User:Kumboloi/sandbox/Nissan GTP ZX-Turbo
 | |
| Successor | Nissan NPT-90 |
|---|---|
| Technical specifications | |
| Chassis | Aluminum honeycomb tub with carbon fiber floor panels |
| Engine | Nissan VG30ET[1] V6 (60°) Single Garrett AiResearch turbocharger mid-mounted. |
| Transmission |
|
| Competition history | |
| Notable drivers | |
| Constructors' Championships |
|
| Drivers' Championships |
|
The Nissan GTP ZX-Turbo is a series of racing cars developed for Nissan Motors by Electramotive Engineering for the IMSA GT Championship from 1985 to 1990. Also known as the GTP ZX-T, the cars were the first to defeat the Porsche 962 that had dominated IMSA's premier GTP category. Nissan won the constructor's championship and 12 Hours of Sebring with the car in 1989 and 1990. The GTP ZX-Turbo was replaced by the NPT-90 during the 1990 season.
Development history[edit]
The decision to phase out use of the Datsun name in favor of Nissan was announced in September/October 1981 and was essentially complete by 1984, although in some export markets cars continued to wear both Datsun and Nissan badges until 1986.[2] Nissan planned to use the IMSA GT Championship to showcase their technology, just as they had with the 24 Hours of Le Mans beginning in 1983. Nissan's GTP cars appeared in television and print advertisements for the 300ZX, with which it shared its engine, and for the Nissan brand in general.
Don Devendorf was an Angeleno electrical engineer whose day job was as a project manager at Hughes Aircraft.[3] He started racing in Triumphs, then switched to Datsuns, 1200s and B210s at first, and established two companies; Electramotive Engineering Inc. and Electramotive Inc., to support his racing.[4][5] Devendorf developed his own custom engine control systems for the team's 280ZXes.[6][7] Electramotive's co-founder was engine builder and developer John Knepp, who had previously been with Brock Racing Enterprises.[8][9] Electramotive's 280ZXes were IMSA GTU champions in 1979 and IMSA GTO champions in 1982.[8]
In 1984, Nissan Motors named Electramotive Engineering Inc. as their official North American racing development arm. Nissan would provide engines to Electramotive Inc., who would develop and tune them, and build the cars they were installed in. Electramotive Engineering Inc. was to maintain and field the cars.
Wes Moss, a mechanical engineer who had worked on Ford's Le Mans and NASCAR efforts while with Holman & Moody, became Electramotive's Vice president of engineering.[10] The Electramotive team also included: Bill Dailey as lead engineer on the engine[11], Ashley Page as chief mechanic from 1985 to 1990[10], and mechanical engineer Chris Willies.
Nissan and Electramotive first approached March Engineering to build the new car, but March did not take on the project.[1][4] The team next turned to Lola Cars International, who developed the Lola T810. The T810 was designed by Eric Broadley and Clive Lark.[12] Some suggest that the T810 was an update to Lola's earlier T710 that had formed the basis of the Chevrolet Corvette GTP.[12][13][1][14]
Lola T810 chassis HU1 and HU2 were sold to Electramotive.[1] Two other chassis, T810-8701 and T810-8702, were supplied to Electramotive, one of which crashed and was rebuilt, while the other was kept as a spare.[15] During the 1985 season the car raced as the Electramotive Lola T810.
The car was painted black, and the principal sponsor was California Cooler.[16] This early car was nicknamed the "California Coffin" due to the number of times it crashed during races.[5]
The 1985 racing season was primarily used for development of the new car in preparation for 1986. Electramotive had to modify elements of the T810 to adapt it to the smaller tracks and shorter sprint races used by IMSA GT.
"John Borgen, Marketing Director for Nissan, called me on the phone and asked if I knew anyone who might be qualified to be their new National Motorsports Manager."[17]
Kas Kastner hired as National Motorsports Manager. Raised the profile of the GTP program at Nissan, when some in the team sponsor's management wanted to discontinue Nissan's involvement.[18][19] Changed the colors of the cars.[20][19] On Trevor Harris' recommendation, Kastner signed Geoff Brabham to drive.[18] He also shielded the team and its day-to-day operations from unnecessary interference from Nissan's corporate headquarters.[20]
Kas Kastner arrived in February 1986.[21]
For the 1986 season the cars were renamed GTP ZX-Turbos; ZX-T for short.[22][23]
The name was a reference both to the production Nissan 300ZX and the basic engine it shared with the racing car; the turbocharged Nissan VG engine.[24]
Two more T810 chassis, HU3 and HU4, were built by Lola and sold to Japan.[1][15]
Modifications to the cars eventually reached the point that Electramotive began to construct their own chassis to replace the older cars rather than rely on Lola for cockpit tubs.
A total of five Electramotive-built tubs were completed in 1988.[22]
In 1990 Nissan bought Electramotive Engineering and renamed it Nissan Performance Technology Inc. (NPTI). This had been Kastner's plan from the outset. Devendorf kept the Electramotive Inc. company.
Over the course of the 1990 season the GTP ZX-Turbos were retired and replaced by the new NPT-90 cars.
New car used the same engine as the Lola-built one. ref???
In 1988, Jim Chapman's JC Prototypes built a new chassis, designed by Trevor Harris, to take the older car's running gear and bodywork.[25][26][27] Also got new aero package.
Tire sponsor Bridgestone focused their support on the independent teams running Posche 962s, and the tires they supplied would not last a full race on the ZX-Turbo. When the 1987 season ended Bridgestone told Electromotive that they would no longer supply tires, as their interests were shifting to Forumula One. Electramotive switched tire suppliers from Bridgestone to Goodyear.[20][28]
Ashley Page became team manager.[19]
Cancelled appearance at Daytona and Sebring to focus team on testing and development in Arizona.[19] Devendorf had driven for Kastner at Triumph.
Don Devendorf, an engineer manager with Hughes Electronics, designed an electronic engine control system for the car.[29] ref???
1988 - Chassis 8801. 1989 - Chassis 8802 added.
New facility for NPTI.[21]
"It had been my plan all along to get complete control of the team, meaning to buy out Electramotive, as they always had struggles with money. Nissan, at a high level, agreed with me and in fact the team was purchased outright and a new company formed, Nissan Performance Technology Inc (NPTI). Don Devendorf remained with the team as Senior VP of Research and Development."[30]
"While at LeMans in 1990, I was asked to head up NPTI as Vice President of Operations. Along with being the new Vice President of Operations for NPTI, I was National Motorsports Manager for Nissan." Nico6
In 1986 new bodywork debuted that was the result of extensive aerodynamic testing by Suzuka.[31]
One chassis, either 87-01 or 88-01, was nicknamed "Elvis".[32][24]
Electramotive Engineering, Electramotive Inc. - Nissan bought the engineering side.[5]
Technical[edit]
Powertrain[edit]
The engine Nissan supplied to Electramotive was the VG30ET.[1] This 3.0 L (183 cu in) 60° V6 has a cast iron block with four main bearings.
Although typically referred to as a single over head camshaft (SOHC) engine, this early VG30 is a cam-in-head design, with each of the aluminum cylinder heads having a single camshaft in the the head driving two valves per cylinder via hydraulic tappets and rocker arms. The cylinder heads are crossflow units with a hemispherical combustion chamber and a single sparkplug per cylinder located near the inlet valve. The engine is turbocharged, and uses a single Garrett AiResearch turbocharger, described variously as a T03S, or T04, but most commonly as a T03.[1][25][33][34][35][36][37] The engine management system is Electramotive's own design. It is paired with injectors from Robert Bosch GmbH.[38]
Electramotive began modifying the engine block early on. First they installed larger main bearings and added a lower engine saddle that incorporated the lower bearing mains for the iron block.[38]
Although early racing engines used a production cast iron block, later racing engines used a specially built aluminum block.[28][39]
In 1988 Electramotive employed an innovative programmable wastegate to give it an advantage of its competitors.[25][40][41]: 34, 35
Initially more than 1,000 hp (745.7 kW).[26][5] In 1988 the sanctioning body mandated the use of inlet restrictor plates with a 57 mm (2.24 in) orifice, which reduced power output to 850 hp (633.8 kW). In 1989 the restrictor's orifice size was reduced to 54 mm (2.13 in), bringing power output down to 750 hp (559.3 kW).[32] Kastner believes the restrictors helped the team, by reducing the maximum engine revs, significantly improving reliability.[20]
For 1987 Electramotive developed their own aluminum engine block. The new block was estimated to be 35 kg (77.2 lb) lighter than the cast iron original. This is a deep-skirted block with full width bearing caps. High strength iron liners are used, with forged pistons from Ross Racing Piston. Connecting rods are supplied by Crower Cams, with early rods being iron and later ones made from steel billet. The compression ratio is 8.5:1. The crankshaft went through a number of iterations that resulted in a final design machined from a single solid billet with wider journals but weighing 2 kg (4.4 lb) less than the original. The factory alloy heads are ported and polished with some reshaping on the inlet side. Intake valves are solid titanium, while exhaust valves are inconel. Valve return is by dual springs. The rocker arms are an Electramotive design. Plain steel lifters replace the previous hydraulic ones.[38]
The single turbocharger is from Garrett AiResearch, and is built from T31 components. The wastegate is an Electramotive custom part. Fuel is supplied by a Lucas pump, and injectors were from Bosch, now with two per cylinder. Ignition is handled by an MSD system customized by Electramotive. Peak engine speed is 9000 rpm, with racing speeds limited to 7500 rpm.[38]
The Weismann transaxles originally used in the cars were replaced with Hewland VGCs.[42][4][8]
Body and chassis[edit]
Original Lola 810 body designed by Yoshi Suzuka.[42]
Hired by Electramotive. Electramotive wind tunnel at El Segundo.[16]
Aerodynamic changes for 1989.[43]
Bodywork distinguished by two large nostril-like air intakes below the base of the windscreen.
Revised chassis designed by Trevor Harris, brought in by Kastner.[20]
Running gear[edit]
Specifications[edit]
| 1985 GTP ZX-Turbo (Lola T810): | 1988 GTP ZX-Turbo (JC Prototypes): | |
|---|---|---|
| Engine: | VG30ET 60° V6 cast iron block, aluminum cylinder heads | 60° V6, aluminum block and heads |
| Valvetrain: | Belt-driven SOHC (per bank), 2 valves per cylinder | |
| Displacement: | 2,960 cc (180.6 cu in) | |
| Bore × Stroke: | 87 mm × 83 mm (3.43 in × 3.27 in) | |
| Induction: | Single Garrett AiResearch T03 turbocharger | Single Garrett AiResearch T31 turbocharger |
| Maximum power: | 478 kW (641.0 hp) at 8000 rpm | [convert: needs a number] |
| Maximum torque: | 686 N⋅m (506.0 ft⋅lb) at 5500 rpm | [convert: needs a number] |
| Compression ratio: | 8.5:1 | |
| Cooling: | Water-cooled | |
| Transmission: | Transverse Weismann, 5 forward speeds, no reverse | 5-Speed Hewland VGC |
| Steering: | Rack and pinion | |
| Brakes f/r: | 330 mm (13 in) ventilated 4-piston discs/330 mm (13 in) ventilated 4-piston discs | |
| Suspension front: | Upper and lower A-arms, pushrods and rockers. Coil springs over telescopic dampers mounted asymetrically inboard left and right. | Upper and lower A-arms, coil springs over telescopic dampers. |
| Suspension rear: | Upper and lower A-arms, coil springs over telescopic dampers | Lower A-arms and upper polyhedral links, coil springs over telescopic dampers |
| Body/Chassis: | Aluminum honeycomb tub, carbon fiber floor | Aluminum honeycomb tub |
| Layout: | Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout | |
| Track f/r: | 1,571 / 1,530 mm (61.9 / 60.2 in) | |
| Wheelbase: | 2,705 mm (106.5 in) | |
| Wheels f/r: | 11×16 inch/14×16 inch BBS | 13.0×17 inch/15.0×17 inch BBS |
| Tires f/r: | 325/625-415/350/680-415 Bridgestone radials | 12.5×25.5×17.0/14.5×27.5×17.0 Goodyear radials |
| Length Width Height: |
4,800 mm (189.0 in) 2,000 mm (78.7 in) 1,006 mm (39.6 in) |
4,800 mm (189.0 in) 2,007 mm (79.0 in) 1,016 mm (40.0 in) |
| Weight: | 860 kg (1,896.0 lb) | 850 kg (1,873.9 lb) |
Racing history[edit]
IMSA GT[edit]
1985[edit]
The first car was completed soon after the 1985 season had begun and made its competition debut at Laguna Seca. Electramotive founder Don Devendorf and co-driver Tony Adamowicz drove the car to eleventh place, seven laps down from the race winner. After an accident in practice at Charlotte, the car did not return until late in the season. It posted a ninth-place finish at Sears Point, but mechanical problems prevented the car from finishing any of the remaining races that season.
1986[edit]
Electramotive skipped several of the earliest races of the 1986 season, including the 24 Hours of Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring, to concentrate on development. Now called the Nissan GTP ZX-Turbo, the revised car made its season debut at Miami, followed by a string of problems in the future rounds. The car eventually finished at Mid-Ohio with a career best of seventh. In the first showing of its first true potential of the season, it fought with the leaders at Portland and eventually came home third with Geoff Brabham at the wheel. This was followed by a fourth-place finish in the next round. Mechanical problems prevented the car from finishing for the next several events. The car finished a distant fifth place in the final race of the season on the streets of Columbus, earning Nissan seventh in the constructor's championship with their points total.[44]
1987[edit]
After sitting out the longer races of the IMSA season, the GTP ZX-Turbo debuted at Miami once again. Lessons learned from the previous season, as well as testing during the winter, had allowed Electramotive to greatly improve the car. The GTP ZX-Turbo earned its maiden win at Miami, defeating a Porsche 962 by eleven seconds after three hours of racing. Nissan's success was short lived though, as the next rounds at Road Atlanta and Riverside saw the car failing to finish due to clutch failure and an accident respectively. Electramotive was able to post a fifth place finish at Laguna Seca before problems returned at Mid-Ohio.
Electramotive did not find much success until the final round of the season at Del Mar, with the GTP ZX-Turbo closing the season with a sixth-place finish. Although Nissan managed to take fifth in the constructor's championship, they still earned only one sixth of the total points that champion Porsche had.
1988[edit]
Following their first ever victory, the program was expanded greatly in 1988, although plans for a two car team were delayed due to accidents in practice with the second car. After a disappointing eighth at Miami, the GTP ZX-Turbo began a streak of successes. At Road Atlanta the car defeated the factory Jaguar team by just four seconds. Other victories came on the streets of Palm Beach, Lime Rock Park, Mid-Ohio, Watkins Glen, and Road America.
Electramotive became a two car team at Portland, where they claimed the top spots. Although the next round saw one car finish eighth, the other car took the win. At the street race in San Antonio the GTP ZX-Turbo's eight race win streak came to an end, with the lone entry suffering electrical problems. The cars returned to winning form at Columbus, but in the final round Nissan was defeated once again, with Derek Daly managing to bring one of the cars home in fourth.
Although Nissan managed to win nine of the fourteen rounds in the GTP class that season, the decision by Electramotive to skip the 24 Hours of Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring hurt Nissan's chances for the constructor's championship. with only three wins, Porsche won the championship by a single point on the strength of the points earned at the races Nissan sat out. Electramotive's Geoff Brabham won the 1988 drivers championship by a large margin.
1989[edit]
In 1989 Electramotive ran cars both at the 24 Hours of Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring, even though their reliability was questionable. Neither car finished at Daytona, although one lasted the majority of the race. At the shorter Miami round, the GTP ZX-Turbo once again defeated Jaguar. At the 12 Hours of Sebring, the GTP ZX-Turbo scored a surprise result, with Chip Robinson, Geoff Brabham, and Arie Luyendyk taking the win by two laps.
The car won again at Road Atlanta. After mechanical problems denied them victory on the streets of Palm Beach, the cars began a new winning streak, taking victories at Lime Rock, Mid-Ohio, Mosport, and Road America. At Portland the local starter waved the checkered flag on lap 94 of the 102 scheduled laps, while the Jaguar XKR-10 was leading. Most drivers continued, and race control directed that the race continue to its original length. On lap 99 Geoff Brabham overtook the Jaguar in his GTP ZX-Turbo, and stayed in the lead until the end of the race. After a review, IMSA upheld the results at the earlier flag, relegating Brabham to second and Robinson in the other GTP ZX-Turbo to third.[45] The GTP ZX-Turbos were back in the top two positions at Topeka, beginning another short streak through San Antonio and Sears Point. Defeat came again at Tampa, and at the season finale at Del Mar.
With ten wins to Jaguar's three, Nissan won the constructor's championship; the first time anyone other than Porsche had won it since the GTP class debuted in 1983. Geoff Brabham edged out Chip Robinson for his second drivers championship.
1990[edit]
While development proceeded on an all new car, the team continued to race the older GTP ZX-Turbos into the 1990 season. The renamed NPTI team was joined by privateer Jim Busby Racing, later David Seabroke Racing, who ran a third car that season.
After problems at Daytona, the GTP ZX-Turbos took a victory in Miami for the third time, while Busby's new car took second. The team improved on their previous performance at Sebring by taking first and second place. The streak continued through Road Atlanta and Palm Beach before the newcomer Eagle-Toyota overcame Nissan at Topeka.
The GTP ZX-Turbo's replacement, the NPT-90, debuted at Topeka in May, with the team running one of each car.[46] At Lime Rock Nissan was defeated, but at Mid-Ohio they won again, with the NPT-90 first and GTP ZX-Turbo second.
A second NPT-90 chassis was completed in time for Sears Points, and marked the retirement of the original ZX-Turbo.
With the combined results of the GTP ZX-Turbos and NPT-90s, and the performance of privateers Jim Busby and, later, David Seabroke, Nissan once again took the GTP constructors championship, and Geoff Brabham his third drivers championship.
1991[edit]
One GTP ZX-Turbo entered by John Shapiro at Miami in 1991 finished in thirteenth, after which the team folded. This was the final race by a GTP ZX-Turbo, although their new NPT-90s would continue to carry the GTP ZX-Turbo name on their bodywork. An NPTI car was entered but did not start at Lime Rock Park this year, and is variously identified as a GTP ZX-Turbo or an NPT-90.
All Japan Sports Prototype Championship[edit]
Lola T810 chassis HU3 and HU4 were sold to Japan for use in the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship. The buyer's name is reported to have been either the Central 20 Racing Team or The Le Mans Company.[1][15] The cars raced as Lola T810 Fairlady Z models. Debuting late in the 1985 season with principal driver Haruhito Yanagida, the car suffered mechanical failures before finishing eighth at the 1000 km of Fuji to close out the season. The car continued to have problems the following year, again only finishing at the 1000 km of Fuji but this time managing sixth place, thirteen laps behind the winning Porsche 962. The car was retired as the team moved on to a Porsche.
Interserie[edit]
One of the former works chassis, believed to have been 87-01, was taken to Europe and run in the 1991 Interserie championship by Team Alutech. The car raced for only one year.
Historic racing and Concours[edit]
Won class at Amelia Island.[24]
Feature marque.[47]
IMSA GT Racing record[edit]
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Further reading[edit]
- Starkey, John (2002). Lightning Speed The Nissan GTP & Group C Racecars. Gryfon Publishers, Ltd., FL. ISBN 978-0970325945.
- Willes, Chris (1 January 2020). Developing a Champion: The Electramotive Nissan GTP Story. Chris Willes. ISBN 978-0578568799.
- Evanow, Pete (23 June 2020). Nissan Z: 50 Years of Exhilarating Performance. Motorbooks. p. 76. ISBN 978-0760367131.
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h Swan, Gerald, ed. (2019). "The Lola T810". Lola Heritage. Cite error: The named reference "lh-t810" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Malloy, Gerry (13 May 2020). "Datsun name set to disappear – again!". Autofile.ca.
- ^ Potter, Steve (21 April 1985). "Nissan's New Turbo Set for Grand Prix". New York Times.
- ^ a b c Gousseau, Alexis (21 February 2006). "Electramotive". IMSA History.
- ^ a b c d Lerner, Preston (August 2002). "Uncle Samurai". Motor Sport. pp. 92–97.
- ^ Adamowicz, Tony. "Electramotive Years 1979 – 1981". www.a2zracer.com.
- ^ Willes, Chris (17 February 2019). "The EECP (Electronic Engine Control... - Developing a Champion: The Electramotive Nissan GTP Story". Facebook.
- ^ a b c Pruett, Marshall (4 July 2017). "John Knepp, 1942-2017". Racer. Cite error: The named reference "racer-jul2017" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ "Don Devendorf". Road Racing Drivers Club.
- ^ a b Fuller, Michael J. (2012). "1988-1990 Nissan GTP ZX-T". Mulsanne's Corner. p. 3.
- ^ "About Us". Dailey Engineering.
- ^ a b Starkey, John; Illoinen, Esa; Wells, Ken (1 January 2002). Lola: The Illustrated History from 1978. Veloce. ISBN 978-1901295009.
- ^ "The Nissan ZX-T". Toluca Lake Classic Motorsports. 2010.
- ^ Tidesco, Art (8 January 2015). "IMSA King Elvis — Nissan GTP ZX-Turbo #88-01". Gettin' a lil' psycho on tyres !.
- ^ a b c Krejci, Martin (1 May 2010). "Lola group C/GTP chassis numbers". World Sports Racing Prototypes.
- ^ a b Adamowicz, Tony. "Nissan — IMSA 1984-85". www.a2zracer.com.
- ^ Kastner, Kas (11 January 2014). Childs, Greg (ed.). "Legends of Nissan Motorsports – Kas Kastner (Part 2)". Nissan Infiniti Car Owners.
- ^ a b Glick, Shav (22 October 1989). "MOTOR RACING GRAND PRIX OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: Kastner Is in Perfect Position—He Has Sure Thing at Del Mar". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ a b c d Kastner, Kas (11 January 2014). Childs, Greg (ed.). "Legends of Nissan Motorsports – Kas Kastner (Part 3)". Nissan Infiniti Car Owners.
- ^ a b c d e Kastner, Kas (August 2019). "Triumph and Nissan: How It Happened". Kas Kastner.
- ^ a b "New performance development center carries Nissan racing into the '90's". Indianapolis Star. Indianapolis, Indiana. 23 December 1990. p. 135.
- ^ a b Malcevic, Marijan (23 March 2017). "Nissan GTP ZX-Turbo - Japanese Power to Conquer America". SnapLap.
- ^ "IMSA GTP - The Prototype Golden Era". CarThrottle. 17 December 2017.
- ^ a b c Yaeger, Steve (13 March 2017). "Nissan GTP-ZX wins class at Amelia Island". nissannews.com.
- ^ a b c Starkey, John (2004). "ELECTRAMOTIVE NISSAN ZX-T" (PDF). John Starkey Cars.
- ^ a b Smith, Damien (19 December 2019). "Great racing cars: 1988 Nissan GTP ZX-Turbo". Motor Sport.
- ^ "Nissan GTP ZX-Turbo 1985". Ultimatecarpage.com. 29 December 2006.
- ^ a b Kastner, Kas (15 January 2014). Childs, Greg (ed.). "Legends of Nissan Motorsports – Kas Kastner (Part 4)". Nissan Infiniti Car Owners.
- ^ "Book Review: Developing a Champion: The Electromotive(sic) Nissan GTP Story". LACar. 28 June 2020.
- ^ Kastner, Kas (16 January 2014). Childs, Greg (ed.). "Legends of Nissan Motorsports – Kas Kastner (Part 5)". Nissan Infiniti Car Owners.
- ^ Fuller, Michael J. (2012). "1988-1990 Nissan GTP ZX-T". Mulsanne's Corner. p. 2.
- ^ a b Fuller, Michael J. (2003). "1988-1990 Nissan GTP ZX-T". Mulsanne's Corner. p. 6.
- ^ "Lola T810 Nissan GTP ZX Turbo, 1987". Auta 5P.
- ^ Gutiérrez, Humberto (23 September 2016). "Geoff Brabham evoca al Nissan GTP ZX Turbo en un vídeo" [Geoff Brabham evokes the Nissan GTP ZX Turbo in a video]. Diariomotor (in Spanish).
- ^ "Background Information". 20 November 2009. Archived from the original on 28 January 2010.
- ^ Ryan, Trevor Yale (29 November 2018). "ZCON's Prototype Surprise: The GTP ZX-Turbo". Speedhunters.
- ^ Tripathi, Karan (21 April 2020). "Watch The Nissan GTP ZX-Turbo Fly Around A Track Flapping Its 800 hp Wings". Motoroids.
- ^ a b c d Bamsey, Ian (ed.). International Race Engine Directory. Haynes. pp. 98–101. ISBN 0-85429-712-X.
- ^ Glick, Shav (3 July 1988). "Brabham Takes Turns for the Better: On the Road Course Again". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Vaughan, Daniel (11 May 2011). "1985 Nissan GTP ZX-Turbo". conceptcarz.
- ^ Briggs, Ian (1992). Endurance Racing 1982–1991. Osprey Automotive. ISBN 1-85532-228-5.
- ^ a b Fuller, Michael J. (2003). "1993 Nissan P35 Story". Mulsanne's Corner.
- ^ DeMere, Mac (January 1990). "Racing 1990 — Don't Look Back". Popular Mechanics. pp. 86–90.
- ^ "Nissan | Heritage Collection | Nissan GTP ZX-Turbo".
- ^ Bishop, Mitch (5 February 2019). "The Sordid Tale of Two Checkered Flags at the 1989 Camel GT Race in Portland". International Motor Racing Research Center.
- ^ Malcevic, Marijan (9 April 2017). "Nissan NPT-90 — the Last Nissan to Win IMSA Championship Title". SnapLap.
- ^ Stern, Lee (15 March 2018). "2018 Classic Motorsports Mitty to celebrate Nissan's historic motorsport icons". Evo.
- ^ "IMSA 1985". www.classicscars.com.
- ^ "IMSA 1986". www.classicscars.com.
- ^ "IMSA 1987". www.classicscars.com.
- ^ "IMSA 1988". www.classicscars.com.
- ^ "IMSA 1989". www.classicscars.com.
- ^ "IMSA 1990". www.classicscars.com.
- ^ "IMSA 1991". www.classicscars.com.
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External links[edit]
- World Sports Racing Prototypes - Nissan Chassis Index (for Electramotive-built GTP ZX-Turbos)
- Prototyp - Nissan GTP ZX-T
- John Starkey Cars - GTP ZX-Turbo T810-HU01 chassis history
- "1988 Nissan GTP ZX-T 8803:". 962.com. 2002.
- "Nissan's Motorsport's Winning Tradition Provides Inspiration for Champions that Follow". Nissan USA. 21 July 2004. Archived from the original on 29 October 2007.
- "Nissan GTP ZX-T". Racing Sports Cars.
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