Tar Saptak
Tar Saptak or Taar Saptak (pronounced [tar səp.tək]; transl. High Septet) is an anthology of Hindi language poems written by seven poets, published in 1943. Compiled by Sachchidananda Vatsyayan (under his penname 'Agyeya'), it contain poems of Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh, Nemi Chandra Jain, Bharat Bhushan Agrawal, Prabhakar Machwe, Girija Kumar Mathur, Ram Vilas Sharma, and Agyeya himself. The publication of Tar Saptak has been seen as 'historically significant' event, as it influenced later development of modern Hindi poetry.[1]
Content[edit]
Indian music, both vocal and instrumental normally has three registers (saptak).[2] The term Tar Saptak refers to the highest range of the three, and specifically means the 'upper or high octave' or 'high octave'.[3] The volume with this title marked the advent of 'experimentalism' (prayogvad) in Hindi poetry.[4]
The poets of Tar Saptak in many ways were different from each other, yet they shared a common impulse to explore new possibilities in the form and content of poetry. As Agyeya wrote, 'The poet of Tar Saptak consider poetry a subject of experiment. They do not claim to have explored the truth of poetry or to have reached the ultimate destination - they are only explorers of new ways.[1]
Agyeya was fascinated by the sub-conscious mind and the way it revealed itself through symbols that often proved to be wholly new. He felt that in order to express the 'emotional experience' one had to be experimental. Girija Kumar Mathur experimented with words and their sounds, particularly vowels. His description of images is reminiscent of Rimbaud's idea of different vowels having different colours. Mathur emphasized language, colour and imagery in the communication of rasa. Muktibodh sought to delve into the individual mind and creates new patterns of verse in novel rhyme schemes. Bharat Bhushan Agrawal and Ram Vilas Sharma approached their themes under the influence of Marxist ideology. Prabhakar Machwe and Nemi Chandra Jain were both clearly indented to Freudian theory.[1]
Reception[edit]
The publication of Tar Saptak gave rise to the Prayogvad (Experimentalism) in Hindi poetry,[5] and later grow into another movement known as Nayī Kavitā (New Poetry).[6][7]
Tar Saptak was followed up with a sequel of two anthologies: Dusara Saptak (Second Septet; 1951) and Tisara Saptak (Third Septet; 1959).[8] In 1979, Agyeya published Chautha Saptak (Fourth Septet), but unlike its predecessors, it left no mark on the development of Hindi poetry, according to Lucy Rosenstein.[3]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Mishra, S. D. (1992). "Tar Saptak". In Lal, Mohan (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. p. 4299. ISBN 978-81-260-1221-3.
- ^ Courtney, David; Koumounduri, Srinivas (2016). Learning the Sitar. Mel Bay Publications. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-610-65256-8.
- ^ a b Rosenstein 2004, p. 18.
- ^ Bali 2005, p. 1247.
- ^ Dave, Radhekant (May–June 1979). "Recent Trends in Hindi Poetry". Indian Literature. 22 (3). New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi: 63. JSTOR 23329987.
- ^ Rosenstein 2004, p. 9.
- ^ Satyendra, Kush (2000). Dictionary of Hindu Literature. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-81-7625-159-4.
- ^ Tripathi, Brajendra (November–December 2011). "The Social Context of "Nayi Kavita"". Indian Literature. 55 (6). New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi: 257–264. JSTOR 23348760.
Source[edit]
- Rosenstein, Lucy (2004). New Poetry in Hindi: Nayi Kavita, An Anthology. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-1-843-31125-6.
- Bali, T. N. (2005) [1988]. "Experimental Literature". In Datta, Amaresh (ed.). Encyclopedia of Indian Literature. Vol. 2. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 1247–1248. ISBN 978-8-126-01194-0.
Further reading[edit]
- S. C. Narula; Sachchidanand Hiranand Vatsyayan (2004). Selections from the Saptaks. New Delhi: Rupa & Co. ISBN 978-81-291-0453-3.
- Czekalska, Renata (2012). ""Tar Saptak" Poetry & the Polish Avant-Garde : Observations on the Universality of Artistic Thought". In Dalmia, Vasudha (ed.). Hindi Modernism: Rethinking Agyeya and His Times. Berkeley: Center for South Asia Studies, University of California. ISBN 978-0-944613-26-9.
- Prasad, Rājendra (2006) [1987]. Tāra Saptaka Ke Kaviyoṃ Kī Samāja-cetanā 'तार सप्तक' के कवियों की समाज-चेतना [Social Consciousness of the Poets of Tar Saptak] (in Hindi) (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Vani Prakashan. OCLC 38305191.
- Mishra, Akhilesh Kumar (2001). Tar Saptak Kaviyo Ke Kabya Siddhant Aur Unki Kavita तार सप्तक कवियों के काव्य सिद्धान्त और उनकी कविता [Poetics of Tar Saptak Poets and Their Poetry] (PhD thesis) (in Hindi). Allahabad: Allahabad University.
External links[edit]
- Tar Saptak at the Internet Archive
- Tar Saptak at Google Books