Liberation of France: Difference between revisions
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* Lacouture, Jean, ''De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890–1944'' (1984; English ed. 1991), 640 pp. |
* Lacouture, Jean, ''De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890–1944'' (1984; English ed. 1991), 640 pp. |
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* Weinberg, Gerhard L. ''Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders.'' (2005). 292 pp. chapter on de Gaulle |
* Weinberg, Gerhard L. ''Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders.'' (2005). 292 pp. chapter on de Gaulle |
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===Germans=== |
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*U Laub, Thomas J. ''After the fall: German policy in occupied France, 1940-1944'' (Oxford UP, 2010). |
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===Regions and localities=== |
===Regions and localities=== |
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===The Resistance=== |
===The Resistance=== |
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* Funk, Arthur L. "Churchill, Eisenhower, and the French Resistance." ''Journal of Military History'' 45.1 (1981): 29+. |
* Funk, Arthur L. "Churchill, Eisenhower, and the French Resistance." ''Journal of Military History'' 45.1 (1981): 29+. |
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===Economy=== |
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* Imlay, Talbot C., Martin Horn, and Talbot Imlay. ''The Politics of Industrial Collaboration During World War II: Ford France, Vichy and Nazi Germany'' (Cambridge UP, 2014). |
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===Women, family, gender=== |
===Women, family, gender=== |
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* Dodd, Lindsey. ''French children under the Allied bombs, 1940–45: An oral history'' (Manchester UP, 2016). |
* Dodd, Lindsey. ''French children under the Allied bombs, 1940–45: An oral history'' (Manchester UP, 2016). |
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The Liberation of France is the period towards the end of the Second World War in which German-occupied France was progressively liberated by the Allied forces. France was mostly free by September 1944, with some clean-up operations continuing, especially along the Atlantic coast until the defeat of Nazi Germany in May 1945.
Background
This article is a WP:G#Parent article in WP:Summary style. Every section below should be a summary of a "Main" article appearing somewhere else, and identified by the target of the {{Main}} template. Please see WP:SS.
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Western Front
The second "{{Further}}" list is a list of French (or at least, foreign) wiki articles, here for convenience, and meant to be dropped before launch. The {{Main}} and "{{Further}}" list for each section with en-wiki links, can remain.
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Fall of France and rise of Vichy
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Vichy_France_Map.jpg/290px-Vichy_France_Map.jpg)
French military tacticians had failed to predict the German invasion route through the Ardennes, considered impassible by tanks. French defenses swiftly crumbled as the Germans swept through the Lowlands and around the heavily fortified Maginot Line. The only question in French politics was whether to seek an armistice, fight on, or simply surrender. Pierre Laval wanted to fight on from North Africa but had no support and resigned rather than seek an armistice. The Assemblee voted to give World War I hero Philippe Petain the power to write a new constitution, which he interpreted as a of writ of absolute power. The government declared Oaris an open city and fled, establishing itself at Vichy in southern France.
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Aenean libero nulla, luctus quis ipsum vitae, porttitor egestas ex. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae; Curabitur lacus lorem, feugiat sit amet consequat non, hendrerit non sem. Aliquam at blandit metus. Suspendisse posuere sed risus nec interdum. Aenean ut interdum metus, vel dignissim nisl. Nunc eleifend egestas convallis. Aenean at ipsum vitae ex porttitor aliquet. Nunc blandit neque mauris, at vehicula nibh efficitur non. Integer consequat tincidunt aliquam.
Resistance
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/De_Gaulle_-_%C3%A0_tous_les_Fran%C3%A7ais.jpg/220px-De_Gaulle_-_%C3%A0_tous_les_Fran%C3%A7ais.jpg)
The Resistance was a decentralized organization of small cells of fighters with the tacit or overt support of many French civilians. Some were former Republican fighters from the Spanish Civil War; others were workers who went into hiding rather than report for the mandatory Service de travail obligatoire in Germany. In the south of France especially, Resistance fighters took to the mountainous ‘’maquis’’ (bush) and conducted guerilla warfare on the German occupation forces, cutting telephone lines and destroying bridges.
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Sed posuere purus posuere, commodo odio sed, ullamcorper metus. Vestibulum ut orci venenatis metus eleifend mattis. Sed interdum leo a massa sodales varius. Pellentesque ut justo et nisl vestibulum cursus. Integer at lacus aliquam, accumsan tellus at, sollicitudin lacus. Curabitur sapien felis, lacinia ut lacus a, suscipit laoreet augue. Nullam porta ornare dolor vel posuere.
Operation Sledgehammer
Operation Sledgehammer was the first Allied plan for the invasion of German-occupied France, but was never carried out because resources were deemed insufficient.
Not sure we need this section. This was a planned operation that never was launched.
Military campaigns
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Algeria – November 1942
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Near_Algiers%2C_%22Torch%22_troops_hit_the_beaches_behind_a_large_American_flag_%22Left%22_hoping_for_the_French_Army_not_fire..._-_NARA_-_195516.jpg/290px-Near_Algiers%2C_%22Torch%22_troops_hit_the_beaches_behind_a_large_American_flag_%22Left%22_hoping_for_the_French_Army_not_fire..._-_NARA_-_195516.jpg)
Operation Torch was a three-pronged Allied assault against Vichy régime targets in North Africa. The landing forces of Operation Torch came in at Casablanca, Oran and (?Tunis).
Following Case Anton, French colonial governors had found themselves taking orders from the German military administration, and did so with varying degrees of enthusiasm. A few colonies such as French India pragmatically agreed that they did not wish to tangle with neighboring British colonies, which were larger and better-armed. Others had Axis neighbors, such as Tunisia or Somaliland.
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Corsica – 1943
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/B-25J-10-_43-27425_447th_Bomb_Squadron_-_111_-_1944.jpg/220px-B-25J-10-_43-27425_447th_Bomb_Squadron_-_111_-_1944.jpg)
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a.k.a Operation Vesuvius
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Battle of Normandy – June 1944
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Seconde-guerre-mondiale-debarquement-LCVP-6juin1944.jpg/220px-Seconde-guerre-mondiale-debarquement-LCVP-6juin1944.jpg)
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Paris – August 1944
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Crowds_of_French_patriots_line_the_Champs_Elysees-edit2.jpg/220px-Crowds_of_French_patriots_line_the_Champs_Elysees-edit2.jpg)
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Southern France – August 1944
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Operation_Dragoon_invasion_fleet_1944.jpg/220px-Operation_Dragoon_invasion_fleet_1944.jpg)
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Liberation_of_Marseille%2C_August_1944.jpg/220px-Liberation_of_Marseille%2C_August_1944.jpg)
Nulla facilisi. Duis pretium, est sed congue varius, purus nisl convallis nunc, at cursus nunc felis vulputate eros. In laoreet laoreet pharetra. Nulla eu imperdiet sem. Praesent faucibus est vitae dignissim aliquet. Sed id venenatis eros, in rhoncus justo. Curabitur sagittis, libero et eleifend mattis, libero nibh semper arcu, sed faucibus nisl mauris id nisi.
Donec laoreet maximus libero, vitae feugiat eros. Suspendisse varius, nisl sit amet iaculis iaculis, quam sem efficitur lacus, eu ultrices nulla ipsum ut nisl. Donec vulputate ut est at volutpat. Fusce neque orci, pellentesque in commodo ut, maximus ut eros. Morbi vestibulum scelerisque vehicula. Praesent condimentum eros id dolor congue, ac mattis nibh hendrerit. Vestibulum suscipit, odio in hendrerit fringilla, elit magna gravida urna, sed semper urna lectus eu sapien. Mauris metus erat, scelerisque et imperdiet consequat, aliquam ac lectus. Phasellus sed dui in ante ultrices accumsan a sed purus. Mauris efficitur suscipit arcu a molestie. Nunc placerat lectus et ipsum volutpat condimentum. Sed vel ex odio. In eget eleifend metus. Cras maximus, nibh in mattis lacinia, nisl felis hendrerit orci, vitae sagittis odio eros sed quam.
Pockets of German resistance – to May 1945
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Free_French_armoured_car_which_participated_to_the_liberation_of_La_Rochelle_in_1945.jpg/220px-Free_French_armoured_car_which_participated_to_the_liberation_of_La_Rochelle_in_1945.jpg)
Siege, September 1944-May 1945 · Operation Vénérable · Operation Mousquetaire · final years of Battle of the Atlantic
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In dignissim ultricies quam. In eget placerat lectus. Nunc placerat ullamcorper sollicitudin. Nulla suscipit molestie tortor, in aliquet mi sagittis at. Nulla ipsum ante, fermentum nec lacinia id, imperdiet quis tortor. Nunc ligula elit, volutpat faucibus mi nec, mattis hendrerit risus. Curabitur luctus dui mauris, eget hendrerit metus eleifend vitae. Donec eu nibh eget erat condimentum consectetur iaculis in mauris. Phasellus a porttitor eros. Quisque leo nunc, elementum et tortor vitae, fermentum blandit metus. Aliquam ut faucibus lorem. Nam cursus enim vitae lacus ultricies feugiat. Donec rhoncus mi enim, vel suscipit enim commodo in. Nunc aliquet dolor non urna varius, vel iaculis dui congue. Etiam posuere sapien nec iaculis consequat.
Victory
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Mauris finibus eros nec purus lobortis ornare. Suspendisse congue consequat urna sed vehicula. Nunc convallis, urna in ultrices vulputate, felis ante dictum risus, eget sollicitudin odio magna sit amet arcu. Nam augue quam, convallis in consectetur sit amet, vestibulum tempus mi. Vivamus sed elementum enim. Proin neque massa, hendrerit eget interdum nec, iaculis eget ligula. Suspendisse quam ante, rutrum ut semper ut, cursus eget lectus. Maecenas maximus luctus turpis, eget accumsan nisi posuere vel. Pellentesque laoreet odio at lorem interdum, semper ultrices massa gravida.
Aftermath
The subsections below overlap in time, and can't be put in strict chrono order, so the intro or first sentence of each should make it clear what the time range is for the subtopic.
Advance to the Rhine
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Americans_cross_Siegfried_Line.jpg/220px-Americans_cross_Siegfried_Line.jpg)
The military aftermath was basically the Western Allies moved east, crossing the Rhine to invade Germany, while the Russian (also Allies) moved West, to Berlin, and the war in Europe ended May 7, 1945 (VE Day).
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Vivamus rhoncus iaculis enim pharetra pretium. Aliquam lobortis malesuada tellus, eget imperdiet risus placerat eleifend. Sed vel ex lacus. Cras mattis euismod odio, vitae imperdiet eros sodales eget. Vestibulum auctor auctor metus sit amet vestibulum. Duis facilisis, neque ultrices lacinia feugiat, mauris mauris consequat turpis, nec blandit enim dolor a purus. Cras id tortor vitae lacus rutrum sodales a sit amet lacus. Sed et metus ultricies, cursus tortor ultricies, scelerisque nunc. Maecenas eu odio sed diam facilisis interdum. Suspendisse nunc leo, venenatis id blandit nec, eleifend a elit. Sed consectetur, lacus nec tempor faucibus, risus neque dignissim mi, a efficitur sem justo dignissim turpis.
End of Vichy
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sigmaringen_schloss.jpg/220px-Sigmaringen_schloss.jpg)
The Vichy Government got quickly evacuated to Germany (Sigmaringen). They eventually were brought back to France and tried. Petain got the death penalty, but it was commuted because of his heroic acts in WW I.
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Justice and retribution
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-041-10%2C_Paris%2C_der_Kollaboration_beschuldigte_Franz%C3%B6sinnen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-041-10%2C_Paris%2C_der_Kollaboration_beschuldigte_Franz%C3%B6sinnen.jpg)
Meanwhile in France, the provisional govt took over, De Gaulle was in charge, and a period of reckoning began, with twin purges: a legal one (épuration légale) and a sometimes horrible settling of accounts, the épuration sauvage.
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Curabitur pulvinar sollicitudin lectus in blandit. Ut risus eros, ornare eu tortor quis, aliquam semper magna. Sed enim nunc, lacinia non est nec, tincidunt mollis nulla. Morbi ipsum elit, pulvinar ultricies velit et, elementum accumsan eros. Suspendisse potenti. Pellentesque rutrum rutrum dui sit amet congue. Duis viverra dolor et quam accumsan tristique. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Aliquam nunc nunc, blandit ac justo ac, eleifend tincidunt diam.
Elections of May 1945
The first elections since liberation were the municipal elections held while the armistice was being signed (May 1945), and women first gained the right to vote. Not clear if there's an English article that covers this topic.
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Provisional government
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emblem_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic.svg/220px-Emblem_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png)
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Fourth Republic
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Affiche_Charles_de_Gaulle_-_RPF_-_1947.jpg/220px-Affiche_Charles_de_Gaulle_-_RPF_-_1947.jpg)
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Mauris in nisl lacinia, viverra ante sed, convallis dui. Etiam magna ipsum, hendrerit nec lobortis non, fringilla eu justo. Donec efficitur porta erat, ac efficitur justo cursus eget. Sed quis est ut leo dignissim sagittis. Nam a hendrerit tellus. Nam sed turpis ac mauris rutrum consequat ullamcorper ac arcu. Sed condimentum, metus in sodales fringilla, ex enim ornare mi, a iaculis risus ante at leo. Donec rhoncus, quam sed tincidunt euismod, arcu nisl blandit purus, vel porttitor mi massa pellentesque felis. Proin vulputate, metus sit amet cursus semper, felis orci vulputate ex, in iaculis nisl libero sed nulla. Duis feugiat fringilla justo, auctor bibendum ante accumsan vel. Etiam tellus tortor, bibendum efficitur felis a, ornare commodo quam. Cras malesuada, erat quis porta blandit, enim libero varius arcu, at aliquam nisl eros sed dui. Integer orci sapien, efficitur nec viverra vel, ultricies nec nisl. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nam congue ultrices sapien, in feugiat neque malesuada a. Nullam id urna bibendum massa vehicula consectetur.
Impact
Economic
after a period of penury and hardship, the economy shot up, beginning what became known as the "Trente glorieuses" (30 glorious years)
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See also
- 1943 in France
- 1944 in France
- 1945 in France
- Allies of World War II
- Charles de Gaulle
- Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II
- End of World War II in Europe
- Foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle
- France–Germany border
- Free France
- French Colonial Empire
- French Fourth Republic
- French Resistance
- French Liberation Army
- French Third Republic
- German occupation of France
- Italian occupation of France during World War II
- Liberation of Europe
- Liberation of Paris
- Military history of France during World War II
- Philippe Pétain
- Post–World War II economic expansion
- Provisional Government of the French Republic
- Pursuit of Nazi collaborators
- Rene Bousquet
- Timeline of the Battle of France
- Timeline of the liberation of France
- Vichy France
- Vichy French Air Force
- Western_Front_(World_War_II)
- World War II in the Basque Country
- Zone libre
References
- Notes
- Sources
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Further reading
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{{cite web}}
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: Empty citation (help) - Diamond, Hanna, and Simon Kitson, eds. Vichy, resistance, liberation: new perspectives on wartime France (Bloomsbury, 2005).
Invasions
- Caddick-Adams, Peter. Sand and Steel: The D-Day Invasion and the Liberation of France (Oxford UP, 2019).
- Cross, Robin. Operation Dragoon: The Allied Liberation of the South of France: 1944 (Pegasus Books, 2019).
- Holland, James. Normandy ’44: D-Day and the Epic 77-Day Battle for France. A New History (Grove Atlantic, 2019)
- Keegan, John Six Armies in Normandy: From D-Day to the Liberation of Paris (1994)
- Tucker-Jones, Anthony. Operation Dragoon: The Liberation of Southern France 1944 (Casemate, 2010).
- Wilkins, Thomas Stow. "Analysing coalition warfare from an intra-alliance politics perspective: the Normandy campaign 1944." Journal of Strategic Studies 29#6 (2006): 1121-1150.
- Wilt, Alan F. "The Summer of 1944: A comparison of Overlord and Anvil/Dragoon." Journal of Strategic Studies 4.2 (1981): 187-195.
Allies
- Berthon, Simon. Allies at War: The Bitter Rivalry among Churchill, Roosevelt, and de Gaulle. (2001). 356 pp.
- Dodd, Lindsey, and Andrew Knapp. "'How many Frenchmen did you kill?' British bombing policy towards France (1940-1945)" French History (2008) 22#4 pp 469-492.
- Hurstfield, Julian G. America and the French Nation 1939-1945 (U North Carolina Press, 1986).
- Kersaudy, Francois. Churchill and De Gaulle (2nd ed 1990) 482pp.
- Pratt, Julius W. "De Gaulle and the United States: How the Rift Began," History Teacher (1968) 1#4 pp. 5–15 in JSTOR
- Rossi, Mario. Roosevelt and the French (Praeger, 1994).
- Rossi, Mario. "United States Military Authorities and Free France, 1942–1944," Journal of Military History (1997) 61#1 pp. 49–64 in JSTOR
Biographical
- Clayton, Anthony. Three Marshals of France: Leadership After Trauma (Brassey's, 1992) on Alphonse Juin, Jean de Lattre de Tassigny and Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque.
- Fenby, Jonathan. The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France He Saved. (Simon and Schuster. 2011)
- Funk, Arthur Layton. Charles de Gaulle: The Crucial Years, 1943–1944 (1959) online edition
- Jackson, Julian, A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle (2018) 887pp; the latest biography
- Lacouture, Jean, De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890–1944 (1984; English ed. 1991), 640 pp.
- Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders. (2005). 292 pp. chapter on de Gaulle
Germans
- U Laub, Thomas J. After the fall: German policy in occupied France, 1940-1944 (Oxford UP, 2010).
Regions and localities
- Cipko, Serge. "Sacred Ground: The Liberation of Alsace-Lorraine, 1944-1946." Past Imperfect (1994), Vol. 3, pp 159-18.
- Diamond, Hanna. "The Return of the Republic: Crowd Photography and the Liberation in Toulouse, 1944–1945." French Politics, Culture & Society 37.1 (2019): 90-116.
- Kedward, Harry Roderick. In Search of the Maquis: Rural Resistance in Southern France 1942-1944 (Clarendon Press, 1993).
- Moorehead, Caroline. Village of secrets: defying the Nazis in Vichy France (Random House, 2014), a village in eastern France
- Reid, Donald. "Un village français: Imagining lives in occupied France." French Cultural Studies 30.3 (2019): 220-231.
- Sica, Emanuele. Mussolini's Army in the French Riviera: Italy's Occupation of France (U of Illinois Press, 2015).
- Smith, Jean Edward. The Liberation of Paris: How Eisenhower, De Gaulle, and Von Choltitz Saved the City of Light (Simon & Schuster), 2020.
The Resistance
- Funk, Arthur L. "Churchill, Eisenhower, and the French Resistance." Journal of Military History 45.1 (1981): 29+.
Economy
- Imlay, Talbot C., Martin Horn, and Talbot Imlay. The Politics of Industrial Collaboration During World War II: Ford France, Vichy and Nazi Germany (Cambridge UP, 2014).
Women, family, gender
- Dodd, Lindsey. French children under the Allied bombs, 1940–45: An oral history (Manchester UP, 2016).
- Weitz, Margaret Collins. Sisters in the Resistance: how women fought to free France, 1940-1945 (J. Wiley, 1995).
Historiography, memory and commemoration
- Berkvam, Michael L. Writing the Story of France in World War II: Literature and Memory, 1942-1958 (University Press of the South, 2000).
- Footitt, Hilary. War and Liberation in France: Living with the Liberators (Springer, 2004).
- Herman, Gerald, and Claude Bouygues. "The liberation of France, as reflected in philately." Contemporary French Civilization (1988) 12#1 pp 108-128.
- Kedward, Harry Roderick, and Nancy Wood, eds. The Liberation of France: Image and Event (Berg Publishers, 1995).
- Knapp, Andrew. "The destruction and liberation of Le Havre in modern memory." War in History 14.4 (2007): 476-498.
- Peschanski, Denis. "Legitimacy/Legitimation/Delegitimation: France in the Dark Years, a Textbook Case." Contemporary European History (2004): 409-423 online.
- Wood, Nancy. "Memorial Militancy in France: 'Working-Through' or the Politics of Anachronism?" Patterns of Prejudice. (1995), Vol. 29 Issue 2/3, pp 89-103.
Primary sources
- De Gaulle, Charles. War Memoirs: Call to Honour, 1940–1942 (L'Appel). Tr. by Jonathan Griffin. Collins, London, 1955 (2 volumes). Viking Press, New York, 1955.
- De Gaulle, Charles. War Memoirs: Unity, 1942–1944 (L'Unité). Tr. by Richard Howard (narrative) and Joyce Murchie and Hamish Erskine (documents). Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1959 (2 volumes). Simon & Schuster, New York, 1959 (2 volumes).
- De Gaulle, Charles. War Memoirs: Salvation, 1944–1946 (Le Salut). Tr. by Richard Howard (narrative) and Joyce Murchie and Hamish Erskine (documents). Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1960 (2 volumes). Simon & Schuster, New York, 1960 (2 volumes).
- Cairns, John C. "General de Gaulle and the Salvation of France, 1944-46," Journal of Modern History (1960) 32#3 pp. 251–259 in JSTOR review of War Memoirs
- Giangreco, D. M., Kathryn Moore, and Norman Polmar, eds. Eyewitness D-Day: Firsthand Accounts from the Landing at Normandy to the Liberation of Paris (2005) 260pp.
- de Tassigny, Jean de Lattre. The History of the French 1st Army (Translated by Malcolm Barnes) (G. Allen and Unwin, 1952).
External links
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