Willy Brandt: Difference between revisions

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=== Chancellor of domestic reform ===
=== Chancellor of domestic reform ===


Although Brandt is perhaps best known for his achievements in foreign policy, his government oversaw the implementation of a broad range of social reforms, and was known as a Kanzler der inneren Reformen (Chancellor of domestic reform)<ref>Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice</ref>.
Although Brandt is perhaps best known for his achievements in foreign policy, his government oversaw the implementation of a broad range of social reforms, and was known as a Kanzler der inneren Reformen (Chancellor of domestic reform)<ref>Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice</ref>. According to Helmut Schmidt, Willy Brandt's domestic reform programme had accomplished more than any previous programme for a comparable period<ref> The German Social Democrats since 1969: A Party in Power and Opposition by Gerard Braunthal</ref>.


Amongst his achievements as chancellor include:
Amongst his achievements as chancellor include:
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* Improvements in sick pay provision<ref>Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice</ref>.
* Improvements in sick pay provision<ref>Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice</ref>.
* Improvements in the coverage of health provision<ref>Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice</ref>, as characterised by the introduction of an expanded sickness insurance scheme, with the inclusion of preventative treatment<ref>Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4, by Peter Flora</ref>.
* Improvements in the coverage of health provision<ref>Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice</ref>, as characterised by the introduction of an expanded sickness insurance scheme, with the inclusion of preventative treatment<ref>Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4, by Peter Flora</ref>.
* The allocation of more funds towards housing, transportation, schools, and communication<ref> Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie</ref>.
* The index-linking of the income limit for compulsory sickness insurance to changes in the wage level (1970)<ref>Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4, by Peter Flora</ref>.
* The index-linking of the income limit for compulsory sickness insurance to changes in the wage level (1970)<ref>Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4, by Peter Flora</ref>.
* The incorporation of pupils, students and children in kindegartens into the accident insurance scheme (1971)<ref>Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4, by Peter Flora</ref>.
* The incorporation of pupils, students and children in kindegartens into the accident insurance scheme (1971)<ref>Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4, by Peter Flora</ref>.
Line 138: Line 139:
* The introduction of a pension reform package, which incorporated an additional year of insurance for mothers<ref> The German Social Democrats since 1969: A Party in Power and Opposition by Gerard Braunthal</ref>.
* The introduction of a pension reform package, which incorporated an additional year of insurance for mothers<ref> The German Social Democrats since 1969: A Party in Power and Opposition by Gerard Braunthal</ref>.
* The liberalisation of the penal code<ref> The German Social Democrats since 1969: A Party in Power and Opposition by Gerard Braunthal</ref>.
* The liberalisation of the penal code<ref> The German Social Democrats since 1969: A Party in Power and Opposition by Gerard Braunthal</ref>.
An increase in tax-free allowances for children, which enabled 1,000,000 families to claim an allowance for the second child, compared to 300,000 families previously<ref> Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie</ref>.
* An increase in tax-free allowances for children, which enabled 1,000,000 families to claim an allowance for the second child, compared to 300,000 families previously<ref> Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie</ref>.
* The exemption of pensioners from paying a 2% health insurance contribution<ref> Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie</ref>.
* The exemption of pensioners from paying a 2% health insurance contribution<ref> Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie</ref>.
* A new fund of 100 million marks for handicapped children<ref> Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie</ref>.
* A new fund of 100 million marks for handicapped children<ref> Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie</ref>.

Revision as of 17:57, 22 June 2010

For the Oz character, see Willy Brandt (Oz).
Willy Brandt
Chancellor of Germany
In office
21 October 1969 – 7 May 1974
PresidentGustav Heinemann
Preceded byKurt Georg Kiesinger
Succeeded byHelmut Schmidt
President of the Bundesrat
In office
1957–1958
PresidentTheodor Heuss
Preceded byKurt Sieveking
Succeeded byWilhelm Kaisen
Vice-Chancellor of Germany
In office
1 December 1966 – 21 October 1969
Preceded byHans-Christoph Seebohm
Succeeded byWalter Scheel
Federal Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
1 December 1966 – 20 October 1969
Preceded byGerhard Schröder
Succeeded byWalter Scheel
Mayor of West Berlin
In office
1957–1966
Preceded byOtto Suhr
Succeeded byHeinrich Albertz
Personal details
Born(1913-12-18)18 December 1913
Lübeck, Kingdom of Prussia
Died8 October 1992(1992-10-08) (aged 78)
Unkel, Germany
Political partySPD
OccupationWorker, Journalist, Lecturer, Activist, Politician
Signature

Willy Brandt, born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm (German pronunciation: [ˈvɪli ˈbʁant]; 18 December 1913 - 8 October 1992), was a German politician, Chancellor of West Germany 1969–1974, and leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 1964–1987.

Brandt's most important legacy was Ostpolitik, a policy aimed at improving relations with East Germany, Poland, and the Soviet Union. This policy caused considerable controversy in West Germany, but won Brandt the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971.

In 1974, Brandt resigned as Chancellor after Günter Guillaume, one of his closest aides, was exposed as an agent of the Stasi, the East German secret police.

Early life, the war

Willy Brandt was born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm in Lübeck, Kingdom of Prussia (now Germany) to Martha Frahm, an unwed mother who worked as a cashier for a department store. His father was an accountant from Hamburg named John Möller, whom Brandt never met. As his mother worked six days a week, he was mainly brought up by his mother's stepfather Ludwig Frahm and his second wife Dora.

After passing his Abitur in 1932 at Johanneum zu Lübeck, he became an apprentice at the shipbroker and ship's agent F.H. Bertling. He joined the "Socialist Youth" in 1929 and the Social Democratic Party (SPD) in 1930. He left the SPD to join the more left wing Socialist Workers Party (SAP), which was allied to the POUM in Spain and the Independent Labour Party in Britain. In 1933, using his connections with the port and its ships, he left Germany for Norway to escape Nazi persecution. It was at this time that he adopted the pseudonym Willy Brandt to avoid detection by Nazi agents. In 1934, he took part in the founding of the International Bureau of Revolutionary Youth Organizations, and was elected to its Secretariat.

Brandt was in Germany from September to December 1936, disguised as a Norwegian student named Gunnar Gaasland. He was married to Gertrud Meyer from Lübeck in a fictitious marriage to protect her from deportation. Meyer had joined Brandt in Norway in July 1933. In 1937, during the Civil War, Brandt worked in Spain as a journalist. In 1938, the German government revoked his citizenship, so he applied for Norwegian citizenship. In 1940, he was arrested in Norway by occupying German forces, but was not identified as he wore a Norwegian uniform. On his release, he escaped to neutral Sweden. In August 1940, he became a Norwegian citizen, receiving his passport from the Norwegian embassy in Stockholm, where he lived until the end of the war. Willy Brandt lectured in Sweden on 1 December 1940 at Bommersvik college about problems experienced by the social democrats in Nazi Germany and the occupied countries at the start of World War II. In exile in Norway and Sweden Brandt learned Norwegian and Swedish. Brandt spoke Norwegian fluently, and retained a close relationship with Norway.

In late 1946, Brandt returned to Berlin, working for the Norwegian government. In 1948, he joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and became a German citizen again, formally adopting the pseudonym, Willy Brandt, as his legal name.

Politician

Brandt meeting John F. Kennedy in 1961

From 3 October 1957, to 1966, Willy Brandt was Mayor of West Berlin, during a period of increasing tension in East-West relations that led to the construction of the Berlin Wall. In Brandt's first year as Mayor, he also served as the President of the Bundesrat in Bonn. Brandt was outspoken against the Soviet repression of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and against Nikita Khrushchev's 1958 proposal that Berlin receive the status of a "free city". He was supported by the influential publisher Axel Springer.

Brandt became the Chairman of the SPD in 1964, a post that he retained until 1987, longer than any other party Chairman since its foundation by August Bebel. Brandt was the SPD candidate for the Chancellorship in 1961, but he lost to Konrad Adenauer's conservative Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU). In 1965, Brandt ran again, but lost to the popular Ludwig Erhard. Erhard's government was short-lived, however, and in 1966 a grand coalition between the SPD and CDU was formed, with Brandt as Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor.

Chancellor

File:Willy Brandt Time.jpg
In 1970, Brandt was named TIME magazine's Man of the Year.

At the 1969 elections, again with Brandt as the leading candidate, the SPD became stronger, and after three weeks of negotiations, the SPD formed a coalition government with the smaller Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP). Brandt was elected Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Foreign policy

As Chancellor, Brandt developed his Neue Ostpolitik. Brandt was active in creating a degree of rapprochement with East Germany, and also in improving relations with the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and other Eastern Bloc (communist) countries. A seminal moment came in December 1970 with the famous Warschauer Kniefall in which Brandt, apparently spontaneously, knelt down at the monument to victims of Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. The uprising occurred during the Nazi German military occupation of Poland, and the monument is to those killed by the German troops who suppressed the uprising and deported remaining ghetto residents to the concentration camps for extermination.

Time magazine in the U.S.A. named Brandt as its Man of the Year for 1970, stating, "Willy Brandt is in effect seeking to end World War II by bringing about a fresh relationship between East and West. He is trying to accept the real situation in Europe, which has lasted for 25 years, but he is also trying to bring about a new reality in his bold approach to the Soviet Union and the East Bloc."[1]

In 1971, Brandt received the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in improving relations with East Germany, Poland, and the Soviet Union.

Brandt negotiated a peace treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and Poland, and agreements on the boundaries between the two countries, signifying the official and long-delayed end of World War II. Brandt negotiated parallel treaties and agreements between the Federal Republic and Czechoslovakia.

In West Germany, Brandt's Neue Ostpolitik was extremely controversial, dividing the populace into two camps: one camp, embracing all of the conservative parties and most notably the victims i.e. those German-speaking, West German residents and their subsequent families who were driven west ("die Heimatvertriebene") by Stalinist ethnic cleansing from Historical Eastern Germany, especially the part that was arbitrarily given to Poland by the Stalinists; western Czechoslovakia (the Sudetenland); and the rest of Eastern Europe, such as in Romania. These groups of displaced Germans and their descendants loudly voiced their opposition to Brandt's policy, calling it "illegal" and "high treason".

A different camp supported and encouraged Brandt's Neue Ostpolitik as aiming at "Wandel durch Annäherung" ("change through rapprochement"), encouraging change through a policy of engagement with the (communist) Eastern Bloc, rather than trying to isolate those countries diplomatically and commercially. Brandt's supporters claim that the policy did help to break down the Eastern Bloc's "siege mentality", and also helped to increase its awareness of the contradictions in its brand of Socialism/Communism, which – together with other events – eventually led to downfall of Eastern European Communism and Stalinism.

Domestic policies

Political and social changes

West Germany in the late 1960s was shaken by student disturbances and a general "change of the times" that not all Germans were willing to accept or approve. What had seemed a stable, peaceful nation, happy with its outcome of the "Wirtschaftswunder" ("economic miracle") faced economic turbulence. The German baby-boom generation wanted to come to terms with the deeply conservative, bourgeois, and demanding parent generation. The baby-boomer students were the most outspoken, and they accused their "parental generation" of its Nazi past. Even worse, they accused it of being outdated and old-fashioned. Compared to their forebears, the "skeptical generation" was much more capricious, willing to embrace more extreme socialist ideology (such as Maoism), and public heroes (such as Ho Chi Minh, Fidel Castro, and Che Guevara), while living a looser and more promiscuous lifestyle. Students and young apprenticees could afford to move out of their parents' homes, and left-wing politics was considered to be chic, as well as taking part in American-style political demonstrations against having American military forces in South Vietnam.

Brandt's popularity

Brandt's predecessor as Chancellor, Kurt Georg Kiesinger, had been a member of the Nazi party, and was an old-fashioned German bourgeois and conservative intellectual. Brandt, having fought the Nazis and having faced down communist Eastern Germany during several crises while he was the Mayor of Berlin, became a controversial, but credible, figure in several different factions. As the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Kiesinger's grand coalition cabinet, Brandt helped to gain further international approval for Western Germany, and he laid the foundation stones for his future Neue Ostpolitik. There was a wide public-opinion gap between Kiesinger and Brandt in the West German polls.

Willy Brandt as the Chancellor talking to the parliament, 1971

Both men had come to their own terms with the new baby boomer lifestyles. Kiesinger considered them to be "a shameful crowd of long-haired drop-outs who needed a bath and someone to discipline them". On the other hand, Brandt needed a while to get into contact with, and to earn credibility among, the "Ausserparlamentarische Opposition" (APO) ("the extra-parlimentary opposition"). The students questioned West German society in general, seeking social, legal, and political reforms. Also, the unrest led to a renaissance of right-wing parties in some of the Bundeslands' (German states under the Bundesrepublik) Parliaments.

Brandt, however, represented a figure of change, and he followed a course of social, legal, and political reforms. In 1969, Brandt gained a small majority by forming a coalition with the FDP. In his first speech before the Bundestag as the Chancellor, Brandt set forth his political course of reforms ending the speech with his famous words, "Wir wollen mehr Demokratie wagen" (literally: "We want to take a chance on more Democracy", or more figuratively, "Let's dare more democracy"). This speech made Brandt, as well as the Social Democratic Party, popular among most of the students and other young West German baby-boomers who dreamed of a country that would be more open and more colorful than the frugal and still somewhat-authoritarian Bundesrepublik that had been built after World War II. However, Brandt's Neue Ostpolitik lost for him a large part of the German refugee (from the East) voters who had been significantly pro-SPD in the postwar years.

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Chancellor of domestic reform

Although Brandt is perhaps best known for his achievements in foreign policy, his government oversaw the implementation of a broad range of social reforms, and was known as a Kanzler der inneren Reformen (Chancellor of domestic reform)[2]. According to Helmut Schmidt, Willy Brandt's domestic reform programme had accomplished more than any previous programme for a comparable period[3].

Amongst his achievements as chancellor include:

  • Substantial increases in social security benefits such as injury and sickness benefits[4], pensions[5], unemployment benefits[6], housing allowances[7], family allowances and living allowances[8]. In the government’s first budget, sickness benefits were increased by 9.3%, pensions for war widows by 25%, pensions for the war wounded by 16%, and recruitment pensions by 5%[9].
  • Improvements in sick pay provision[10].
  • Improvements in the coverage of health provision[11], as characterised by the introduction of an expanded sickness insurance scheme, with the inclusion of preventative treatment[12].
  • The allocation of more funds towards housing, transportation, schools, and communication[13].
  • The index-linking of the income limit for compulsory sickness insurance to changes in the wage level (1970)[14].
  • The incorporation of pupils, students and children in kindegartens into the accident insurance scheme (1971)[15].
  • The Farmers’ Sickness Insurance Law (1972), which introduced compulsory sickness insurance for independent farmers, family workers in agriculture, and pensioners under the farmers’ pension scheme, medical benefits for all covered groups, and cash benefits for family workers under compulsory coverage for pension insurance.[16].
  • The introduction of voluntary retirement at 63[17].
  • The index-linking of war victim’s pensions to wage increases[18].
  • An increase in spending on research and education by nearly 300% between 1970 and 1974[19].
  • The raising of the school leaving age to 16[20].
  • The abolition of fees for higher or further education[21].
  • A considerable increase in the number of higher education institutions[22].
  • The introduction of grants for pupils from lower income groups to stay on at school[23].
  • The introduction of grants for those going into any kind of higher or further education[24].
  • The introduction of vergleichmieten (comparable rents), a loose form of rent regulation[25].
  • A significant rise in the income limit for social housing(1971)[26].
  • The introduction of support for low-income tenants and householders[27].
  • Increases in public housing subsidies[28], as characterised by a 36% increase in the social housing budget in 1970[29] and by the introduction of a programme for the construction of 200,000 public housing units (1971)[30].
  • The establishment of a federal environmental programme (1971)[31].
  • The establishment of a Federal Environment Agency (1974) to conduct research into environmental issues and prevent pollution[32].
  • The introduction of redundancy allowances in cases of bankruptcies (1974)[33].
  • Improvements in income and work conditions for home workers[34].
  • The introduction of new provisions for the rehabilitation of the severely handicapped and accident victims[35].
  • The introduction of fixed minimum rates for women in receipt of very low pensions, and equal treatment for war widows[36].
  • An amendment to the Labour Management Act (1971) which granted workers co-determination on the shop floor[37].
  • A new Factory Management Law (1972) which extended co-determination at the factory level[38].
  • The passing of a law in 1974 to allow for worker representation on the boards of large firms (although this change was not enacted until 1976, after alterations were made) [39].
  • The introduction of greater legal rights for women, as exemplified by the standardisation of pensions, divorce laws, regulations governing use of surnames, and the introduction of measures to bring more women into politics[40].
  • The Town Planning Act (1971), which encouraged the preservation of historical heritage and helped open up the way to the future of many German cities[41].
  • An addition to the Basic Law which gave the Federal Government some responsibility for educational planning[42].
  • A big increase in spending on education, with educational expenses per head of the population multiplied by five[43].
  • The passing of the Severely Disabled Persons Act (1974), which obliged all employers with more than fifteen employees to ensure that 6% of their workforce was persons officially recognised as being severely handicapped. Employers who failed to do so were assessed 100 DM per month for every job falling before the required quota. These compensatory payments were used to subsidise the adaptation of workplaces to the requirements of those who were severely handicapped[44].
  • Amendments to the Federal Social Assistance Act (1974). “Help for the vulnerable” was renamed “help for overcoming particular social difficulties,” and the numbers of people eligible for assistance was greatly extended to include all those “whose own capabilities cannot meet the increasing demands of modern industrial society.” The intention of these amendments was to include especially such groups as discharged prisoners, drug and narcotic addicts, alcoholics, and the homeless[45].
  • The passing of a Foreign Tax Act, which limited the possibility of tax evasion[46].
  • The Urban Renewal Act (1971), which helped the states to restore their inner cities and to develop new neighbourhoods[47].
  • The lowering of the voting age from 21 to 18[48].
  • Improvements in pension provision for women and the self-employed[49].
  • The introduction of a new minimum pension for workers with at least twenty-five years’ insurance[50].
  • The Pension Reform Law (1972), which institutionalized the norm that the standard pension (of average earners with forty years of contributions) should not fall below 50% of current gross earnings[51].
  • The introduction of a pension reform package, which incorporated an additional year of insurance for mothers[52].
  • The liberalisation of the penal code[53].
  • An increase in tax-free allowances for children, which enabled 1,000,000 families to claim an allowance for the second child, compared to 300,000 families previously[54].
  • The exemption of pensioners from paying a 2% health insurance contribution[55].
  • A new fund of 100 million marks for handicapped children[56].
  • A law for the creation of property for workers, under which a married worker would normally keep up to 95% of his pay, and graded tax remission for married wage-earners applied up to a wage of 48,000 marks, which indicated the economic prosperity of West Germany at that time[57].
  • Increased allowances for retraining and advanced training and for refugees from East Germany[58].
  • An increase in federal grants for sport[59].
  • The Third Modification Law (1974), which extended individual entitlements to social assistance by means of higher-income limits compatible with receipt of benefits and lowered age limits for certain special benefits. Rehabilitation measures were also extended, child supplements were expressed as percentages of standard amounts and were thus indexed to their changes, and grandparents of recipients were exempted from potential liability to reimburse expenditure of social assistance carrier[60].
  • The attainment of a lower rate of inflation than in other industrialised countries at that time[61].
  • A rise in the standard of living, helped by the floating and revaluation of the mark[62].

First cabinet

Cabinet changes

  • 13 May 1971 - Karl Schiller (SPD) succeeds Möller as Minister of Finance, remaining also Minister of Economics
  • 15 March 1972 - Klaus von Dohnanyi (SPD) succeeds Leussink as Minister of Education and Science.
  • 7 July 1972 - Helmut Schmidt (SPD) succeeds Schiller as Minister of Finance and Economics. Georg Leber (SPD) succeeds Schmidt as Minister of Defence. Lauritz Lauritzen (SPD) succeeds Leber as Minister of Transport, Posts, and Communications, remaining also Minister of Construction.

1972 crisis

Brandt's Ostpolitik led to a meltdown of the narrow majority Brandt's coalition enjoyed in the Bundestag. In October 1970, FDP deputies Erich Mende, Heinz Starke, and Siegfried Zoglmann crossed the floor to join the CDU. On 23 February 1972, SPD deputy Herbert Hupka, who was also leader of the Bund der Vertriebenen, joined the CDU in disagreement with Brandt's reconciliatory efforts towards the east. On 23 April 1972, Wilhelm Helms (FDP) left the coalition ; the FDP politicians Knud von Kühlmann-Stumm and Gerhard Kienbaum also declared that they would vote against Brandt; thus, Brandt had lost his majority. On 24 April 1972 a vote of no confidence was proposed and it was voted on three days later. Had this motion passed, Rainer Barzel would have replaced Brandt as Chancellor. To everyone's surprise, the motion failed: Barzel got only 247 votes out of 260 ballots; for an absolute majority, 249 votes would have been necessary. There were also 10 votes against the motion and 3 invalid ballots. It was not revealed until much later that two Bundestag members (Julius Steiner and Leo Wagner, both of the CDU/CSU) had been bribed by the East German Stasi to vote for Brandt.

New elections

Though Brandt remained Chancellor, he had lost his majority. Subsequent initiatives in parliament, most notably on the budget, failed. Because of this stalemate, the Bundestag was dissolved and new elections were called. During the 1972 campaign, many popular West German artists, intellectuals, writers, actors and professors supported Brandt and the SPD. Among them were Günter Grass, Walter Jens, and even the soccer player Paul Breitner. Brandt's Ostpolitik as well as his reformist domestic policies were popular with parts of the young generation and led his SPD party to its best-ever federal election result in late 1972. The "Willy-Wahl", Brandts landslide win was the beginning of the end; and Brandts role in government started to decline.

Many of Brandt's reforms met with resistance from state governments (dominated by CDU/CSU). The spirit of reformist optimism was cut short by the 1973 oil crisis and the major public services strike 1974, which gave Germany's trade unions, led by Heinz Kluncker, a big wage increase but reduced Brandt's financial leeway for further reforms. Brandt was said to be more a dreamer than a manager and was personally haunted by depression. To counter any notions about being sympathetic to Communism or soft on left-wing extremists, Brandt implemented tough legislation that barred "radicals" from public service ("Radikalenerlass").

Guillaume affair

Main article: Guillaume Affair

Around 1973, West German security organizations received information that one of Brandt's personal assistants, Günter Guillaume, was a spy for the East German intelligence services. Brandt was asked to continue working as usual, and he agreed to do so, even taking a private vacation with Guillaume. Guillaume was arrested on April 24, 1974, and many blamed Brandt for having a communist spy in his in his inner circle. Thus disgraced, Brandt resigned from his position as the Chancellor on May 6, 1974. However, Brandt remained in the Bundestag and as the Chairman of the Social Democrats through 1987.

This espionage affair is widely considered to have been just the trigger for Brandt's resignation, not the fundamental cause. Brandt was dogged by scandals about serial adultery, and reportedly also struggled with alcohol and depression.[63] [64] There was also the economic fallout on West Germany of the 1973 oil crisis, which almost seems to have been enough stress to finish off Brandt as the Chancellor. As Brandt himself later said, "I was exhausted, for reasons which had nothing to do with the process going on at the time." [65] [Where "the process" seems to have been the unfolding of the Guillaume espionage scandal.]

Guillaume had been an espionage agent for East Germany, who was supervised by Markus Wolf, the head of the "Main Intelligence Administration" of the East German Ministry for State Security. Herr Wolf has stated after the reunification that the resignation of Brandt had never been intended, and that the planting and handling of Guillaume had been one of the largest mistakes of the East German secret services.

Brandt was succeeded as the Chancellor of the Bundesrepublik by his fellow Social Democrat, Helmut Schmidt. For the rest of his life, Brandt remained suspicious that his fellow Social Democrat (and longtime rival) Herbert Wehner had been scheming for Brandt's downfall. However, evidence for this suspicion is scant.

Ex-Chancellor

Willy Brandt in 1988 at the Münster party rally

After his term as the Chancellor, Brandt retained his seat in the Bundestag, and he remained the Chairman of the Social Democratic Party through 1987. Beginning in 1987, Brandt stepped down to become the Honorary Chairman of the party. Brandt was also a member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1983.

Socialist International

For sixteen years, Brandt was the president of the Socialist International (1976 – 92), during which period the number of Socialist International's mainly European member parties grew until there were more than a hundred socialist, social democratic, and labour political parties around the world. For the first seven years, this growth in SI membership had been prompted by the efforts of the Socialist International's Secretary-General, the Swede Bernt Carlsson. However, in early 1983, a dispute arose about what Carlsson perceived as the SI president's authoritarian approach. Carlsson then rebuked Brandt saying: "this is a Socialist International — not a German International".

Next, against some vocal opposition, Brandt decided to move the next Socialist International Congress from Sydney, Australia to Portugal. Following this SI Congress in April 1983, Brandt retaliated against Carlsson by forcing him to step down from his position. However, the Austrian Prime Minister, Bruno Kreisky, argued on behalf of Brandt: "It is a question of whether it is better to be pure or to have greater numbers".[66]

Brandt Report

In 1977, Brandt was appointed as the chairman of the Independent Commission for International Developmental Issues. This produced a report in 1980, which called for drastic changes in the global attitude towards development in the Third World. This became known as the Brandt Report.

Reunification

Willy Brandt at an elections convention in Wismar, March 1990

In October 1979, Brandt met with the East German dissident, Rudolf Bahro, who had written The Alternative. Bahro and his supporters were attacked by the East German state security organization Stasi, headed by Erich Mielke, for his writings, which had laid the theoretical foundation of a leftist opposition to the ruling SED party and its dependent allies, and which promoted new and changed parties. All of this is now described as "change from within". Brandt had asked for Bahro's release, and Brandt welcomed Bahro's theories, which advanced the debate within his own Social Democratic Party. In late 1989, Brandt became one of the first leftist leaders in West Germany to publicly favor a quick reunification of Germany, instead of some sort of two-state federation or other kind of interim arrangement. Brandt's public statement "Now grows together what belongs together," was widely quoted in those days.

Hostages in Iraq

One of Brandt's last public appearances was in flying to Baghdad, Iraq, to free Western hostages held by Saddam Hussein, following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990. Brandt secured the release of a large number of them, and on November 9, 1990, his airplane landed with 174 freed hostages on board at the Frankfurt Airport.[67]

Death and memorials

Willy Brandts Park, Stockholm.

Willy Brandt died of colon cancer at his home in Unkel, a town on the Rhine River, on October 8, 1992, and was given a state funeral. He was buried at the cemetery at Zehlendorf in Berlin.

When the SPD moved its headquarters from Bonn back to Berlin in the mid-1990s, the new headquarters was named the "Willy Brandt Haus". One of the buildings of the European Parliament in Brussels was named after him in 2008.

A private German-language secondary school in Warsaw, Poland, is named after Brandt.

On 11 December 2009, Willy Brandt's name was attached to Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport.[68]

Brandt's family

From 1941 until 1948 Brandt was married to Anna Carlotta Thorkildsen (the daughter of a Norwegian father and a German-American mother). The two of them had a daughter, Nina Brandt (born in 1940). After Brandt and Thorkildsen were divorced in 1946, Brandt married the Norwegian Rut Hansen in 1948. Hansen and Brandt had three sons: Peter Brandt (born in 1948), Lars Brandt (born in 1951), and Matthias Brandt (born in 1961). Today Peter is a historian, Lars is an artist, and Matthias is an actor. After 32 years of marriage, Willy Brandt and Rut Hansen Brand divorced in 1980, and from the day that they were divorced, they never saw one another again. On December 9, 1983, Brandt married Brigitte Seebacher (born in 1946).

Rut Hansen Brandt outlived Willy Brandt but died on July 28, 2006 in Berlin.

Matthias Brandt

In 2003, Matthias Brandt acted the role of Guillaume in the movie Im Schatten der Macht ("In the Shadow of Power") directed by the German filmmaker Oliver Storz. This movie deals with the Guillaume affair and Willy Brandt's resignation from the Chancellorship. Matthias caused a minor controversy in Germany when it was announced that he would portray the man who betrayed his father, and who caused him to resign in 1974. Earlier in 1974 - when the Brandts and the Guillaumes took a vacation in Norway together - it was Matthias, then twelve years old, who was the first to discover that Guillaume and his wife "were typing mysterious things on typewriters the whole night through."

Lars Brandt

In early 2006, Lars Brandt published a biography of his father called "Andenken" ("Remembrance"). This book has been the subject of some controversy. Some see it as a loving memory of the father-son-relationship, but others label it as a ruthless statement of a son who still thinks that he never had a father who really loved him.

Selected works

  • 1960 Mein Weg nach Berlin (My Path to Berlin), autobiography
  • 1966 Draußen. Schriften während der Emigration. (Outside: Writings during the Emigration) ISBN 3-8012-1094-4
  • 1968 Friedenspolitik in Europa (The Politics of Peace in Europe)
  • 1976 Begegnungen und Einsichten 1960-1975 (Encounters and Insights 1960-1975) ISBN 3-455-08979-8
  • 1982 Links und frei. Mein Weg 1930-1950 (Left and Free: My Path 1930-1950)
  • 1986 Der organisierte Wahnsinn (Organized Lunacy)
  • 1989 Erinnerungen (Memories) ISBN 3-549-07353-4

2002f, Berliner Ausgabe, Werkauswahl, ed. for Bundeskanzler Willy Brandt Stiftung by Helga Grebing, Gregor Schöllgen and Heinrich August Winkler, 10 volumes, Dietz Verlag, Bonn 2002f, Collected Writings, ISBN 3-8012-0305-0

Biographies

References

  1. ^ "Willy Brandt", Time Magazine, 4 Jan. 1971, online archive accessed 11 July 2007
  2. ^ Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice
  3. ^ The German Social Democrats since 1969: A Party in Power and Opposition by Gerard Braunthal
  4. ^ Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice
  5. ^ The retreat of social democracy by John T. Callaghan
  6. ^ The retreat of social democracy by John T. Callaghan
  7. ^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4, by Peter Flora
  8. ^ Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary by David Wilsford
  9. ^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie
  10. ^ Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice
  11. ^ Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice
  12. ^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4, by Peter Flora
  13. ^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie
  14. ^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4, by Peter Flora
  15. ^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4, by Peter Flora
  16. ^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4, by Peter Flora
  17. ^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4, by Peter Flora
  18. ^ Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice
  19. ^ Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice
  20. ^ Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice
  21. ^ Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice
  22. ^ Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice
  23. ^ Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice
  24. ^ Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice
  25. ^ Hovels to high rise: state housing in Europe since 1850 by Anne Power
  26. ^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4, by Peter Flora
  27. ^ Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice
  28. ^ Cold War Politics in Postwar Germany‎ by David F. Patton
  29. ^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie
  30. ^ Management, quality and economics in building by Artur Bezelga and Peter S. Brandon
  31. ^ The state of Germany atlas by Bernhard Schäfers
  32. ^ Germany: A Country Study by Eric Solsten
  33. ^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4, by Peter Flora
  34. ^ http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=907
  35. ^ My Life in Politics by Willy Brandt
  36. ^ My Life in Politics by Willy Brandt
  37. ^ My Life in Politics by Willy Brandt
  38. ^ Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity‎ by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice
  39. ^ My Life in Politics by Willy Brandt
  40. ^ My Life in Politics by Willy Brandt
  41. ^ My Life in Politics by Willy Brandt
  42. ^ My Life in Politics by Willy Brandt
  43. ^ My Life in Politics by Willy Brandt
  44. ^ Responses to poverty: lessons from Europe by Robert Walker, Roger Lawson, and Peter Townsend
  45. ^ Time and Poverty in Western Welfare States: United Germany in Perspective by Lutz Leisering and Stephan Leibfried
  46. ^ http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=908
  47. ^ The constitutional jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany by Donald P. Kommers
  48. ^ Christian democracy in Western Germany by Geoffrey Pridham
  49. ^ Banking on death: or, investing in life : the history and future of pensions‎ by Robin Blackburn
  50. ^ Responses to poverty: lessons from Europe by Robert Walker, Roger Lawson and Peter Townsend
  51. ^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4, by Peter Flora
  52. ^ The German Social Democrats since 1969: A Party in Power and Opposition by Gerard Braunthal
  53. ^ The German Social Democrats since 1969: A Party in Power and Opposition by Gerard Braunthal
  54. ^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie
  55. ^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie
  56. ^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie
  57. ^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie
  58. ^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie
  59. ^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie
  60. ^ Growth to Limits. The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4, by Peter Flora
  61. ^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie
  62. ^ Willy Brandt: portrait of a statesman by Terence Prittie
  63. ^ Talk by Hans-Jochen Vogel on 21 October 2002
  64. ^ Gregor Schöllgen: Willy Brandt. Die Biographie. Propyläen, Berlin 2001. ISBN 3549071426
  65. ^ quoted in: Gregor Schöllgen. Der Kanzler und sein Spion. In: DIE ZEIT 2003, Vol. 40, 25 September 2003
  66. ^ "Never at a Loss for Words". TIME. 1983-04-18. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  67. ^ "Mideast Tensions", The New York Times, 9 Nov. 1990 accessed 3 January 2008
  68. ^ New airport to be named 'Willy Brandt'

External links

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Political offices
Preceded by President of the Landtag of Berlin
1955–1957 		Succeeded by
Kurt Landsberg
Preceded by Mayor of Berlin
1957–1966 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs
1966–1969 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chancellor of Germany
1969–1974 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Vice Chancellor of Germany
1966–1969 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
1964–1987 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of the Socialist International
1976–1992 		Succeeded by

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