Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Expanding article Adding/improving reference(s)
→‎Politics: Expanding article Adding/improving reference(s)
Line 48: Line 48:


===Conflict with Nirankaris===
===Conflict with Nirankaris===
On 13 April 1978, the day to celebrate the birth of [[Khalsa]], a [[Sant Nirankari Mission|Sant Nirankari]] convention was organized in Amritsar. The practices of "Sant Nirankaris" sect of Nirankaris was considered as heretics by the orthodox Sikhism expounded by Bhindranwale.<ref name="Cynthia_Taksal78">{{cite book |last1=Mahmood |first1=Cynthia Keppley |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants |date=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=9780812215922 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FqvTRUrwt2UC |accessdate=8 July 2018}}</ref> Bhindranwale declared that he would not allow this convention and would ''go there and cut them to pieces.''<ref name="satp prophet"/> A procession of about two hundred Sikhs led by [[Bhindranwale]] and Fauja Singh of the [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]] left the Golden Temple, heading towards the Nirankari Convention.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Mark|last1=Tully|first2=Satish|last2=Jacob|title=Amritsar: Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle|date=1985|page=59}}</ref> Fauja attempted to behead Nirankari chief [[Gurbachan Singh]] with his sword but was shot dead by Gurbachan's bodyguard, while Bhindranwale escaped.<ref name="satp prophet"/> In the [[1978 Sikh-Nirankari clash|ensuing violence]], several people were killed: two of Bhindranwale's followers, eleven members of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha and three Nirankaris.<ref name="satp prophet">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/nightsoffalsehood/falsehood4.htm|title=Punjab: The Knights of Falsehood -- Psalms of Terror|website=Satp.org|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref> This event brought Bhindranwale to limelight in the media.<ref name="IT_Rise">{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Chandan |title=Bhindranwale's rise from a small-time priest was meteoric |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/india-today-35th-anniversary/story/20111226-india-today-newsmake-of-1980s-jarnail-singh-bhindranwale-750018-2011-12-15 |accessdate=6 July 2018 |work=India Today 35th anniversary |publisher=India Today |date=15 December 2011}}</ref>
On 13 April 1978, the day to celebrate the birth of [[Khalsa]], a peaceful [[Sant Nirankari Mission|Sant Nirankari]] convention was organized in Amritsar, with permission from the Akali state government. The practices of "Sant Nirankaris" sect of Nirankaris was considered as heretics by the orthodox Sikhism expounded by Bhindranwale.<ref name="Cynthia_Taksal78">{{cite book |last1=Mahmood |first1=Cynthia Keppley |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants |date=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=9780812215922 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FqvTRUrwt2UC |accessdate=8 July 2018}}</ref> Bhindranwale declared that he would not allow this convention and would ''go there and cut them to pieces.''<ref name="satp prophet"/> A procession of about two hundred Sikhs led by [[Bhindranwale]] and Fauja Singh of the [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]] left the Golden Temple, heading towards the Nirankari Convention.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Mark|last1=Tully|first2=Satish|last2=Jacob|title=Amritsar: Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle|date=1985|page=59}}</ref> Fauja attempted to behead Nirankari chief [[Gurbachan Singh]] with his sword but was shot dead by Gurbachan's bodyguard, while Bhindranwale escaped.<ref name="satp prophet"/> In the [[1978 Sikh-Nirankari clash|ensuing violence]], several people were killed: two of Bhindranwale's followers, eleven members of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha and three Nirankaris.<ref name="satp prophet">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/nightsoffalsehood/falsehood4.htm|title=Punjab: The Knights of Falsehood -- Psalms of Terror|website=Satp.org|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref> This event brought Bhindranwale to limelight in the media.<ref name="IT_Rise">{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Chandan |title=Bhindranwale's rise from a small-time priest was meteoric |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/india-today-35th-anniversary/story/20111226-india-today-newsmake-of-1980s-jarnail-singh-bhindranwale-750018-2011-12-15 |accessdate=6 July 2018 |work=India Today 35th anniversary |publisher=India Today |date=15 December 2011}}</ref>


A criminal case was filed against sixty two Nirankaris, by the Akali led government in Punjab. The case was heard in the neighbouring [[Haryana]] state, and all the accused were acquitted.<ref name="Cynthia_Taksal79">{{cite book |last1=Mahmood |first1=Cynthia Keppley |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants |date=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=9780812215922 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FqvTRUrwt2UC |accessdate=8 July 2018}}</ref> The Punjab government Chief Minister [[Prakash Singh Badal]] decided not to appeal the decision.<ref>Cynthia Keppley Mahmood, Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996, pp. 58–60; Gopal Singh, A History of the Sikh People, New Delhi, World Book Center, 1988, p. 739.</ref> The case of Nirankaris received widespread support in the media and the orthodox Sikhs claimed this to be a conspiracy to defame the Sikh religion.<ref name="Cynthia_Taksal79"/> Bhindranwale increased his rhetoric against the enemies of Sikhs. A letter of authority was issued by [[Akal Takht]] to ostracize the Sant Nirankaris. A sentiment was created to justify extra judicial killings of the perceived enemies of Sikhism.<ref>Singh (1999), pp. 365–66.</ref> The chief proponents of this attitude were the [[Babbar Khalsa]] founded by the widow, Bibi Amarjit Kaur of the [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]], whose husband Fauja Singh had been at the head of the march in Amritsar; the Damdami Taksal led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale who had also been in Amritsar on the day of the outrage; the Dal Khalsa, formed with the object of demanding a sovereign Sikh state; and the [[All India Sikh Students Federation]], which was banned by the government.
A criminal case was filed against sixty two Nirankaris, by the Akali led government in Punjab. The case was heard in the neighbouring [[Haryana]] state, and all the accused were acquitted.<ref name="Cynthia_Taksal79">{{cite book |last1=Mahmood |first1=Cynthia Keppley |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants |date=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=9780812215922 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FqvTRUrwt2UC |accessdate=8 July 2018}}</ref> The Punjab government Chief Minister [[Prakash Singh Badal]] decided not to appeal the decision.<ref>Cynthia Keppley Mahmood, Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996, pp. 58–60; Gopal Singh, A History of the Sikh People, New Delhi, World Book Center, 1988, p. 739.</ref> The case of Nirankaris received widespread support in the media and the orthodox Sikhs claimed this to be a conspiracy to defame the Sikh religion.<ref name="Cynthia_Taksal79"/> Bhindranwale increased his rhetoric against the enemies of Sikhs. A letter of authority was issued by [[Akal Takht]] to ostracize the Sant Nirankaris. A sentiment was created to justify extra judicial killings of the perceived enemies of Sikhism.<ref>Singh (1999), pp. 365–66.</ref> The chief proponents of this attitude were the [[Babbar Khalsa]] founded by the widow, Bibi Amarjit Kaur of the [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]], whose husband Fauja Singh had been at the head of the march in Amritsar; the Damdami Taksal led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale who had also been in Amritsar on the day of the outrage; the Dal Khalsa, formed with the object of demanding a sovereign Sikh state; and the [[All India Sikh Students Federation]], which was banned by the government.
Line 104: Line 104:
Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale was accused by Indian authorities and critics for being responsible for several crimes and acts of terrorism including murdering and inciting hatred toward innocent Hindus, bank robbery, home invasion, organizing terrorist training camps, and stockpiling weapons.<ref>Government of India (1984). "White paper on the Punjab agitation", p. 2. Government publication, National government publication.</ref>
Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale was accused by Indian authorities and critics for being responsible for several crimes and acts of terrorism including murdering and inciting hatred toward innocent Hindus, bank robbery, home invasion, organizing terrorist training camps, and stockpiling weapons.<ref>Government of India (1984). "White paper on the Punjab agitation", p. 2. Government publication, National government publication.</ref>


In its’ White Paper on Operation Blue Star, the Indian Government published statements made by Bhindranwale in an effort to illustrate his alleged intent to advocate the killing of Hindus in Punjab and to initiate a general exodus from the State for political purposes. <ref>Government of India (1984). "White paper on the Punjab agitation", p. 164. Government publication, National government publication.</ref> However, supporters of the Bhindranwale contend that the passages were removed from larger statements in such a way that the intended meaning was distorted in order to misrepresent Bhindranwale’s views.<ref>Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Khalsa Bhindranwale by Ranbir Singh Sandhu p.xxvii--xlviii</ref><ref>Darshi, A.R. (2004). "The Gallant Defender", p. 103. {{ISBN|81-7601-468-0}}.</ref><Ref>Dhillon, Gurdarshan Singh (1996). "The Truth about Punjab", p. 104. {{ISBN|0836455606}}.</ref>
In it's White Paper on Operation Blue Star, the Indian Government published statements made by Bhindranwale in an effort to illustrate his alleged intent to advocate the killing of Hindus in Punjab and to initiate a general exodus from the State for political purposes. <ref>Government of India (1984). "White paper on the Punjab agitation", p. 164. Government publication, National government publication.</ref> However, supporters of the Bhindranwale contend that the passages were removed from larger statements in such a way that the intended meaning was distorted in order to misrepresent Bhindranwale’s views.<ref>Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Khalsa Bhindranwale by Ranbir Singh Sandhu p.xxvii--xlviii</ref><ref>Darshi, A.R. (2004). "The Gallant Defender", p. 103. {{ISBN|81-7601-468-0}}.</ref><Ref>Dhillon, Gurdarshan Singh (1996). "The Truth about Punjab", p. 104. {{ISBN|0836455606}}.</ref>

Few leaders raised their voice against Bhindranwale in the Golden Temple and other Gurudwaras across the state. Among the prominent ones was Giani Partap Singh, an eighty year old spiritual leaders and a former Jathedar of the Akal Takht, Partap had openly criticized Bhindranwale for stocking arms and ammunition in the Akal Takht. Bhindranwale's occupation of the Akal Takht was called an act of sacrilege. Partap was shot dead at his home in Tahli Chowk. Other dissenters were also killed. They included Niranjan Singh, the Granthi of Gurudwara Toot Sahib, Granthi Jarnail Singh of Valtoha and Granthi Surat Singh of Majauli. All those who spoke against Bhindranwale were percieved as his enemies who in turn were branded as enemies of the Sikh faith. The Sikh religious leadership had heard and understood the message being spread and they had already succumbed to their fear.<ref name="satp prophet"/>

The violence rose to its peak in the months before Operation Bluestar and the Golden Temple was allegedly being defiled. An arsenal had been created within the Akal Takht over a period of several months. Trucks engaged for kar seva (religious service) and bringing in supplies for the daily langar were smuggling in guns and ammunition. The police never attempted to check these vehicles entering the Golden Temple, reportedly on instructions from superiors. During a random check one such truck was stopped and a large number of sten guns and ammunition were found. After the operation Blue Star it was ofound that the militants had set up a ‘grenade manufacturing’ facility, and a workshop for the fabrication of sten-guns inside the Temple Complex. Meanwhile, the killing rate had been rising all over the state, with sometimes more than a dozen killings in a day.<ref name="satp prophet"/>


==Fortification of the Golden Temple==
==Fortification of the Golden Temple==

Revision as of 10:14, 9 July 2018

Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale
Born
Jarnail Singh

2 June 1947
Rode, Moga, Punjab
Died6 June 1984 (aged 37)
Akal Takht Sahib
Cause of deathOperation Blue Star
MonumentsGurdwara Yaadgar Shaheedan, Amritsar
Occupation(s)Sikh Preacher
Head of Damdami Taksal
MovementKhalistan Creation Movement and Anandpur Sahib Resoultion
SpousePritam Kaur (m. 1996-1984)
ChildrenIshar Singh and Inderjit Singh[1]

Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale ([dʒəɾnɛl sɪ́ŋɡ pɪ̀ɳɖɾɑ̃ʋɑɭe], born Jarnail Singh)[2] (2 June 1947 – 6 June 1984) was a leader of the Sikh organization Damdami Taksal, and supporter of the Anandpur Resolution.[3][4][5][6] He gained prominence due to his involvement in the 1978 Sikh-Nirankari clash. To escape arrest, he along with his militant cadre occupied and fortified the sikh shrine Akal Takht.[7] Operation Blue Star was launched to remove him and the armed militants from the Golden Temple complex.

Bhindranwale was the head of the orthodox Sikh religious school Damdami Taksal and held the title of missionary "Sant". In the summer of 1982, Bhindranwale and the Akali Dal launched the Dharam Yudh Morcha (battle for righteousness), with its stated aim being the fulfillment of a list of demands based on the Anandpur Sahib Resolution. Thousands of people joined the movement in the hope of acquiring a larger share of irrigation water and the return of Chandigarh to Punjab.[8]

In June 1984 Operation Blue Star was carried out by the Indian Army to remove Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his armed militants from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib Complex in Amritsar, Punjab.[9] Bhindranwale has remained a controversial figure in Indian history. While the Sikhs' highest temporal authority Akal Takht describe him a 'martyr' while the Indian media views him as a radical terrorist.[10][11][12]

Early life

Bhindranwale was born to a Jat Sikh family in the village of Rode,[13] in Moga District located in the region of Malwa. The grandson of Sardar Harnam Singh Brar, his father, Joginder Singh Brar was a farmer and a local Sikh leader, and his mother was Nihal Kaur.[1] Jarnail Singh was the seventh of seven brothers and one sister. He was brought up as a strict vegetarian.[14]

He married Pritam Kaur, the daughter of Sucha Singh of Bilaspur at the age of ninteen.[13][1] The couple had two sons, Ishar Singh and Inderjit Singh, in 1971 and 1975, respectively.[1] Pritam Kaur died of heart ailment at age 60, on 15 September 2007 in Jalandhar.[15]

Damdami Taksal

File:Damdami Taksal Logo.svg
The Logo of the Damdami Taksal, reads 'the Shabd is forged in the True mint' in Punjabi (Gurmukhi).

In 1965, he was enrolled by his father at the Damdami Taksal, a religious school, near Moga, Punjab, then headed by Gurbachan Singh Khalsa.[1] After a one-year course in Sikh studies he returned to farming again. He continued his studies under Kartar Singh, who was the new head of the Taksal after Gurbachan Singh Khalsa. He quickly became the favourite student of Kartar Singh.[16] Kartar Singh Khalsa died in a car accident on 16 August 1977. Before his death Kartar Singh had appointed Bhindranwale as his successor, in preference to his son Amrik Singh.[16] Bhindranwale became the head of Taksal at a young age of thirty one.[13] Bhindranwale was formally elected at a bhog ceremony at Mehta Chowk on 25 August 1977.[1] Due to his religious background as a preacher and head of the Sikh school of learning at Bhindran (Damdami Taksal), his followers formally called him Bhindranwale Mahapurkh, which meant "The Great Spiritual Man from Bhindran". Amrik Singh later became a close associate of Bhindranwale.[17]

After attaining the title of "Sant" Bhindranwale relinquished most of his family duty and gave his full time to Taksal.[13] As a missionary Sant of Taksal, he would tour the villages to give dramatic public sermons and reading of scripture.[12] He preached the disaffected young Sikhs, encouraging them to return to the path of Khalsa by giving up consumerism in family life and abstaining from drugs and alcohol.[18] His focus on fighting for the Sikh cause appealed to many young Sikhs. Bhindranwale never learned English but had good grasp of Punjabi language. His speeches were released in the form of audio cassette tapes and circualted in villages. Later on, he became adept with press and gave radio and television interviews as well.[12]

Politics

Bhindranwale was responsible for the launching the Sikh Militancy during the 1980s.[12] Under Bhindranwale, the number of people inititating into the Khalsa increased. He also increased the level of rhetoric on the percieved "assault" on Sikh values from the Hindu community.[12] Bhindranwale and his closest companion Amrik Singh started carrying firearms at all times, this practice was defended referring to the Sikh religious value of carrying a Kirpan which is also a weapon.[12]

From his rise in popularity in 1978, till his death on June 6, 1984, for a period of six years Bhindranwale propagated and practised hate thorough the orthodox sikh tenets. He used Amrit Prachar, the propagation of the tenets of the Sikh faith and mixed radical fundamentalism with incitement to violence.[19] Author Khushwant Singh, summarized his ‘revelations’, that Bhindranwale was not bothered with the subtle points of theology; he had his list of do’s and don’ts clearly set out in bold letters. He took those passages from the sacred texts which suited his purpose and ignored or glossed over others that did not. He well understood that hate was a stronger passion than love: his list of hates was even more clearly and boldly spelt out.[20]

Congress

Critics of Bhindranwale accredit his rise in popularity to his alleged role as an agent of India's Congress party, particularly through his connection with former President Zail Singh.[21] Supporters of Bhindranwale refute the allegation that he was an agent of the Congress government and contend that his rise in popularity was largely due to his stance on social issues affecting Punjab and dedication to the Sikh faith.[22]

Conflict with Nirankaris

On 13 April 1978, the day to celebrate the birth of Khalsa, a peaceful Sant Nirankari convention was organized in Amritsar, with permission from the Akali state government. The practices of "Sant Nirankaris" sect of Nirankaris was considered as heretics by the orthodox Sikhism expounded by Bhindranwale.[23] Bhindranwale declared that he would not allow this convention and would go there and cut them to pieces.[19] A procession of about two hundred Sikhs led by Bhindranwale and Fauja Singh of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha left the Golden Temple, heading towards the Nirankari Convention.[24] Fauja attempted to behead Nirankari chief Gurbachan Singh with his sword but was shot dead by Gurbachan's bodyguard, while Bhindranwale escaped.[19] In the ensuing violence, several people were killed: two of Bhindranwale's followers, eleven members of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha and three Nirankaris.[19] This event brought Bhindranwale to limelight in the media.[25]

A criminal case was filed against sixty two Nirankaris, by the Akali led government in Punjab. The case was heard in the neighbouring Haryana state, and all the accused were acquitted.[26] The Punjab government Chief Minister Prakash Singh Badal decided not to appeal the decision.[27] The case of Nirankaris received widespread support in the media and the orthodox Sikhs claimed this to be a conspiracy to defame the Sikh religion.[26] Bhindranwale increased his rhetoric against the enemies of Sikhs. A letter of authority was issued by Akal Takht to ostracize the Sant Nirankaris. A sentiment was created to justify extra judicial killings of the perceived enemies of Sikhism.[28] The chief proponents of this attitude were the Babbar Khalsa founded by the widow, Bibi Amarjit Kaur of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha, whose husband Fauja Singh had been at the head of the march in Amritsar; the Damdami Taksal led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale who had also been in Amritsar on the day of the outrage; the Dal Khalsa, formed with the object of demanding a sovereign Sikh state; and the All India Sikh Students Federation, which was banned by the government.

In the subsequent years following this event, several murders took place in Punjab and the surrounding areas allegedly by Bhindranwale's group and the new Babbar Khalsa.[26] The Babbar Khalsa activists took up residence in the Golden Temple, where they would retreat to, after committing "acts of punishment" on people against the orthodox Sikh tenets. Police did not entered The temple complex to avoid hurting the sentiments of Sikhs.[26] On 24 April 1980, The Nirankari head, Gurbachan was murdered.[29] Bhindranwale took residence in Golden Temple to escape arrest when he was accused of the assassination of Nirankari Gurbachan Singh.[30] Several of Bhindranwale's associates and relatives were arrested. The FIR named nearly twenty people involved in the murder, most of whom had ties to Bhindranwale.[31] A member of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha, Ranjit Singh, surrendered and admitted to the assassination three years later, and was sentenced to serve thirteen years at the Tihar Jail in Delhi.

Assassination of Lala Jagat Narain

On 9 September 1981, Lala Jagat Narain, the founder editor of the newspaper Punjab Kesari, was murdered. He was viewed as a supporter of the Nirankari sect and had written several editorials that had condemned the acts of Bhindranwale.[29] Lala had urged Hindus of Punjab to reply to government census that Hindi and not Punjabi was their mother tongue and decried the Anandpur Sahib Resolution. Narain had been present at the clash between the Nirankaris and the Akhand Kirtani Jatha and had served as a witness in the court case of the incident.[32] Bhindranwale declared that the killers of Gurbachan and Lala deserved to be rewarded with their weight in gold.[19]

Punjab Police suspected Bhindranwale in the editor's murder and issued a warrant for his arrest. Bhindranwale at that time was present in Chando Kalan, a Haryana village 200 miles from Amritsar. The Punjab Police planned a search operation in an attempt to locate and arrest Bhindranwale on September 14th 1981.[33] Jounalist Kuldip Nayyar reported that Bhindranwale was alerted in time by intervention of the Haryana CM Bhajan Lal acting on advice of Congress Home Minister of India Zail Singh.[33] Haryana Police reportedly allowed Bhindranwale to flee before the Punjab Police team reached Chando Kalan to arrest him. Bhindranwale had to abandon his private bus before fleeing.[19] There was violence in Chando Kalan when the Punjab Police team reached there, between supporters of Bhindranwale and police.[33] In the violence two buses owned by the Damdami Taksal were burnt. The bus contained written records of sermons of Bhindranwale for posterity.[34] The burning of his sermons enraged Bhindranwale and he lost faith in his political protectors. After absconding for several days, Bhindranwale secured himself in his fortified Gurudwara Gurdarshan Parkash at Mehta Chowk.[19]

Arrest at Mehta Chowk

The Gurudwara at Mehta Chowk was surrounded by the police but no effort was made to arrest him. Senior officials went inside the Gurudwara to ‘negotiate a surrender’. Bhindranwale agreed to surrender for arrest at 1:00 p.m. on September 20, 1981 but added a condition that will do so only after addressing a ‘religious congregation’. This condition was accepted by the police. At the agreed time he emerged address a large crowd of his followers who armed with spears, swords and several firearms. Several prominent Akali leaders such as Harchand Singh Longowal, Gurcharan Singh Tohra and Jathedar Santokh Singh of the Delhi Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee were present. Bhindranwale delievered a fiery sermon against the Government, against the alleged injustices done to him and to Sikhs at large. He ended his speech asking the mob not to act violent after his arrest. Bhindranwale then ‘surrendered’ to the police for arrest and was taken to a circuit house (guest house) instead of prison. While he was being taken away, the mob roused by the speech opened fire on the police in the ensuing violence 11 persons were killed.[19][35][29]

Violence after the arrest

On 20 September 1981, on the day of his arrest, three armed men on motorcycle opened fire in a market in Jalandhar and killed four Hindus and injured twelve. The next day, in another incident at Tarn Taran one Hindu was killed and thirteen people injured. Five days later, in Amritsar a goods train was derailed. On September 29, an aeroplane of Indian Airlines was hijacked and taken to Lahore. Several explosions followed in Punjab's Amritsar, Faridkot and Gurdaspur districts.[19]

For the next 25 days, violence occured all over Punjab. The Akali Dal under Longowal decided to support Bhindranwale. Bhindranwale also got support from Tohra, the President of the SGPC and Gurdial Singh Ajnoha, the Jathedar of the Akal Takht.[29] India’s Home Minister, Giani Zail Singh, then announced in the Parliament that there was no evidence against Bhindranwale in his involvement in Lala Jagat Narain’s murder. On October 15 1981 Bhindranwale was released by the Punjab Police.[19] After his release he released a public statement approving the murders of Gurbachan Singh and Lala Jagat Narain and that the killers deserved to be honoured and awarded their weight in gold.[19]

Amritdhari Baptized Sikhs

Bhindranwale urged all Sikhs to buy weapons and motorcycles that will be helpful to fight instead of spending on the televisions sets.[26] He believed that Amritdharis (Meaning those who have taken Amrit) or baptized Sikhs should also be Shastradharis (weapon bearers).[26]

Bhindranwale's followers alleged that Punjab police used the term 'encounters' as a euphemism for "cold-blooded murder" carried out extra-judiciously against alleged terrorists. [36] Bhindranwale accused then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of being aware that 'encounters' and other such incidents were taking place in Punjab and that Amrithdaari (baptized) Sikhs were allegedly being targeted by authorities.[37]

Khalistan

Bhindranwale stated his position on Khalistan during interviews with domestic and foreign journalists and public speeches. His statements indicate that he was supportive of remaining "in Hindustan [India]" provided that Sikhs were given rights as "equal citizens" of the country.[38] During the days before the assault, government representatives met with Bhindranwale in a last ditch effort to negotiate a truce. Bhindranwale warned of a backlash by the Sikh community in the event of an army assault on the Golden Temple and repeatedly stated “I don’t want Khalistan but they would give Khalistan on a platter” while meeting with moderators.[39]

Bhindranwale was not using the word "Khalistan"[26] but he used the word 'Qaum' (nation) when referring to the Sikh population of Punjab as an implicit endorsement of the Khalistan movement[40], a movement which was first introduced in concept during the 1946 independence negotiations.[41] However, Bhindranwale made explicit distinctions between the terms 'kaum' and 'country' in the context of Khalistan that demonstrate his belief that Sikhs were a nation capable of living within the country of India: "How can a nation which has sacrificed so much for the freedom of the country want it fragmented." [42]

In light of the perceived discrimination and alleged violence against Sikhs in India, Bhindranwale also consistently stated that, while he was not in favor of Khalistan, he would not repeat the mistakes made by Sikh leadership during the 1946 independence negotiations by refusing it if it was offered by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.[43]

The audio and video archives of his speeches would reveal a very common saying of his- "Sikh ik vakhri qaum hai" (or, "Sikhism is a distinct nation") and Bhindranwale was known to be a supporter of the creation of a Sikh majority state of Khalistan. In a BBC interview, he stated that if the government agreed to the creation of such a state, he would not refuse. Other quotes attributed to Bhindranwale on Khalistan include "we are not in favour of Khalistan nor are we against it". To which he added, "if the Indian Government invaded the Darbar Sahib complex, the foundation for an independent Sikh state will have been laid."[44] The BBC reported that he was daring law enforcement to react to his actions of fortifying the Golden Temple in order to bolster support.[45]

Bhindranwale was reportedly backed by Pakistan's ISI on his radical seperatist stand, plans and operations. Bhindranwale had started the efforts for his demand in 1982, and by mid-1983 had managed to gain support for his plan to divide India.[46] ISI reportedly supported and helped him in spreading militancy in the Indian Punjab state. The arms and ammunition used by his group were provided by ISI.[46]

Communalism

Critics of Bhindranwale have alleged that he held a deep "hatred of Hindus"[47] and made statements to incite acts of communal violence between Sikhs and Hindus.

Terrorism/Extremism

Main article: Punjab insurgency

Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale was accused by Indian authorities and critics for being responsible for several crimes and acts of terrorism including murdering and inciting hatred toward innocent Hindus, bank robbery, home invasion, organizing terrorist training camps, and stockpiling weapons.[48]

In it's White Paper on Operation Blue Star, the Indian Government published statements made by Bhindranwale in an effort to illustrate his alleged intent to advocate the killing of Hindus in Punjab and to initiate a general exodus from the State for political purposes. [49] However, supporters of the Bhindranwale contend that the passages were removed from larger statements in such a way that the intended meaning was distorted in order to misrepresent Bhindranwale’s views.[50][51][52]

Few leaders raised their voice against Bhindranwale in the Golden Temple and other Gurudwaras across the state. Among the prominent ones was Giani Partap Singh, an eighty year old spiritual leaders and a former Jathedar of the Akal Takht, Partap had openly criticized Bhindranwale for stocking arms and ammunition in the Akal Takht. Bhindranwale's occupation of the Akal Takht was called an act of sacrilege. Partap was shot dead at his home in Tahli Chowk. Other dissenters were also killed. They included Niranjan Singh, the Granthi of Gurudwara Toot Sahib, Granthi Jarnail Singh of Valtoha and Granthi Surat Singh of Majauli. All those who spoke against Bhindranwale were percieved as his enemies who in turn were branded as enemies of the Sikh faith. The Sikh religious leadership had heard and understood the message being spread and they had already succumbed to their fear.[19]

The violence rose to its peak in the months before Operation Bluestar and the Golden Temple was allegedly being defiled. An arsenal had been created within the Akal Takht over a period of several months. Trucks engaged for kar seva (religious service) and bringing in supplies for the daily langar were smuggling in guns and ammunition. The police never attempted to check these vehicles entering the Golden Temple, reportedly on instructions from superiors. During a random check one such truck was stopped and a large number of sten guns and ammunition were found. After the operation Blue Star it was ofound that the militants had set up a ‘grenade manufacturing’ facility, and a workshop for the fabrication of sten-guns inside the Temple Complex. Meanwhile, the killing rate had been rising all over the state, with sometimes more than a dozen killings in a day.[19]

Fortification of the Golden Temple

Main article: Operation Blue Star

In July 1982, the then President of Shiromani Akali Dal, Harchand Singh Longowal invited Bhindranwale to take up residence at the Golden Temple compound. He called Bhindranwale "our stave to beat the government."[53] On 19 July 1982, Bhindranwale anticipating his imminent arrest[19] took shelter with a large group of his armed followers, in the Guru Nanak Niwas (Guest house), in the precincts of the Golden Temple.[54] In the chaos of Punjab, Bhindranwale developed a reputation as a man of principle who could settle people's problems about land, property or any other matter without needless formality or delay. The judgement would be accepted by both parties and carried out. This added to his popularity.[55]

Bhindranwale was reportedly backed by Pakistan's ISI on his radical seperatist stand, plans and operations. Bhindranwale had started the efforts for his demand in 1982, and by mid-1983 had managed to gain support for his plan to divide India.[46] ISI reportedly supported and helped him in spreading militancy in the Indian Punjab state. The arms and ammunition used by his group were provided by ISI.[46]

Bhindranwale and his followers moved inside Akal Takht in Decemeber 1983

In 1983, Bhindranwale and approximately 200 armed followers moved into a guest-house called the Guru Nanak Niwas, in the precinct of Harmandir Sahib and made Golden Temple complex his headquarters.[54] From here he met and was interviewed by international television crews.[54] On 23 April 1983, the Punjab Police Deputy Inspector General A. S. Atwal was shot dead as he left the Harmandir Sahib compound by a gunman from Bhindranwale's group.[56] The following day, after the murder, Longowal claimed the involvement of Bhindranwale in the murder.[57] Reportedly, militants responsible for bombings and murders were taking shelter in some gurdwaras in Punjab.[8] Punjab assembly noted that the murder in the temple premises confirmed the charges that the extremists were being sheltered and given active support in religious places and the Guru Nanak Niwas. While Bhindranwale was openly supporting such elements.[58] However, the Congress-led government declared that it could not enter the gurdwaras for the fear of hurting Sikh sentiments.[8] After the murder of six Hindu bus passengers in October 1983, President's rule was imposed in Punjab.[59]

Relocation to the Akal Takht

As the days went by the law and order situation further deteriorated and violence around the complex escalated. While the Akalis pressed on with their two-pronged strategy of negotiations and massive campaigns of civil disobedience directed at the Central Government, others were not so enamoured of nonviolence. Communists known as "Naxalites", armed Sikh groups – the "Babbar Khalsa" and "Dal Khalsa", and the police clashed, and sometimes worked hand in hand. Subramaniam Swami, who at the time was an elected member of India’s Janata Party, accused the government of master-minding a disinformation campaign to create legitimacy for the action. [60] A covert government group known as the Third Agency was also engaged in dividing and destabilising the Sikh movement through the use of undercover officers, paid informants and agents provocateurs.[61] Bhindranwale himself always kept a revolver and wore a cartridge belt [62] he encouraged his followers to be armed.[63]

During the debate in the Parliament of India members of both the houses demanded the arrest of Bhindranwale. Sensing a prospect of his arrest from the hostel premises, he convinced the SGPC president Tohra to set up his headquarter in Akal Takht (Shrine representing the temporal power of God) in the Golden temple.[64] While the move was supported by Gurcharan Singh Tohra, then President of the Gurdwara committee (SGPC), it was opposed by Harcharan Singh Longowal, leader of the Akali political party. On 15 December 1983, Bhindranwale was asked to move out of Guru Nanak Niwas house by members of the Babbar Khalsa who acted with Longowal's support. Babbar Khalsa had also the support of the Congress party. Longowal by now feared for his own safety.[65] Tohra then convinced the high priest to allow Bhindranwale to reside in Akal Takht as he had nowhere to go.[64]15 December 1983 Bhindranwale and his supporters moved to the Akal Takhat and began fortifying the complex with sand bags and light weaponry. Longowal attempted to block the move by persuading Giani Kirpal Singh, then Jathedar (head priest) of the Akal Takht, to use his authority and issue a Hukamnama (edict) disallowing Bhindranwale from relocating to the complex.[66] The temple high priest protested this move as a sacrilege since no Guru or leader ever resided in Akal Takht that too on the floor above Granth Sahib but Tohra agreed to Bhindranwale's demand to prevent his arrest.[64] In the end, while Giani Kirpal Singh did protest the move, Bhindranwale's was permitted to relocate.[67] Bhindranwale claimed that he had to move to Akal Takht as Morcha dictator Longowal was negotiating with the government for his arrest.[64] By December 1983, Bhindranwale and his followers had made the Golden Temple complex an armoury and headquarter for extremist activities.[68][65]

Mark Tully and Satish Jacob wrote, "All terrorists were known by name to the shopkeepers and the householders who live in the narrow alleys surrounding the Golden Temple... the Punjab police must have known who they were also, but they made no attempt to arrest them. By this time Bhindranwale and his men were above the law."[69]

Negotiations

The government contemplated military moves to arrest Bhindranwale but this would have caused numerous casualties as collateral damage, the Golden Temple being one of the most visited sites in Punjab. It would have also hurt the religious sentiments of the Sikhs.[29] Other options such as negotiations were opted for instead.

The government sent a team led by Narasimha Rao to try to convince Bhindranwale to back out but he was adamant,[29] and refused all efforts made by the Gandhi administration to negotiate a settlement.[70] The negotiations failed and the law and order situation in Punjab continued to deteriorate.[29] Indira Gandhi tried to persuade the Akalis to support her in the arrest of Bhindranwale peacefully. These talks ended up being futile.[29] On 26 May, Tohra informed the government that he had failed to convince Bhindranwale for a peaceful resolution of the crisis and that Bhindranwale was no longer under anyone's control.[71] Faced with imminent army action and with the foremost Sikh political organisation, Shiromani Akali Dal (headed by Harchand Singh Longowal), abandoning him, Bhindranwale declared "This bird is alone. There are many hunters after it".[71]

Death

On 3 June 1984 Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi initiated Operation Blue Star and ordered the Indian Army to raid the Golden Temple complex to remove armed Sikhs militants from the complex. Bhindranwale was killed in the operation.[72][73]

According to Lieutenant General Kuldip Singh Brar, who commanded the operation, the body of Bhindranwale was identified by a number of agencies, including the police, the Intelligence Bureau and militants in the Army's custody.[72] Bhindranwale's brother is also reported to have identified Bhindranwale's body.[74] Pictures of what appear to be Bhindranwale's body have been published in at least two widely circulated books, Tragedy of Punjab: Operation Bluestar and After and Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle. BBC correspondent Mark Tully also reported seeing Bhindranwale's body during his funeral.

Legacy

Cynthia Keppley Mahmood wrote in Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues With Sikh Militants that Bhindranwale never learned English but mastered Punjabi. He was adept at television, radio and press interviews.[75] Keppley further stated that "those who knew him personally uniformly report his general likability and ready humour as well his dedication to Sikhism".[75] The author further states that "Largely responsible for launching Sikh militancy, he is valorized by militants and demonised by enemies and the accounts from the two divergent sources seem to refer to two completely different persons."[75]

Though journalist Khushwant Singh believed himself to be on Bhindranwale's hit list, he allowed that the Sikh preacher-become-activist genuinely made no distinction between higher and lower castes, and that he had restored thousands of drunken or doped Sikh men, inured to pornographic films, to their families,[76] and that Operation Blue Star had given the movement for Khalistan its first martyr in Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale.[77] In 2003, at a function arranged by the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee, at Akal Takhat Amritsar under the vision of president SGPC Prof. Kirpal Singh Badungar and Singh Sahib Giani Joginder Singh Vedanti, former jathedar of the Akal Takht made a formal declaration that Bhindranwale was a "martyr" and awarded his son, Ishar Singh, a robe of honour.[78] Harbans Singh's The Encyclopedia of Sikhism describes Bhindranwale as "a phenomenal figure of modern Sikhism".[79]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Singh, Sandeep. "Saint Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale (1947–1984)". Sikh-history.com. Retrieved 18 March 2007.[permanent dead link]
  2. ^ Singh, Sandeep. "Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale (1947)". Sikh-history.com. Retrieved 18 March 2007
  3. ^ "Bhindranwale firm on Anandpur move". Hindustan Times. 5 September 1983.
  4. ^ "Bhindranwale, not for Khalistan". Hindustan Times. 13 November 1982.
  5. ^ "Sikhs not for secession: Bhindranwale". The Tribune. 28 February 1984.
  6. ^ Joshi, Chand (1985). Bhindranwale: Myth and Reality. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. p. 129. ISBN 0-7069-2694-3.
  7. ^ Muni, S. D. (2006). Responding to Terrorism in South Asia. Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 2006. p. 36. ISBN 9788173046711. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  8. ^ a b c Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai (1 January 1991). Expanding Governmental Lawlessness and Organized Struggles. Popular Prakashan. pp. 64–66. ISBN 978-81-7154-529-2.
  9. ^ Swami, Praveen (16 January 2014). "RAW chief consulted MI6 in build-up to Operation Bluestar". Chennai, India: The Hindu. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  10. ^ Akal Takht declares Bhindranwale 'martyr'
  11. ^ Crenshaw, Martha (1 November 2010). Terrorism in Context. Penn State Press. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (1996). Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 77. ISBN 9780812215922. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  13. ^ a b c d Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (1996). Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780812215922. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  14. ^ Singh, Tavleen (14 January 2002). "An India Today-100 People Who Shaped India". India Today. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
  15. ^ "Bhindranwale's widow dead". The Tribune. 16 September 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
  16. ^ a b Deol, Harnik (2000). Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab. Routledge. p. 168. ISBN 0-415-20108-X.
  17. ^ Tully, p. 54
  18. ^ Deol, Harnik (2000). Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab. Routledge. p. 199. ISBN 0-415-20108-X.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Punjab: The Knights of Falsehood -- Psalms of Terror". Satp.org. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  20. ^ Singh, Khushwant, A History of the Sikhs - Volume II: 1839-1988, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1991, pp. 330-31.
  21. ^ Amritsar: Mrs. Gandhi's last battle by Mark Tully. Pan in association with Cape, 1986. p.57 ISBN 978-0-330-29434-8
  22. ^ Cynthia Keppley Mahmood, Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996, pp. 77
  23. ^ Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (1996). Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 78. ISBN 9780812215922. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  24. ^ Tully, Mark; Jacob, Satish (1985). Amritsar: Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle. p. 59.
  25. ^ Mitra, Chandan (15 December 2011). "Bhindranwale's rise from a small-time priest was meteoric". India Today 35th anniversary. India Today. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (1996). Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780812215922. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  27. ^ Cynthia Keppley Mahmood, Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996, pp. 58–60; Gopal Singh, A History of the Sikh People, New Delhi, World Book Center, 1988, p. 739.
  28. ^ Singh (1999), pp. 365–66.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h Gill, K.P.S. and Khosla, S (2017). Punjab: The Enemies Within : Travails of a Wounded Land Riddled with Toxins. Excerpt: Bookwise (India) Pvt. Limited. ISBN 9788187330660. {{cite book}}: External link in |location= (help)CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ India in 1984: Confrontation, Assassination, and Succession, by Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr. Asian Survey, 1985 University of California Press
  31. ^ Sandhu, Ranbir S. (May 1997). "Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale – Life, Mission, and Martyrdom" (PDF). Sikh Educational and Religious Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 10 March 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ Jalandhri, Surjeet (1984). Bhindranwale. Jalandhar: Punjab Pocket Books. p. 25.
  33. ^ a b c Mark Tully, Satish Jacob (1985). Amritsar; Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle (e-book ed.). London. p. 259.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  34. ^ Mark Tully, Satish Jacob (1985). Amritsar; Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle (e-book ed.). London. p. 262.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  35. ^ Mark Tully, Satish Jacob (1985). Amritsar; Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle (e-book ed.). London. p. 264.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  36. ^ Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's last battle by Mark Tully. Pan in association with Cape, 1986. p.105 ISBN 978-0-330-29434-8.
  37. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eN8w2ZA0C-k
  38. ^ Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Khalsa Bhindranwale by Ranbir Singh Sandhu p.lvii
  39. ^ Walia, Varinder. "Man who made efforts to avert Op Bluestar is no more", "Tribune India", Amritsar, 18 December 2007.
  40. ^ Globalization and Religious nationalism in India: The Search for Ontological Security by Catarina Kinnvall. Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-13570-7. Page 170
  41. ^ Globalization and Religious nationalism in India: The Search for Ontological Security by Catarina Kinnvall. Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-13570-7. Page 106
  42. ^ Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Khalsa Bhindranwale by Ranbir Singh Sandhu p.vi
  43. ^ Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Khalsa Bhindranwale by Ranbir Singh Sandhu p.lvi
  44. ^ Sandhu (1999), p. LVII.
  45. ^ "Player – 1984: Troops raid Golden Temple". BBC News. 6 June 1984. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  46. ^ a b c d "34 Years On, A Brief History About Operation Bluestar, And Why It Was Carried Out". NDTV. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  47. ^ Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's last battle by Mark Tully. Pan in association with Cape, 1986. p.35 ISBN 978-0-330-29434-8.
  48. ^ Government of India (1984). "White paper on the Punjab agitation", p. 2. Government publication, National government publication.
  49. ^ Government of India (1984). "White paper on the Punjab agitation", p. 164. Government publication, National government publication.
  50. ^ Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Khalsa Bhindranwale by Ranbir Singh Sandhu p.xxvii--xlviii
  51. ^ Darshi, A.R. (2004). "The Gallant Defender", p. 103. ISBN 81-7601-468-0.
  52. ^ Dhillon, Gurdarshan Singh (1996). "The Truth about Punjab", p. 104. ISBN 0836455606.
  53. ^ Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 1839–2004, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 337.
  54. ^ a b c Singh, Tavleen. "Prophet of Hate:J S Bhindranwale". India Today. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
  55. ^ Khushwant Singh, "The Genesis," The Punjab Crisis: Challenge and Response, Abida Samiuddin, ed., Delhi, K.M. Mittal, 1985, p. 98; Lt. Gen. J.S. Aurora, "If Khalistan Comes – The Sikhs will be the Losers", Punjab – The Fatal Miscalculation: Perspectives on Unprincipled Politics, eds. Patwant Singh and Harji Malik, New Delhi, Patwant Singh, 1984, p. 140.
  56. ^ Bhanwar, Harbir Singh. "Interview". ABP News. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  57. ^ Longowal said "Whenever the situation becomes ripe for settlement, some violent incident takes place. Longowal was of course not on the side of Bhindranwale and so he accused him. I know Bhindranwale is behind the murder of the DIG", "(The person behind the murder is) The one who is afraid of losing his seat of power" - but there was no proof nor a verification for it.Indian Express. 27 April 1983. interview with Longowal. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  58. ^ Mark Tully, Satish Jacob (1985). Amritsar; Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle (e-book ed.). London. p. 393.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  59. ^ Clarence Augustus Martin, ed. (2011). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Second Edition. SAGE Publications. pp. 544–. ISBN 978-1-4129-8016-6.
  60. ^ Reduced to Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab. Ram Narayan Kumar. Published by South Asia Forum for Human Rights.
  61. ^ Gopal Singh, A History of the Sikh People, New Delhi, World Book Center, 1988, pp. 755–56; Zuhair Kashmiri and Brian McAndrew, Soft Target: How the Indian Intelligence Service Penetrated Canada, Toronto, James Lorimer and Company, 1989, pp. 93, 130; Singh (1999), p. 366-67, 373, 398.
  62. ^ http://www.google.co.in/imgres?start=117&sa=X&biw=1366&bih=674&tbm=isch&tbnid=wESYTurmaCLbzM%3A&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neverforget84.com%2F&docid=q8We2WzXN3pvsM&imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neverforget84.com%2Fgallery%2Falbums%2FSant-Jarnail-Singh-2%2FSant-Jarnail-Singh-051.jpg&w=549&h=350&ei=JMLZUqf0K8G4rAeHpIDQCg&zoom=1&ved=0CFMQhBwwGjhk&iact=rc&dur=488&page=6&ndsp=24
  63. ^ Singh (1999), pp. 380–81, 387–88.
  64. ^ a b c d Mark Tully, Satish Jacob (1985). Amritsar; Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle (e-book ed.). London. p. 405.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  65. ^ a b Mark Tully and Satish Jacob, Amritsar – Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle (Calcutta: Rupa & Co. by arrangement with Pan Books, London, 1985)
  66. ^ The Gallant Defender – Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale p. 84
  67. ^ Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 1839–2004, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 339–40; Gopal Singh, A History of the Sikh People, New Delhi, World Book Center, 1988, p. 753.
  68. ^ "Sikh Leader in Punjab Accord Assassinated". LA Times. Times Wire Services. 21 August 1985. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  69. ^ Tully, p. 94.
  70. ^ Mark Tully. Amritsar Mrs. Gandhi's Last Battle (pp. 138).
  71. ^ a b Sandhu, Ranbir S. (May 1997). Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale – Life, Mission, and Martyrdom (PDF). pp. 57–58. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  72. ^ a b Brar, K. S. (1993). Operation Blue Star: The True Story. New Delhi: UBS Publishers. p. 114. ISBN 81-85944-29-6.
  73. ^ Kaur, Naunidhi (23 June 2001). "The enigma of Bhindranwale". Frontline. Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 17 March 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  74. ^ Akbar, M. J. (1996). India: The Siege Within: Challenges to a Nation's Unity. New Delhi: UBS Publishers. p. 196. ISBN 81-7476-076-8.
  75. ^ a b c Keppley, Cynthia (1997). Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues With Sikh Militants. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-8122-1592-3.
  76. ^ Khushwant Singh, "I Felt I Should Reaffirm My Identity as a Sikh," The Punjab Crisis: Challenge and Response, Abida Samiuddin, ed., Delhi, K.M. Mittal, 1985, p. 320; Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 1839–2004, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 329–30.
  77. ^ Singh (1999), p. 378.
  78. ^ "Takht accepts Bhindranwale's death". The Tribune. 6 June 2003. Retrieved 25 June 2007.
  79. ^ Major Gurmukh Singh (retd.). "JARNAIL SINGH BHINDRANVAL, SANT (1987-1994)". Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. Retrieved 24 August 2017.

Bibliography

  • Sandhu, Ranbir Singh, "Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Khalsa Bhindranwale" (Dublin, Ohio: Sikh Educational & Religious Foundation, 1999
  • Singh, Sangat (1999) The Sikhs in History, New Delhi, Uncommon Books
  • Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh (2011) Sikh History in 10 volumes (vol. 7, 9), Waremme, Sikh University Press
  • Tully, Mark; Satish Jacob (1985). Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-02328-4.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale&oldid=849485877"