Trans woman: Difference between revisions
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Trans women face significant discrimination in many areas of life, including in employment and access to housing, and face physical and sexual violence and hate crimes, including from partners; in the United States, discrimination is particularly severe towards trans women who are members of a [[racial minority]], who often face the [[Intersectionality|intersection]] of transphobia and [[racism]]. |
Trans women face significant discrimination in many areas of life, including in employment and access to housing, and face physical and sexual violence and hate crimes, including from partners; in the United States, discrimination is particularly severe towards trans women who are members of a [[racial minority]], who often face the [[Intersectionality|intersection]] of transphobia and [[racism]]. |
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==Overview== |
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{{see also|Transsexual|Transgender}} |
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[[File:Trans Global 2020 Official Shoot.jpg|thumb|Mela Habijan, the 2020 winner of the [[Miss Trans Global]] contest]] |
[[File:Trans Global 2020 Official Shoot.jpg|thumb|left|Mela Habijan, the 2020 winner of the [[Miss Trans Global]] contest]] |
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Trans women may experience [[gender dysphoria]], distress brought upon by the discrepancy between their gender identity and the sex that was assigned to them at birth (and the associated gender role or primary and secondary sex characteristics).<ref>{{cite web|title=Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People (version 7) |publisher=The World Professional Association for Transgender Health |page=96 |url=http://admin.associationsonline.com/uploaded_files/140/files/Standards%20of%20Care,%20V7%20Full%20Book.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924061804/http://admin.associationsonline.com/uploaded_files/140/files/Standards%20of%20Care%2C%20V7%20Full%20Book.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-09-24 }}</ref> |
Trans women may experience [[gender dysphoria]], distress brought upon by the discrepancy between their gender identity and the sex that was assigned to them at birth (and the associated gender role or primary and secondary sex characteristics).<ref>{{cite web|title=Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People (version 7) |publisher=The World Professional Association for Transgender Health |page=96 |url=http://admin.associationsonline.com/uploaded_files/140/files/Standards%20of%20Care,%20V7%20Full%20Book.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924061804/http://admin.associationsonline.com/uploaded_files/140/files/Standards%20of%20Care%2C%20V7%20Full%20Book.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-09-24 }}</ref> |
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Trans women may [[Gender transitioning|transition]]. A major component of medical transition for trans women is [[feminizing hormone therapy]], which causes the development of female [[secondary sex characteristic]]s ([[breast]]s, redistribution of body fat, lower [[waist–hip ratio]], etc.). This, along with [[sex reassignment surgery]] can relieve the person of gender dysphoria.<ref name="Beidel-2014">{{cite book |last1=Beidel |first1=Deborah C |author-link1=Deborah Beidel |last2=Frueh |first2=B. Christopher |last3=Hersen |first3=Michel |title=Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF3OAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA618 |access-date=12 December 2017 |edition=7th |date=30 June 2014 |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |isbn=978-1-118-92791-5 |page=618 |oclc=956674391 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330190955/https://books.google.com/books?id=rF3OAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA618 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Koellen-2016">{{cite book |last=Köllen |first=Thomas |title=Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations: Global Perspectives on LGBT Workforce Diversity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=60kWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA138 |access-date=12 December 2017 |date=25 April 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-29623-4 |page=138 |oclc=933722553 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330195550/https://books.google.com/books?id=60kWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA138 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
Trans women may [[Gender transitioning|transition]]. A major component of medical transition for trans women is [[feminizing hormone therapy]], which causes the development of female [[secondary sex characteristic]]s ([[breast]]s, redistribution of body fat, lower [[waist–hip ratio]], etc.). This, along with [[sex reassignment surgery]] can relieve the person of gender dysphoria.<ref name="Beidel-2014">{{cite book |last1=Beidel |first1=Deborah C |author-link1=Deborah Beidel |last2=Frueh |first2=B. Christopher |last3=Hersen |first3=Michel |title=Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF3OAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA618 |access-date=12 December 2017 |edition=7th |date=30 June 2014 |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |isbn=978-1-118-92791-5 |page=618 |oclc=956674391 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330190955/https://books.google.com/books?id=rF3OAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA618 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Koellen-2016">{{cite book |last=Köllen |first=Thomas |title=Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations: Global Perspectives on LGBT Workforce Diversity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=60kWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA138 |access-date=12 December 2017 |date=25 April 2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-29623-4 |page=138 |oclc=933722553 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330195550/https://books.google.com/books?id=60kWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA138 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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==Terminology== |
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{{see also|Transgender#Terminology}}''[[Transgender]]'' (commonly abbreviated as ''trans<ref>{{Cite OED|term=trans|access-date=26 August 2022}}</ref>'') is an [[umbrella term]] for people whose [[gender identity]] and/or [[gender expression]] are different from those typically associated with members of the [[sex]] they were [[Assigned sex at birth|assigned at birth]].<ref name="Forsyth">{{cite book |last1=Forsyth |first1=Craig J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAjmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA740 |title=Encyclopedia of Social Deviance |last2=Copes |first2=Heith |publisher=[[Sage Publications]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1483364698 |page=740 |quote=Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identities, gender expressions, and/or behaviors are different from those culturally associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth. |access-date=April 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201105833/https://books.google.com/books?id=NAjmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA740 |archive-date=December 1, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Transgender women, sometimes called '''male-to-female''' ('''MtF'''), are those who were assigned the [[male]] sex at birth (AMAB), but who identify and live as women.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hembree |first1=Wylie C |last2=Cohen-Kettenis |first2=Peggy T |last3=Gooren |first3=Louis |last4=Hannema |first4=Sabine E |last5=Meyer |first5=Walter J |last6=Murad |first6=M Hassan |last7=Rosenthal |first7=Stephen M |last8=Safer |first8=Joshua D |last9=Tangpricha |first9=Vin |last10=T’Sjoen |first10=Guy G |date=2017-09-13 |title=Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline |url=https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01658 |journal=[[The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism]] |volume=102 |issue=11 |pages=3869–3903 |doi=10.1210/jc.2017-01658 |pmid=28945902 |s2cid=3726467 |issn=0021-972X |ref=none}}</ref> |
{{see also|Transgender#Terminology}}''[[Transgender]]'' (commonly abbreviated as ''trans<ref>{{Cite OED|term=trans|access-date=26 August 2022}}</ref>'') is an [[umbrella term]] for people whose [[gender identity]] and/or [[gender expression]] are different from those typically associated with members of the [[sex]] they were [[Assigned sex at birth|assigned at birth]].<ref name="Forsyth">{{cite book |last1=Forsyth |first1=Craig J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAjmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA740 |title=Encyclopedia of Social Deviance |last2=Copes |first2=Heith |publisher=[[Sage Publications]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1483364698 |page=740 |quote=Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identities, gender expressions, and/or behaviors are different from those culturally associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth. |access-date=April 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201105833/https://books.google.com/books?id=NAjmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA740 |archive-date=December 1, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Transgender women, sometimes called '''male-to-female''' ('''MtF'''), are those who were assigned the [[male]] sex at birth (AMAB), but who identify and live as women.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hembree |first1=Wylie C |last2=Cohen-Kettenis |first2=Peggy T |last3=Gooren |first3=Louis |last4=Hannema |first4=Sabine E |last5=Meyer |first5=Walter J |last6=Murad |first6=M Hassan |last7=Rosenthal |first7=Stephen M |last8=Safer |first8=Joshua D |last9=Tangpricha |first9=Vin |last10=T’Sjoen |first10=Guy G |date=2017-09-13 |title=Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline |url=https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-01658 |journal=[[The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism]] |volume=102 |issue=11 |pages=3869–3903 |doi=10.1210/jc.2017-01658 |pmid=28945902 |s2cid=3726467 |issn=0021-972X |ref=none}}</ref> |
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In several [[Latin America]]n countries, the word [[Travesti (gender identity)|''travesti'']] is sometimes used to designate people who have been assigned male sex at birth, but develop a female gender identity. The use of ''travesti'' precedes ''transgender'' in the region; its distinction from ''trans woman'' is controversial and can vary depending on the context, ranging from considering it a regional equivalent to a [[third gender]].<ref name="thesis">{{cite thesis|language=es|url=https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/95889|title=Geografía travesti: Cuerpos, sexualidad y migraciones de travestis brasileñas (Rio de Janeiro-Barcelona)|last=Vartabedian Cabral|first=Julieta|year=2012|access-date=May 7, 2020|publisher=[[Universitat de Barcelona]]|type=doctoral thesis}}</ref><ref name="queering">{{cite journal|url=https://www.scielo.br/pdf/cint/v40n3/0102-8529-cint-2018400300525.pdf|title=Queering the Debate: Analysing Prostitution Through Dissident Sexualities in Brazil|access-date=June 9, 2021|last=Álvares Ferreira|first=Amanda|journal=Contexto Internacional|volume=40|issue=3|location=Rio de Janeiro|year=2018|pages=525–546|issn=0102-8529|publisher=Instituto de Relações Internacionais. [[Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro]]|doi=10.1590/s0102-8529.2018400300006|s2cid=149579182}}</ref> |
In several [[Latin America]]n countries, the word [[Travesti (gender identity)|''travesti'']] is sometimes used to designate people who have been assigned male sex at birth, but develop a female gender identity. The use of ''travesti'' precedes ''transgender'' in the region; its distinction from ''trans woman'' is controversial and can vary depending on the context, ranging from considering it a regional equivalent to a [[third gender]].<ref name="thesis">{{cite thesis|language=es|url=https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/95889|title=Geografía travesti: Cuerpos, sexualidad y migraciones de travestis brasileñas (Rio de Janeiro-Barcelona)|last=Vartabedian Cabral|first=Julieta|year=2012|access-date=May 7, 2020|publisher=[[Universitat de Barcelona]]|type=doctoral thesis}}</ref><ref name="queering">{{cite journal|url=https://www.scielo.br/pdf/cint/v40n3/0102-8529-cint-2018400300525.pdf|title=Queering the Debate: Analysing Prostitution Through Dissident Sexualities in Brazil|access-date=June 9, 2021|last=Álvares Ferreira|first=Amanda|journal=Contexto Internacional|volume=40|issue=3|location=Rio de Janeiro|year=2018|pages=525–546|issn=0102-8529|publisher=Instituto de Relações Internacionais. [[Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro]]|doi=10.1590/s0102-8529.2018400300006|s2cid=149579182}}</ref> |
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=={{anchor|Straight trans woman|Bisexual trans woman|Lesbian trans woman|Asexual trans woman|Gay trans woman|Trans lesbian}} |
==Sexual orientation== |
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{{anchor|Straight trans woman|Bisexual trans woman|Lesbian trans woman|Asexual trans woman|Gay trans woman|Trans lesbian}} |
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{{See also|Transgender sexuality|Sexual orientation}} |
{{See also|Transgender sexuality|Sexual orientation}} |
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Trans women may identify as [[heterosexuality|heterosexual]] (or straight), [[bisexuality|bisexual]], [[homosexuality|homosexual]] (or lesbian), [[asexuality|asexual]], or none of the above.<ref name="CDC">{{cite news |date=18 May 2017 |title=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Health |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |url=https://www.cdc.gov/lgbthealth/transgender.htm |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218143833/https://www.cdc.gov/lgbthealth/transgender.htm |archive-date=18 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Transgender FAQ|publisher=[[GLAAD]]|access-date=June 30, 2020|url=https://www.glaad.org/transgender/transfaq|date=2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407155945/https://www.glaad.org/transgender/transfaq|archive-date=April 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Cooper|first1=Christopher|title=My Experiences As A Straight Cis Man Engaged To A Straight Trans Woman|publisher=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=June 30, 2020|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-experiences-of-a-straight-cis-male-engaged-to-a_b_5951c5fbe4b0f078efd9846b|date=June 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630175247/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-experiences-of-a-straight-cis-male-engaged-to-a_b_5951c5fbe4b0f078efd9846b|archive-date=June 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Bogert|first1=Brennan|title=11 Dating Struggles Only Trans Lesbians Will Understand|publisher=GoMag|access-date=June 30, 2020|url=http://gomag.com/article/11-dating-struggles-only-trans-lesbians-will-understand/|date=September 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630175608/http://gomag.com/article/11-dating-struggles-only-trans-lesbians-will-understand/|archive-date=June 30, 2020}}</ref> A survey of roughly 3000 American trans women showed 31% of them identifying as bisexual, 29% as "gay/lesbian/same-gender", 23% as heterosexual, 7% as asexual, as well as 7% identifying as "queer" and 2% as "other".<ref name="injustice">{{cite web|title=Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey|publisher=National Center for Transgender Equality & National Gay and Lesbian Task Force|page=29|url=http://transequality.org/PDFs/NTDS_Report.pdf|date=2015-01-21|access-date=2012-07-03|archive-date=2011-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803195534/http://www.transequality.org/PDFs/NTDS_Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |
Trans women may identify as [[heterosexuality|heterosexual]] (or straight), [[bisexuality|bisexual]], [[homosexuality|homosexual]] (or lesbian), [[asexuality|asexual]], or none of the above.<ref name="CDC">{{cite news |date=18 May 2017 |title=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Health |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |url=https://www.cdc.gov/lgbthealth/transgender.htm |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218143833/https://www.cdc.gov/lgbthealth/transgender.htm |archive-date=18 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Transgender FAQ|publisher=[[GLAAD]]|access-date=June 30, 2020|url=https://www.glaad.org/transgender/transfaq|date=2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407155945/https://www.glaad.org/transgender/transfaq|archive-date=April 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Cooper|first1=Christopher|title=My Experiences As A Straight Cis Man Engaged To A Straight Trans Woman|publisher=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=June 30, 2020|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-experiences-of-a-straight-cis-male-engaged-to-a_b_5951c5fbe4b0f078efd9846b|date=June 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630175247/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-experiences-of-a-straight-cis-male-engaged-to-a_b_5951c5fbe4b0f078efd9846b|archive-date=June 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Bogert|first1=Brennan|title=11 Dating Struggles Only Trans Lesbians Will Understand|publisher=GoMag|access-date=June 30, 2020|url=http://gomag.com/article/11-dating-struggles-only-trans-lesbians-will-understand/|date=September 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630175608/http://gomag.com/article/11-dating-struggles-only-trans-lesbians-will-understand/|archive-date=June 30, 2020}}</ref> A survey of roughly 3000 American trans women showed 31% of them identifying as bisexual, 29% as "gay/lesbian/same-gender", 23% as heterosexual, 7% as asexual, as well as 7% identifying as "queer" and 2% as "other".<ref name="injustice">{{cite web|title=Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey|publisher=National Center for Transgender Equality & National Gay and Lesbian Task Force|page=29|url=http://transequality.org/PDFs/NTDS_Report.pdf|date=2015-01-21|access-date=2012-07-03|archive-date=2011-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803195534/http://www.transequality.org/PDFs/NTDS_Report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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===Libido=== |
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In a 2008 study, no [[statistical significance|statistically significant]] difference in [[libido]] was detected between trans women and [[cisgender]] women.<ref name="elaut">{{cite journal|vauthors=Elaut E, De Cuypere G, De Sutter P, Gijs L, Van Trotsenburg M, Heylens G, Kaufman JM, Rubens R, T'Sjoen G | title = Hypoactive sexual desire in transsexual women: prevalence and association with testosterone levels| journal = [[European Journal of Endocrinology]] |date=Mar 2008| volume = 158| issue = 3| pages = 393–9| pmid = 18299474| doi=10.1530/EJE-07-0511| doi-access = free}}</ref> As in males, female libido is thought to correlate with serum [[testosterone]] levels<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Turna B, Apaydin E, Semerci B, Altay B, Cikili N, Nazli O | title = Women with low libido: correlation of decreased androgen levels with female sexual function index| journal = International Journal of Impotence Research| year = 2005| volume = 17| pages = 148–153| pmid = 15592425| doi=10.1038/sj.ijir.3901294| issue=2| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |
In a 2008 study, no [[statistical significance|statistically significant]] difference in [[libido]] was detected between trans women and [[cisgender]] women.<ref name="elaut">{{cite journal|vauthors=Elaut E, De Cuypere G, De Sutter P, Gijs L, Van Trotsenburg M, Heylens G, Kaufman JM, Rubens R, T'Sjoen G | title = Hypoactive sexual desire in transsexual women: prevalence and association with testosterone levels| journal = [[European Journal of Endocrinology]] |date=Mar 2008| volume = 158| issue = 3| pages = 393–9| pmid = 18299474| doi=10.1530/EJE-07-0511| doi-access = free}}</ref> As in males, female libido is thought to correlate with serum [[testosterone]] levels<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Turna B, Apaydin E, Semerci B, Altay B, Cikili N, Nazli O | title = Women with low libido: correlation of decreased androgen levels with female sexual function index| journal = International Journal of Impotence Research| year = 2005| volume = 17| pages = 148–153| pmid = 15592425| doi=10.1038/sj.ijir.3901294| issue=2| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |
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|vauthors=Santoro N, Torrens J, Crawford S, Allsworth JE, Finkelstein JS, Gold EB, Korenman S, Lasley WL, Luborsky JL, McConnell D, Sowers MF, Weiss G | title = Correlates of circulating androgens in mid-life women: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation| journal = Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism| year = 2005| volume = 90| issue = 8| pages = 4836–4845| pmid = 15840738| doi=10.1210/jc.2004-2063| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Sherwin BB, Gelfand MM, Brender W | title = Androgen enhances sexual motivation in females: a prospective, crossover study of sex steroid administration in the surgical menopause| journal = Psychosomatic Medicine| year = 1985| volume = 47| pages = 339–351| pmid = 4023162| issue=4| doi=10.1097/00006842-198507000-00004| s2cid = 12961569}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last = Sherwin| first = B| title = Changes in sexual behavior as a function of plasma sex steroid levels in post-menopausal women |
|vauthors=Santoro N, Torrens J, Crawford S, Allsworth JE, Finkelstein JS, Gold EB, Korenman S, Lasley WL, Luborsky JL, McConnell D, Sowers MF, Weiss G | title = Correlates of circulating androgens in mid-life women: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation| journal = Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism| year = 2005| volume = 90| issue = 8| pages = 4836–4845| pmid = 15840738| doi=10.1210/jc.2004-2063| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Sherwin BB, Gelfand MM, Brender W | title = Androgen enhances sexual motivation in females: a prospective, crossover study of sex steroid administration in the surgical menopause| journal = Psychosomatic Medicine| year = 1985| volume = 47| pages = 339–351| pmid = 4023162| issue=4| doi=10.1097/00006842-198507000-00004| s2cid = 12961569}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last = Sherwin| first = B| title = Changes in sexual behavior as a function of plasma sex steroid levels in post-menopausal women |
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One type of violence towards trans women is committed by perpetrators who learn that their sexual partner is transgender, and feel deceived ([[Trans panic defense|"trans panic"]]). Almost 95% of these crimes were committed by cisgender men towards trans women.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=SCHILT|first1=KRISTEN|last2=WESTBROOK|first2=LAUREL|date=2009|title=DOING GENDER, DOING HETERONORMATIVITY: "Gender Normals," Transgender People, and the Social Maintenance of Heterosexuality|journal=Gender and Society|volume=23|issue=4|pages=440–464|issn=0891-2432|jstor=20676798|doi=10.1177/0891243209340034|s2cid=145354177}}</ref> According to a 2005 paper looking at HIV needs analysis in Houston, Texas, "50% of transgender people surveyed had been hit by a primary partner after coming out as transgender".<ref name="ovc">{{cite web|title=Sexual Assault: The Numbers – Responding to Transgender Victims of Sexual Assault|url=https://www.ovc.gov/pubs/forge/sexual_numbers.html|website=Office for Victims of Crime|access-date=25 April 2018|language=en|archive-date=22 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422055249/https://www.ovc.gov/pubs/forge/sexual_numbers.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
One type of violence towards trans women is committed by perpetrators who learn that their sexual partner is transgender, and feel deceived ([[Trans panic defense|"trans panic"]]). Almost 95% of these crimes were committed by cisgender men towards trans women.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=SCHILT|first1=KRISTEN|last2=WESTBROOK|first2=LAUREL|date=2009|title=DOING GENDER, DOING HETERONORMATIVITY: "Gender Normals," Transgender People, and the Social Maintenance of Heterosexuality|journal=Gender and Society|volume=23|issue=4|pages=440–464|issn=0891-2432|jstor=20676798|doi=10.1177/0891243209340034|s2cid=145354177}}</ref> According to a 2005 paper looking at HIV needs analysis in Houston, Texas, "50% of transgender people surveyed had been hit by a primary partner after coming out as transgender".<ref name="ovc">{{cite web|title=Sexual Assault: The Numbers – Responding to Transgender Victims of Sexual Assault|url=https://www.ovc.gov/pubs/forge/sexual_numbers.html|website=Office for Victims of Crime|access-date=25 April 2018|language=en|archive-date=22 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422055249/https://www.ovc.gov/pubs/forge/sexual_numbers.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Discrimination== |
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{{further|Transgender inequality|Transphobia|Transgender rights|Transmisogyny}} |
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[[File:Transphobic Graffito.jpg|thumb |
[[File:Transphobic Graffito.jpg|thumb|Transmisogynistic graffiti in [[Springfield, Missouri]]|alt=Women's Room Do Not Enter if you Have a DICK!]] |
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Like all gender variant people, trans women often face [[discrimination]] and [[transphobia]],<ref name="injustice" />{{rp|8}} particularly those who are not [[Passing (gender)|perceived as cisgender]].<ref name=":6">McKinnon, Rachel. "Gender, Identity, and Society." ''Philosophy: Sex and Love'', edited by James Petrik and Arthur Zucker, Macmillan Reference USA, 2016, pp. 175-198. Macmillan Interdisciplinary Handbooks. ''Gale Virtual Reference Library''. Web. 23 Apr. 2017.</ref> A 2015 survey from [[Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy|The Williams Institute]] found that, of 27,715 transgender respondents, 52% whose families had rejected them attempted suicide, as did 64.9% of those who were physically attacked in the past year.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Herman|first1=Jody L.|last2=Brown|first2=Taylor N.T.|last3=Haas|first3=Ann P.|date=September 2019|title=Suicide Thoughts and Attempts Among Transgender Adults|url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Suicidality-Transgender-Sep-2019.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513172602/https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Suicidality-Transgender-Sep-2019.pdf|archive-date=2020-05-13|access-date=2020-01-23|website=}}</ref> |
Like all gender variant people, trans women often face [[discrimination]] and [[transphobia]],<ref name="injustice" />{{rp|8}} particularly those who are not [[Passing (gender)|perceived as cisgender]].<ref name=":6">McKinnon, Rachel. "Gender, Identity, and Society." ''Philosophy: Sex and Love'', edited by James Petrik and Arthur Zucker, Macmillan Reference USA, 2016, pp. 175-198. Macmillan Interdisciplinary Handbooks. ''Gale Virtual Reference Library''. Web. 23 Apr. 2017.</ref> A 2015 survey from [[Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy|The Williams Institute]] found that, of 27,715 transgender respondents, 52% whose families had rejected them attempted suicide, as did 64.9% of those who were physically attacked in the past year.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Herman|first1=Jody L.|last2=Brown|first2=Taylor N.T.|last3=Haas|first3=Ann P.|date=September 2019|title=Suicide Thoughts and Attempts Among Transgender Adults|url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Suicidality-Transgender-Sep-2019.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513172602/https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Suicidality-Transgender-Sep-2019.pdf|archive-date=2020-05-13|access-date=2020-01-23|website=}}</ref> |
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Discrimination against trans women has occurred at the [[Michigan Womyn's Music Festival]] after the Festival set out a rule that it would only be a space for cisgender females. This led to protests by trans women and their allies, and a boycott of the Festival by Equality Michigan in 2014. The boycott was joined by the Human Rights Campaign, [[GLAAD]], the [[National Center for Lesbian Rights]], and the [[National LGBTQ Task Force]]. The "womyn-born-womyn" intention first came to attention in 1991 after a [[transsexual]] festival-goer, Nancy Burkholder, was asked to leave the festival when several women recognized her as a trans woman and expressed discomfort with her presence in the space.<ref name="transadvocate">{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Cristan|title=Michigan Womyn's Music Festival|url=http://transadvocate.com/michigan-womyns-music-festival_n_8943.htm|website=The TransAdvocate|date=April 9, 2013|access-date=July 27, 2018|archive-date=July 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727054748/http://transadvocate.com/michigan-womyns-music-festival_n_8943.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mythsandtruth">{{cite web|title=Myths and The Truth About the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival|url=http://www.thetruthaboutthemichiganfestival.com|website=thetruthaboutthemichiganfestival.com|date=September 2014|access-date=2021-03-27|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074704/http://www.thetruthaboutthemichiganfestival.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
Discrimination against trans women has occurred at the [[Michigan Womyn's Music Festival]] after the Festival set out a rule that it would only be a space for cisgender females. This led to protests by trans women and their allies, and a boycott of the Festival by Equality Michigan in 2014. The boycott was joined by the Human Rights Campaign, [[GLAAD]], the [[National Center for Lesbian Rights]], and the [[National LGBTQ Task Force]]. The "womyn-born-womyn" intention first came to attention in 1991 after a [[transsexual]] festival-goer, Nancy Burkholder, was asked to leave the festival when several women recognized her as a trans woman and expressed discomfort with her presence in the space.<ref name="transadvocate">{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Cristan|title=Michigan Womyn's Music Festival|url=http://transadvocate.com/michigan-womyns-music-festival_n_8943.htm|website=The TransAdvocate|date=April 9, 2013|access-date=July 27, 2018|archive-date=July 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727054748/http://transadvocate.com/michigan-womyns-music-festival_n_8943.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mythsandtruth">{{cite web|title=Myths and The Truth About the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival|url=http://www.thetruthaboutthemichiganfestival.com|website=thetruthaboutthemichiganfestival.com|date=September 2014|access-date=2021-03-27|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074704/http://www.thetruthaboutthemichiganfestival.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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== |
==Trans women in the media== |
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Trans [[Media portrayal of LGBT people|representation]] in television, film, news, and other forms of media was slim before the 21st century. Early mainstream accounts and fictional depictions of trans women almost always relied on common [[Trope (cinema)|tropes]] and [[Stereotype|stereotypes]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Sicular |first=Eve |title=Outing the Archives: From the Celluloid Closet to the Isle of Klezbos |date=2013-12-02 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315811277-18 |work=Queer Jews |pages=199–214 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315811277-18 |isbn=978-1-315-81127-7 |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref> However, portrayals have steadily grown and improved in tandem with [[Transgender rights movement|activism]]. In the movie [[Disclosure: Trans Lives on Screen|Discloure: Trans Lives on Screen]], director [[Sam Feder]] explores [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood's]] history of trans representation and the [[Bias|cultural effects]] of such depictions. Many notable 21st century trans actresses and celebrities shared their stories in the film, including [[Laverne Cox]], [[Alexandra Billings]], [[Jamie Clayton]], and more. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buchanan |first=Blu |date=2021-06-04 |title=Film Review: Disclosure: Trans Lives on Screen |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0092055x211022474 |journal=Teaching Sociology |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=299–301 |doi=10.1177/0092055x211022474 |s2cid=236226145 |issn=0092-055X}}</ref> |
Trans [[Media portrayal of LGBT people|representation]] in television, film, news, and other forms of media was slim before the 21st century. Early mainstream accounts and fictional depictions of trans women almost always relied on common [[Trope (cinema)|tropes]] and [[Stereotype|stereotypes]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Sicular |first=Eve |title=Outing the Archives: From the Celluloid Closet to the Isle of Klezbos |date=2013-12-02 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315811277-18 |work=Queer Jews |pages=199–214 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315811277-18 |isbn=978-1-315-81127-7 |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref> However, portrayals have steadily grown and improved in tandem with [[Transgender rights movement|activism]]. In the movie [[Disclosure: Trans Lives on Screen|Discloure: Trans Lives on Screen]], director [[Sam Feder]] explores [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood's]] history of trans representation and the [[Bias|cultural effects]] of such depictions. Many notable 21st century trans actresses and celebrities shared their stories in the film, including [[Laverne Cox]], [[Alexandra Billings]], [[Jamie Clayton]], and more. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buchanan |first=Blu |date=2021-06-04 |title=Film Review: Disclosure: Trans Lives on Screen |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0092055x211022474 |journal=Teaching Sociology |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=299–301 |doi=10.1177/0092055x211022474 |s2cid=236226145 |issn=0092-055X}}</ref> |
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{{Gallery|Christine_Jorgensen_1954.jpg|[[Christine Jorgensen]]|Laverne Cox by Sachyn Mital cropped.jpg|Laverne Cox|Isis King.jpg|[[Isis King]]}} |
{{Gallery|Christine_Jorgensen_1954.jpg|[[Christine Jorgensen]]|Laverne Cox by Sachyn Mital cropped.jpg|Laverne Cox|Isis King.jpg|[[Isis King]]}} |
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==See also== |
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{{Portal|Transgender}} |
{{Portal|Transgender}} |
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{{Commons category|Transgender women}} |
{{Commons category|Transgender women}} |
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* [[Transgender people in sports]] |
* [[Transgender people in sports]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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Revision as of 05:26, 3 December 2022
 | The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (August 2022) |
| Part of a series on |
| Transgender topics |
|---|
 Category |
A trans woman or a transgender woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth. Trans women have a female gender identity, may experience gender dysphoria, and may transition; this process commonly includes hormone replacement therapy and sometimes sex reassignment surgery, which can bring relief and resolve feelings of gender dysphoria. Like cisgender women, trans women may have any sexual orientation.
The term transgender woman is not always interchangeable with transsexual woman, although the terms are often used interchangeably. Transgender is an umbrella term that includes different types of gender variant people (including transsexual people).
Trans women face significant discrimination in many areas of life, including in employment and access to housing, and face physical and sexual violence and hate crimes, including from partners; in the United States, discrimination is particularly severe towards trans women who are members of a racial minority, who often face the intersection of transphobia and racism.
Overview
Trans women may experience gender dysphoria, distress brought upon by the discrepancy between their gender identity and the sex that was assigned to them at birth (and the associated gender role or primary and secondary sex characteristics).[1]
Trans women may transition. A major component of medical transition for trans women is feminizing hormone therapy, which causes the development of female secondary sex characteristics (breasts, redistribution of body fat, lower waist–hip ratio, etc.). This, along with sex reassignment surgery can relieve the person of gender dysphoria.[2][3]
Terminology
Transgender (commonly abbreviated as trans[4]) is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression are different from those typically associated with members of the sex they were assigned at birth.[5] Transgender women, sometimes called male-to-female (MtF), are those who were assigned the male sex at birth (AMAB), but who identify and live as women.[6]
Trans woman may also be short for transsexual woman. Transsexual is a subset of transgender,[7][8] referring to people who desire to medically transition to the sex with which they identify, usually through sex reassignment therapies, such as hormone replacement therapy and sex reassignment surgery, to align their body with their identified sex or gender. The term is rejected by some as outdated, though others within the trans community still identify as transsexual.[9]
Transfeminine (or transfemme) is a broader umbrella term for assigned-male trans individuals with a predominantly feminine identity and/or gender expression. This includes trans women, but is used especially for AMAB non-binary people, who may have a identity that is partially feminine, but not wholly female.[10]
The spelling transwoman (written as a single word) is occasionally used interchangeably with trans woman (where trans is an adjective describing a kind of woman). However, this variant is often associated with views (notably gender-critical feminism) that exclude trans women from woman, and thus require a separate word to describe them.[11] For this reason, many transgender people find the spelling offensive.[11][12] Some prefer to omit trans, and be called simply women.[9]
In several Latin American countries, the word travesti is sometimes used to designate people who have been assigned male sex at birth, but develop a female gender identity. The use of travesti precedes transgender in the region; its distinction from trans woman is controversial and can vary depending on the context, ranging from considering it a regional equivalent to a third gender.[13][14]
Sexual orientation
Trans women may identify as heterosexual (or straight), bisexual, homosexual (or lesbian), asexual, or none of the above.[15][16][17][18] A survey of roughly 3000 American trans women showed 31% of them identifying as bisexual, 29% as "gay/lesbian/same-gender", 23% as heterosexual, 7% as asexual, as well as 7% identifying as "queer" and 2% as "other".[19]
Libido
In a 2008 study, no statistically significant difference in libido was detected between trans women and cisgender women.[20] As in males, female libido is thought to correlate with serum testosterone levels[21][22][23][24] (with some controversy[25]) but the 2008 study found no such correlation in trans women.[20][26] Another study, published in 2014, found that 62.4% of trans women reported their sexual desire had decreased after sexual reassignment therapy.[27]
Violence towards trans women
Trans women face a form of violence known as trans bashing. The Washington Blade reported that Global Rights, an international NGO, tracked the mistreatment of trans women in Brazil, including at the hands of the police.[28] To commemorate those who have been murdered in hate crimes, an annual Transgender Day of Remembrance is held in various locations across the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, with details and sources for each murder provided at their website.[29]
United States
According to a 2009 report by the National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs, quoted by the Office for Victims of Crime, 11% of all hate crimes towards members of the LGBTQ community were directed towards trans women.[30]
In 2015, a false statistic was widely reported in the United States media stating that the life expectancy of a trans woman of color is only 35 years.[31] This appears to be based on a comment specifically about Latin America in a report by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, which compiled data on the age at death of murdered trans women for all of the Americas (North, South, and Central), and does not disaggregate by race.[31][32][33]
In 2016, 23 transgender people suffered fatal attacks in the United States. The Human Rights Campaign report found some of these deaths to be direct results of an anti-transgender bias, and some due to related factors such as homelessness.[34]
One type of violence towards trans women is committed by perpetrators who learn that their sexual partner is transgender, and feel deceived ("trans panic"). Almost 95% of these crimes were committed by cisgender men towards trans women.[35] According to a 2005 paper looking at HIV needs analysis in Houston, Texas, "50% of transgender people surveyed had been hit by a primary partner after coming out as transgender".[30]
Discrimination
Like all gender variant people, trans women often face discrimination and transphobia,[19]: 8 particularly those who are not perceived as cisgender.[36] A 2015 survey from The Williams Institute found that, of 27,715 transgender respondents, 52% whose families had rejected them attempted suicide, as did 64.9% of those who were physically attacked in the past year.[37]
A survey of roughly 3000 trans women living in the United States, as summarized in the report "Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey", found that trans women reported that:[19][specify]
- 36% have lost their job due to their gender.
- 55% have been discriminated against in hiring.
- 29% have been denied a promotion.
- 25% have been refused medical care.
- 60% of the trans women who have visited a homeless shelter reported incidents of harassment there.
- When displaying identity documents incongruent with their gender identity/expression, 33% have been harassed and 3% have been physically assaulted.
- 20% reported harassment by police, with 6% reporting physical assault and 3% reporting sexual assault by an officer. 25% have been treated generally with disrespect by police officers.
- Among jailed trans women, 40% have been harassed by inmates, 38% have been harassed by staff, 21% have been physically assaulted, and 20% have been sexually assaulted.
The American National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs' report of 2010 anti-LGBTQ violence found that of the 27 people who were murdered because of their LGBTQ identity, 44% were trans women.[38] Discrimination is particularly severe towards non-white trans women, who experience the intersection of racism and transphobia. For example, a potential result of such discrimination is that multiracial, Latina, Black and Indigenous American trans women are twice to more than three times as likely as white trans women to be sexually assaulted in prison.[39]
In her book Whipping Girl, trans woman Julia Serano refers to the unique discrimination trans women experience as "transmisogyny".[40]
Discrimination against trans women has occurred at the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival after the Festival set out a rule that it would only be a space for cisgender females. This led to protests by trans women and their allies, and a boycott of the Festival by Equality Michigan in 2014. The boycott was joined by the Human Rights Campaign, GLAAD, the National Center for Lesbian Rights, and the National LGBTQ Task Force. The "womyn-born-womyn" intention first came to attention in 1991 after a transsexual festival-goer, Nancy Burkholder, was asked to leave the festival when several women recognized her as a trans woman and expressed discomfort with her presence in the space.[41][42]
Trans women in the media
Trans representation in television, film, news, and other forms of media was slim before the 21st century. Early mainstream accounts and fictional depictions of trans women almost always relied on common tropes and stereotypes.[43] However, portrayals have steadily grown and improved in tandem with activism. In the movie Discloure: Trans Lives on Screen, director Sam Feder explores Hollywood's history of trans representation and the cultural effects of such depictions. Many notable 21st century trans actresses and celebrities shared their stories in the film, including Laverne Cox, Alexandra Billings, Jamie Clayton, and more. [44]
-
-
Laverne Cox -
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transgender women.
- Trans man
- Transfeminism
- List of transgender-related topics
- List of transgender people
- Transgender sexuality
- Transgender people in sports
References
- ^ "Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People (version 7)" (PDF). The World Professional Association for Transgender Health. p. 96. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-24.
- ^ Beidel, Deborah C; Frueh, B. Christopher; Hersen, Michel (30 June 2014). Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis (7th ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 618. ISBN 978-1-118-92791-5. OCLC 956674391. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ Köllen, Thomas (25 April 2016). Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations: Global Perspectives on LGBT Workforce Diversity. Springer. p. 138. ISBN 978-3-319-29623-4. OCLC 933722553. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ "trans". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 26 August 2022. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ Forsyth, Craig J.; Copes, Heith (2014). Encyclopedia of Social Deviance. Sage Publications. p. 740. ISBN 978-1483364698. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identities, gender expressions, and/or behaviors are different from those culturally associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth.
- ^ Hembree, Wylie C; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T; Gooren, Louis; Hannema, Sabine E; Meyer, Walter J; Murad, M Hassan; Rosenthal, Stephen M; Safer, Joshua D; Tangpricha, Vin; T’Sjoen, Guy G (2017-09-13). "Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 102 (11): 3869–3903. doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01658. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 28945902. S2CID 3726467.
- ^ Bevan, Thomas E. (2015). The psychobiology of transsexualism and transgenderism : a new view based on scientific evidence. Santa Barbara, California. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-4408-3126-3. OCLC 881721443.
The term transsexual was introduced by Cauldwell (1949) and popularized by Harry Benjamin (1966) ... . The term transgender was coined by John Oliven (1965) and popularized by various transgender people who pioneered the concept and practice of transgenderism. It is sometimes said that Virginia Prince (1976) popularized the term, but history shows that many transgender people advocated the use of this term much more than Prince. The adjective transgendered should not be used ... . Transsexuals constitute a subset of transgender people.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Alegria, Christine Aramburu (22 March 2011). "Transgender identity and health care: Implications for psychosocial and physical evaluation". Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 23 (4). Wiley: 175–182. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2010.00595.x. ISSN 1041-2972. PMID 21489011. S2CID 205909330.
Transgender, Umbrella term for persons who do not conform to gender norms in their identity and/or behavior (Meyerowitz, 2002). Transsexual, Subset of transgenderism; persons who feel discordance between natal sex and identity (Meyerowitz, 2002).
- ^ a b "GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Transgender Terms". GLAAD. 2022-02-22. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
- ^ "Definition of transfeminine". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
- ^ a b Serano, Julia (2007). Whipping girl: a transsexual woman on sexism and the scapegoating of femininity. Emeryville, California: Seal Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-1-58005-154-5.
- ^ German Lopez, Why you should always use "transgender" instead of "transgendered", Vox, February 18, 2015
- ^ Vartabedian Cabral, Julieta (2012). Geografía travesti: Cuerpos, sexualidad y migraciones de travestis brasileñas (Rio de Janeiro-Barcelona) (doctoral thesis) (in Spanish). Universitat de Barcelona. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ Álvares Ferreira, Amanda (2018). "Queering the Debate: Analysing Prostitution Through Dissident Sexualities in Brazil" (PDF). Contexto Internacional. 40 (3). Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Relações Internacionais. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro: 525–546. doi:10.1590/s0102-8529.2018400300006. ISSN 0102-8529. S2CID 149579182. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
- ^ "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Health". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18 May 2017. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
- ^ "Transgender FAQ". GLAAD. 2020. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
- ^ Cooper, Christopher (June 26, 2017). "My Experiences As A Straight Cis Man Engaged To A Straight Trans Woman". HuffPost. Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
- ^ Bogert, Brennan (September 10, 2018). "11 Dating Struggles Only Trans Lesbians Will Understand". GoMag. Archived from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
- ^ a b c "Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey" (PDF). National Center for Transgender Equality & National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. 2015-01-21. p. 29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2012-07-03.
- ^ a b Elaut E, De Cuypere G, De Sutter P, Gijs L, Van Trotsenburg M, Heylens G, Kaufman JM, Rubens R, T'Sjoen G (Mar 2008). "Hypoactive sexual desire in transsexual women: prevalence and association with testosterone levels". European Journal of Endocrinology. 158 (3): 393–9. doi:10.1530/EJE-07-0511. PMID 18299474.
- ^ Turna B, Apaydin E, Semerci B, Altay B, Cikili N, Nazli O (2005). "Women with low libido: correlation of decreased androgen levels with female sexual function index". International Journal of Impotence Research. 17 (2): 148–153. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901294. PMID 15592425.
- ^ Santoro N, Torrens J, Crawford S, Allsworth JE, Finkelstein JS, Gold EB, Korenman S, Lasley WL, Luborsky JL, McConnell D, Sowers MF, Weiss G (2005). "Correlates of circulating androgens in mid-life women: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 90 (8): 4836–4845. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-2063. PMID 15840738.
- ^ Sherwin BB, Gelfand MM, Brender W (1985). "Androgen enhances sexual motivation in females: a prospective, crossover study of sex steroid administration in the surgical menopause". Psychosomatic Medicine. 47 (4): 339–351. doi:10.1097/00006842-198507000-00004. PMID 4023162. S2CID 12961569.
- ^ Sherwin, B (1985). "Changes in sexual behavior as a function of plasma sex steroid levels in post-menopausal women". Maturitas. 7 (3): 225–233. doi:10.1016/0378-5122(85)90044-1. PMID 4079822.
- ^ Davis SR, Davison SL, Donath S, Bell RJ (2005). "Circulating androgen levels and self-reported sexual function in women". Journal of the American Medical Association. 294 (1): 91–96. doi:10.1001/jama.294.1.91. PMID 15998895.
- ^ DeCuypere G, T'Sjoen G, Beerten R, Selvaggi G, DeSutter P, Hoebeke P, Monstrey S, Vansteenwegen A, Rubens R (2005). "Sexual and physical health after sex reassignment surgery". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 34 (6): 679–690. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-7926-5. PMID 16362252. S2CID 42916543.
- ^ Wierckx, Katrien; Elaut, Els; Van Hoorde, Birgit; Heylens, Gunter; De Cuypere, Griet; Monstrey, Stan; Weyers, Steven; Hoebeke, Piet; t'Sjoen, Guy (2014). "Sexual Desire in Trans Persons: Associations with Sex Reassignment Treatment". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 11 (1): 107–118. doi:10.1111/jsm.12365. PMID 24165564.
- ^ Lavers, Michael K. (25 November 2013). "Report documents anti-transgender violence, discrimination in Brazil". Washington Blade: Gay News, Politics, LGBT Rights. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ "Transgender Day of Remembrance". Transgender Day of Remembrance. Archived from the original on 2016-12-09. Retrieved 2016-12-10.
- ^ a b "Sexual Assault: The Numbers – Responding to Transgender Victims of Sexual Assault". Office for Victims of Crime. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ a b Herzog, Katie. "Is the Life Expectancy of Trans Women in the U.S. Just 35? No". The Stranger. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2020-06-02.
- ^ Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. "IACHR: Forms and contexts of violence against LGBTI persons in the Americas". IACHR: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ Lavers, Michael K. (20 December 2014). "Nearly 600 LGBT people murdered in Americas in 15 months". Washington Blade: Gay News, Politics, LGBT Rights. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ "Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2017 | Human Rights Campaign". Human Rights Campaign. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ SCHILT, KRISTEN; WESTBROOK, LAUREL (2009). "DOING GENDER, DOING HETERONORMATIVITY: "Gender Normals," Transgender People, and the Social Maintenance of Heterosexuality". Gender and Society. 23 (4): 440–464. doi:10.1177/0891243209340034. ISSN 0891-2432. JSTOR 20676798. S2CID 145354177.
- ^ McKinnon, Rachel. "Gender, Identity, and Society." Philosophy: Sex and Love, edited by James Petrik and Arthur Zucker, Macmillan Reference USA, 2016, pp. 175-198. Macmillan Interdisciplinary Handbooks. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Apr. 2017.
- ^ Herman, Jody L.; Brown, Taylor N.T.; Haas, Ann P. (September 2019). "Suicide Thoughts and Attempts Among Transgender Adults" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-05-13. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
- ^ "70 Percent of Anti-LGBT Murder Victims Are People of Color". Archived from the original on 2013-04-07. Retrieved 2013-04-28.
- ^ "NTDS Report" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
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