No Future.[1]

Blasfemia Records released the Tempus Mortis compilation in 2005, which consists of the band's two EPs, six previously unreleased rehearsal tracks from 1984-1985, and a video track from the 1985 La Batalla de la Bandas festival.[3] According to Zero Tolerance magazine, "the sound that Parabellum created was one of unprecedented nihilism, evil and extremity. [...] They were pioneers and sonic adventurers operating in a world of violence, squalor and geographical isolation."[4]

Members[edit]

  • Cipriano Álvarez (drums)
  • John Jairo Gutiérrez (guitar)
  • Ramón Reinaldo Restrepo (vocals)
  • Carlos Mario Pérez ("La Bruja") (guitar)

Discography[edit]

List of songs[edit]

  • "Alarido de Guerra / Mutilación" (Tempus Mortis)[5]
  • "Bruja Maldita" (Mutación por radiación,[6] Tempus Mortis[5])
  • "Engendro 666" (Sacrilegio,[7] Tempus Mortis[5])
  • "Guerra, Monopolio, Sexo" (Sacrilegio,[3] Tempus Mortis[5])
  • "Madre Muerte" (Sacrilegio,[7] Tempus Mortis[5])
  • "Maleficio" (Tempus Mortis)[5]
  • "Mutación por Radiación" (Mutación por radiación,[6] Tempus Mortis[5])
  • "Parabellum" (Tempus Mortis)[5]
  • "Parabellum / Tempus Mortis" (Tempus Mortis)[5]
  • "Venera / La Sucia y el Bastardo" (Tempus Mortis)[5]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Ganderson, Adam (September 2009). "World Misanthropy: South America". Terrorizer's Secret History of Black Metal. pp. 16–18. ISBN 9-772041-214005. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid prefix (help)
  2. ^ Cuesta, Emilio (May 2005). Tempus Mortis (CD booklet in Spanish). Stockholm, Sweden: Blasfemia Records. {{cite AV media notes}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |albumlink= (help); Unknown parameter |artist= ignored (|others= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f Sharpe-Young, Garry. "Parabellum biography". MusicMight. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  4. ^ Moller, Alex (25 October 2011). "Sudamérica brutal IV: 'La Bruja' tells the tale of Parabellum". Zero Tolerance. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Recording :: Parabellum :: Tempus Mortis". MusicMight. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
  6. ^ a b "Recording :: Parabellum :: Mutación por Radiación". MusicMight. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
  7. ^ a b "Recording :: Parabellum :: Sacrilegio". MusicMight. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
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