Liberation of France: Difference between revisions
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* Lacouture, Jean, ''De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890–1944'' (1984; English ed. 1991), 640 pp. |
* Lacouture, Jean, ''De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890–1944'' (1984; English ed. 1991), 640 pp. |
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* Pratt, Julius W. "De Gaulle and the United States: How the Rift Began," ''History Teacher'' (1968) 1#4 pp. 5–15 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3054237 in JSTOR] |
* Pratt, Julius W. "De Gaulle and the United States: How the Rift Began," ''History Teacher'' (1968) 1#4 pp. 5–15 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3054237 in JSTOR] |
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===Memory and commemoration=== |
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* Footitt, Hilary. ''War and Liberation in France: Living with the Liberators'' (Springer, 2004). |
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* Kedward, Harry Roderick, and Nancy Wood, eds. The Liberation of France: Image and Event. Berg Publishers, 1995. |
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===Primary sources=== |
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* De Gaulle, Charles. ''War Memoirs: Call to Honour, 1940–1942'' (''L'Appel''). Tr. by Jonathan Griffin. Collins, London, 1955 (2 volumes). Viking Press, New York, 1955. |
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* De Gaulle, Charles. ''War Memoirs: Unity, 1942–1944'' (''L'Unité''). Tr. by Richard Howard (narrative) and Joyce Murchie and Hamish Erskine (documents). Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1959 (2 volumes). Simon & Schuster, New York, 1959 (2 volumes). |
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* De Gaulle, Charles. ''War Memoirs: Salvation, 1944–1946'' (''Le Salut''). Tr. by Richard Howard (narrative) and Joyce Murchie and Hamish Erskine (documents). Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1960 (2 volumes). Simon & Schuster, New York, 1960 (2 volumes). |
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== External links == <!-- See [[WP:EL]] --> |
== External links == <!-- See [[WP:EL]] --> |
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| Liberation of France | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 De Gaulle speaking from Cherbourg City Hall balcony 20 August 1944 | |||
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The Liberation of France is the period towards the end of the Second World War in which German-occupied France was progressively liberated by the Allied forces. France was mostly free by September 1944, with some clean-up operations continuing, especially along the Atlantic coast until the defeat of Nazi Germany in May 1945.
Background
This article is a WP:G#Parent article in WP:Summary style. Every section below should be a summary of a "Main" article appearing somewhere else, and identified by the target of the {{Main}} template. Please see WP:SS.
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Western Front
The second "{{Further}}" list is a list of French (or at least, foreign) wiki articles, here for convenience, and meant to be dropped before launch. The {{Main}} and "{{Further}}" list for each section with en-wiki links, can remain.
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Fall of France and rise of Vichy
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Curabitur efficitur velit in mauris pulvinar, nec commodo odio ultrices. Morbi lacinia pharetra dui, ut rhoncus mauris semper a. Pellentesque rutrum ex et consectetur elementum. Suspendisse eu turpis leo. Aenean hendrerit ultricies molestie. Maecenas id ante euismod mauris finibus tristique. Pellentesque consequat convallis volutpat. Donec enim diam, faucibus ut erat sed, dictum interdum libero. Sed accumsan dignissim suscipit. Aenean porttitor pulvinar massa, et volutpat eros pharetra in. Curabitur feugiat volutpat convallis. Aenean scelerisque fermentum dapibus. Donec et massa maximus, tincidunt libero sit amet, hendrerit tortor.
Aenean libero nulla, luctus quis ipsum vitae, porttitor egestas ex. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia curae; Curabitur lacus lorem, feugiat sit amet consequat non, hendrerit non sem. Aliquam at blandit metus. Suspendisse posuere sed risus nec interdum. Aenean ut interdum metus, vel dignissim nisl. Nunc eleifend egestas convallis. Aenean at ipsum vitae ex porttitor aliquet. Nunc blandit neque mauris, at vehicula nibh efficitur non. Integer consequat tincidunt aliquam.
Resistance
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Vivamus quam massa, luctus sed luctus sed, viverra luctus lorem. Suspendisse eget orci sit amet purus egestas fermentum a vitae diam. Pellentesque sit amet lacus semper, vehicula risus a, consectetur ex. Donec porttitor id dui et feugiat. Nunc interdum, tellus id vestibulum ultrices, nisl lectus sagittis augue, ut rutrum nisl nibh in velit. Sed tristique diam risus, rhoncus euismod magna vestibulum eget. Maecenas congue quam dictum tortor hendrerit pretium. Fusce efficitur sapien nec dolor facilisis imperdiet. Donec ut nulla vel nisl condimentum accumsan. Phasellus et libero id nibh ornare pellentesque. Nulla mollis efficitur velit, quis molestie sapien eleifend id. Mauris eu porttitor libero. Morbi ultricies congue ex, placerat efficitur velit elementum id.
Sed posuere purus posuere, commodo odio sed, ullamcorper metus. Vestibulum ut orci venenatis metus eleifend mattis. Sed interdum leo a massa sodales varius. Pellentesque ut justo et nisl vestibulum cursus. Integer at lacus aliquam, accumsan tellus at, sollicitudin lacus. Curabitur sapien felis, lacinia ut lacus a, suscipit laoreet augue. Nullam porta ornare dolor vel posuere.
Operation Sledgehammer
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Not sure we need this section. This was a planned operation that never was launched.
Military campaigns
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Algeria – November 1942
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Phasellus placerat nunc id libero laoreet rhoncus. Nulla consectetur tristique urna pellentesque bibendum. Nam cursus dictum est eget tincidunt. Praesent volutpat lorem nisi, sit amet cursus purus aliquam eget. Pellentesque et velit nec nisl rhoncus consectetur a quis lorem. Nunc euismod rhoncus mattis. Suspendisse feugiat et sem non hendrerit. Proin vitae molestie leo, ac vulputate libero. Quisque vulputate pharetra scelerisque. Mauris consectetur, lectus in eleifend scelerisque, ex nisl lobortis libero, eget varius diam urna ut quam. Quisque vitae finibus enim. Ut consectetur dignissim libero at tempus.
Corsica – 1943
a.k.a Operation Vesuvius
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Curabitur pulvinar sollicitudin lectus in blandit. Ut risus eros, ornare eu tortor quis, aliquam semper magna. Sed enim nunc, lacinia non est nec, tincidunt mollis nulla. Morbi ipsum elit, pulvinar ultricies velit et, elementum accumsan eros. Suspendisse potenti. Pellentesque rutrum rutrum dui sit amet congue. Duis viverra dolor et quam accumsan tristique. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Aliquam nunc nunc, blandit ac justo ac, eleifend tincidunt diam.
Battle of Normandy – June 1944
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Paris – August 1944
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Suspendisse enim augue, finibus sit amet lobortis ac, pretium sed ante. Duis sed lorem in libero euismod tincidunt a ut augue. Donec in urna sem. Curabitur pharetra eu nisl id malesuada. Integer consectetur diam vitae nunc porta bibendum ac sit amet justo. Suspendisse potenti. Mauris convallis, nisi eget hendrerit efficitur, ipsum nibh venenatis nunc, a dictum felis lectus et ligula. Suspendisse fringilla non felis a dignissim. Etiam et dolor convallis, interdum nisl vel, semper neque. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Ut tempor pellentesque posuere.
Southern France – August 1944
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Fusce magna diam, vestibulum ut leo sit amet, placerat pharetra massa. Nullam eu tristique arcu. Sed sit amet diam sed erat fermentum feugiat sit amet et elit. Vivamus dapibus sit amet leo id volutpat. Donec tortor augue, porttitor in risus sit amet, iaculis scelerisque eros. Nullam finibus orci a sem mattis interdum. Integer nec ipsum nibh. Fusce pharetra ipsum quis lacus ultricies, quis lobortis elit condimentum. Pellentesque tempus dapibus ullamcorper.
Nulla facilisi. Duis pretium, est sed congue varius, purus nisl convallis nunc, at cursus nunc felis vulputate eros. In laoreet laoreet pharetra. Nulla eu imperdiet sem. Praesent faucibus est vitae dignissim aliquet. Sed id venenatis eros, in rhoncus justo. Curabitur sagittis, libero et eleifend mattis, libero nibh semper arcu, sed faucibus nisl mauris id nisi.
Donec laoreet maximus libero, vitae feugiat eros. Suspendisse varius, nisl sit amet iaculis iaculis, quam sem efficitur lacus, eu ultrices nulla ipsum ut nisl. Donec vulputate ut est at volutpat. Fusce neque orci, pellentesque in commodo ut, maximus ut eros. Morbi vestibulum scelerisque vehicula. Praesent condimentum eros id dolor congue, ac mattis nibh hendrerit. Vestibulum suscipit, odio in hendrerit fringilla, elit magna gravida urna, sed semper urna lectus eu sapien. Mauris metus erat, scelerisque et imperdiet consequat, aliquam ac lectus. Phasellus sed dui in ante ultrices accumsan a sed purus. Mauris efficitur suscipit arcu a molestie. Nunc placerat lectus et ipsum volutpat condimentum. Sed vel ex odio. In eget eleifend metus. Cras maximus, nibh in mattis lacinia, nisl felis hendrerit orci, vitae sagittis odio eros sed quam.
Pockets of German resistance – to May 1945
Siege, September 1944-May 1945 · Operation Vénérable · Operation Mousquetaire · final years of Battle of the Atlantic
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In dignissim ultricies quam. In eget placerat lectus. Nunc placerat ullamcorper sollicitudin. Nulla suscipit molestie tortor, in aliquet mi sagittis at. Nulla ipsum ante, fermentum nec lacinia id, imperdiet quis tortor. Nunc ligula elit, volutpat faucibus mi nec, mattis hendrerit risus. Curabitur luctus dui mauris, eget hendrerit metus eleifend vitae. Donec eu nibh eget erat condimentum consectetur iaculis in mauris. Phasellus a porttitor eros. Quisque leo nunc, elementum et tortor vitae, fermentum blandit metus. Aliquam ut faucibus lorem. Nam cursus enim vitae lacus ultricies feugiat. Donec rhoncus mi enim, vel suscipit enim commodo in. Nunc aliquet dolor non urna varius, vel iaculis dui congue. Etiam posuere sapien nec iaculis consequat.
Victory
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Donec laoreet maximus libero, vitae feugiat eros. Suspendisse varius, nisl sit amet iaculis iaculis, quam sem efficitur lacus, eu ultrices nulla ipsum ut nisl. Donec vulputate ut est at volutpat. Fusce neque orci, pellentesque in commodo ut, maximus ut eros. Morbi vestibulum scelerisque vehicula. Praesent condimentum eros id dolor congue, ac mattis nibh hendrerit. Vestibulum suscipit, odio in hendrerit fringilla, elit magna gravida urna, sed semper urna lectus eu sapien. Mauris metus erat, scelerisque et imperdiet consequat, aliquam ac lectus. Phasellus sed dui in ante ultrices accumsan a sed purus. Mauris efficitur suscipit arcu a molestie. Nunc placerat lectus et ipsum volutpat condimentum. Sed vel ex odio. In eget eleifend metus. Cras maximus, nibh in mattis lacinia, nisl felis hendrerit orci, vitae sagittis odio eros sed quam.
Mauris finibus eros nec purus lobortis ornare. Suspendisse congue consequat urna sed vehicula. Nunc convallis, urna in ultrices vulputate, felis ante dictum risus, eget sollicitudin odio magna sit amet arcu. Nam augue quam, convallis in consectetur sit amet, vestibulum tempus mi. Vivamus sed elementum enim. Proin neque massa, hendrerit eget interdum nec, iaculis eget ligula. Suspendisse quam ante, rutrum ut semper ut, cursus eget lectus. Maecenas maximus luctus turpis, eget accumsan nisi posuere vel. Pellentesque laoreet odio at lorem interdum, semper ultrices massa gravida.
Aftermath
The subsections below overlap in time, and can't be put in strict chrono order, so the intro or first sentence of each should make it clear what the time range is for the subtopic.
Advance to the Rhine
The military aftermath was basically the Western Allies moved east, crossing the Rhine to invade Germany, while the Russian (also Allies) moved West, to Berlin, and the war in Europe ended May 7, 1945 (VE Day).
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Vivamus rhoncus iaculis enim pharetra pretium. Aliquam lobortis malesuada tellus, eget imperdiet risus placerat eleifend. Sed vel ex lacus. Cras mattis euismod odio, vitae imperdiet eros sodales eget. Vestibulum auctor auctor metus sit amet vestibulum. Duis facilisis, neque ultrices lacinia feugiat, mauris mauris consequat turpis, nec blandit enim dolor a purus. Cras id tortor vitae lacus rutrum sodales a sit amet lacus. Sed et metus ultricies, cursus tortor ultricies, scelerisque nunc. Maecenas eu odio sed diam facilisis interdum. Suspendisse nunc leo, venenatis id blandit nec, eleifend a elit. Sed consectetur, lacus nec tempor faucibus, risus neque dignissim mi, a efficitur sem justo dignissim turpis.
End of Vichy
The Vichy Government got quickly evacuated to Germany (Sigmaringen). They eventually were brought back to France and tried. Petain got the death penalty, but it was commuted because of his heroic acts in WW I.
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Nunc pharetra rutrum feugiat. In dictum pretium ullamcorper. Integer congue sem vehicula tellus rhoncus eleifend. Suspendisse maximus faucibus sem eget porta. Suspendisse arcu lectus, dignissim vitae lacus dapibus, aliquet cursus nibh. Mauris pharetra erat purus, fringilla faucibus metus pellentesque ac. Vestibulum eget purus nec felis vulputate pharetra.
Justice and retribution
Meanwhile in France, the provisional govt took over, De Gaulle was in charge, and a period of reckoning began, with twin purges: a legal one (épuration légale) and a sometimes horrible settling of accounts, the épuration sauvage.
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Curabitur pulvinar sollicitudin lectus in blandit. Ut risus eros, ornare eu tortor quis, aliquam semper magna. Sed enim nunc, lacinia non est nec, tincidunt mollis nulla. Morbi ipsum elit, pulvinar ultricies velit et, elementum accumsan eros. Suspendisse potenti. Pellentesque rutrum rutrum dui sit amet congue. Duis viverra dolor et quam accumsan tristique. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Aliquam nunc nunc, blandit ac justo ac, eleifend tincidunt diam.
Elections of May 1945
The first elections since liberation were the municipal elections held while the armistice was being signed (May 1945), and women first gained the right to vote. Not clear if there's an English article that covers this topic.
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Provisional government
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Sed porta enim ut ipsum tincidunt posuere. Duis justo mauris, hendrerit sit amet velit auctor, molestie congue risus. Nulla hendrerit velit vitae bibendum hendrerit. Donec et feugiat leo, vel pharetra orci. Nunc ultricies ligula sodales consectetur viverra. Donec felis dui, porta ut massa ac, mattis pretium lectus. Quisque in pretium felis, vitae dapibus lorem. Sed elementum dignissim lectus. Duis lobortis porta nulla. Nam eget neque quis ligula scelerisque venenatis. Sed vel nulla massa.
Fourth Republic
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Nunc eu nulla pellentesque, ultricies est eget, consectetur lacus. Morbi hendrerit iaculis ligula. Curabitur blandit, ante sed iaculis tempor, justo ligula posuere nulla, in pharetra libero orci ut odio. Nulla sed velit eget augue dictum sodales at ac orci. Aliquam et dictum mi. Quisque at metus at dolor dapibus dapibus. Suspendisse porttitor, sem non porttitor pellentesque, enim massa ultrices elit, eu congue diam nibh vel nisl. Nam nec orci enim. Nunc tincidunt, tortor a mattis vestibulum, mauris ex consequat justo, et scelerisque leo metus in nulla. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Nulla quis odio vel elit aliquam malesuada a vel dolor. Vivamus ac hendrerit leo, id luctus velit. Vivamus eget pulvinar leo, commodo mattis purus.
Mauris in nisl lacinia, viverra ante sed, convallis dui. Etiam magna ipsum, hendrerit nec lobortis non, fringilla eu justo. Donec efficitur porta erat, ac efficitur justo cursus eget. Sed quis est ut leo dignissim sagittis. Nam a hendrerit tellus. Nam sed turpis ac mauris rutrum consequat ullamcorper ac arcu. Sed condimentum, metus in sodales fringilla, ex enim ornare mi, a iaculis risus ante at leo. Donec rhoncus, quam sed tincidunt euismod, arcu nisl blandit purus, vel porttitor mi massa pellentesque felis. Proin vulputate, metus sit amet cursus semper, felis orci vulputate ex, in iaculis nisl libero sed nulla. Duis feugiat fringilla justo, auctor bibendum ante accumsan vel. Etiam tellus tortor, bibendum efficitur felis a, ornare commodo quam. Cras malesuada, erat quis porta blandit, enim libero varius arcu, at aliquam nisl eros sed dui. Integer orci sapien, efficitur nec viverra vel, ultricies nec nisl. Aliquam erat volutpat. Nam congue ultrices sapien, in feugiat neque malesuada a. Nullam id urna bibendum massa vehicula consectetur.
Impact
Economic
after a period of penury and hardship, the economy shot up, beginning what became known as the "Trente glorieuses" (30 glorious years)
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See also
- 1943 in France
- 1944 in France
- 1945 in France
- Allies of World War II
- Charles de Gaulle
- Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II
- End of World War II in Europe
- Foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle
- France–Germany border
- Free France
- French Colonial Empire
- French Fourth Republic
- French Resistance
- French Third Republic
- German occupation of France
- Italian occupation of France during World War II
- Liberation of Europe
- Liberation of Paris
- Military history of France during World War II
- Philippe Pétain
- Post–World War II economic expansion
- Provisional Government of the French Republic
- Pursuit of Nazi collaborators
- Rene Bousquet
- Timeline of the Battle of France
- Timeline of the liberation of France
- Vichy France
- Vichy French Air Force
- Western_Front_(World_War_II)
- World War II in the Basque Country
- Zone libre
References
- Notes
- Sources
-
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Further reading
-
{{cite web}}: Empty citation (help) -
{{cite journal}}: Empty citation (help) - Keegan, John (1994) [1982] Six Armies in Normandy: From D-Day to the Liberation of Paris .
- Rossi, Mario. "United States Military Authorities and Free France, 1942–1944," Journal of Military History (1997) 61#1 pp. 49–64 in JSTOR
- Weinberg, Gerhard L. Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders. (2005). 292 pp. chapter on de Gaulle
Biographical
- Berthon, Simon. Allies at War: The Bitter Rivalry among Churchill, Roosevelt, and de Gaulle. (2001). 356 pp.
- Fenby, Jonathan. The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France He Saved. (Simon and Schuster. 2011)
- Funk, Arthur Layton. Charles de Gaulle: The Crucial Years, 1943–1944 (1959) online edition
- Jackson, Julian, A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle (2018) 887pp; the magisterial work on de Gaulle.
- Kersaudy, Francois. Churchill and De Gaulle (2nd ed 1990) 482pp.
- Lacouture, Jean, De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890–1944 (1984; English ed. 1991), 640 pp.
- Pratt, Julius W. "De Gaulle and the United States: How the Rift Began," History Teacher (1968) 1#4 pp. 5–15 in JSTOR
Memory and commemoration
- Footitt, Hilary. War and Liberation in France: Living with the Liberators (Springer, 2004).
- Kedward, Harry Roderick, and Nancy Wood, eds. The Liberation of France: Image and Event. Berg Publishers, 1995.
Primary sources
- De Gaulle, Charles. War Memoirs: Call to Honour, 1940–1942 (L'Appel). Tr. by Jonathan Griffin. Collins, London, 1955 (2 volumes). Viking Press, New York, 1955.
- De Gaulle, Charles. War Memoirs: Unity, 1942–1944 (L'Unité). Tr. by Richard Howard (narrative) and Joyce Murchie and Hamish Erskine (documents). Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1959 (2 volumes). Simon & Schuster, New York, 1959 (2 volumes).
- De Gaulle, Charles. War Memoirs: Salvation, 1944–1946 (Le Salut). Tr. by Richard Howard (narrative) and Joyce Murchie and Hamish Erskine (documents). Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1960 (2 volumes). Simon & Schuster, New York, 1960 (2 volumes).
External links
| Creation and control |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Free France | ||
| Domestic operations | ||
| Underground media | ||
| Free French Africa | ||
| Liberation of France | ||
| Leaders | ||
| Museums and Memorials | ||
  | This French history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
- 1940 in France
- 1941 in France
- 1942 in France
- 1943 in France
- 1944 in France
- Antisemitism in France
- French Ministers of Overseas France
- French people of World War II
- German occupation of France during World War II
- Jewish French history
- May 1941 events
- Military history of France during World War II
- Vichy France
- Vichy
- World War II political leaders
- French history stubs
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