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{{lead too short|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
{{Infobox Christian leader
|type=Pope
|type=Pope
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|predecessor=[[Pope Anastasius I|Anastasius I]]
|predecessor=[[Pope Anastasius I|Anastasius I]]
|successor=[[Pope Zosimus|Zosimus]]
|successor=[[Pope Zosimus|Zosimus]]
|birth_date= {{Birth date|378|3|11|df=yes}}
|birth_date=
|birth_place= [[Albano Laziale|Albano]], [[Italy]]
|birth_place= [[Albano Laziale|Albano]], [[Italy]]
|death_date={{death date|417|03|12|378|03|11|df=y}}
|death_date={{death date|417|03|12|378|03|11|df=y}}
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}}
}}


'''Pope Innocent I''' ({{lang-la|Innocentius I}}; 11 March 378 - 12 March 417) served as the [[Pope]] of the [[Roman Catholic|Catholic Church]] from 401 to his death in 417.<ref name="ce">{{CathEncy|wstitle=Pope Innocent I}}</ref>
'''Pope Innocent I''' ({{lang-la|Innocentius I}}; d. 12 March 417) served as the [[Pope]] of the [[Roman Catholic|Catholic Church]] from 401 to his death in 417. From the beginning of his papacy, he was seen as the general arbitrator of ecclesiastical disputes in both the East and the West. He confirmed the prerogatives of the Archbishop of Thessalonica, and issued a decretal on disciplinary matters referred to him by the Bishop of Rouen. He defended the exiled [[John Chrysostom]] and consulted with the bishops of Africa concerning the [[Pelagian]] controversy, confirming the decisions of the African synods. [[Johann Peter Kirsch]] described Innocent as a very energetic and highly gifted individual, "...who fulfilled admirably the duties of his office".<ref name="ce"/>


==Biography==
==Biography==
According to his biographer in the ''[[Liber Pontificalis]]'', Innocent was a native of [[Albano Laziale]] and the son of a man called Innocentius,<ref name="ce"/> but his contemporary [[Jerome]] referred to him as the son of the previous pope, [[Pope Anastasius I|Anastasius I]], probably a unique case of a son succeeding his father in the papacy.<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/64800</ref> According to Urbano Cerri, Pope Innocent was a native of [[Albania]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cerri|first1=Urbano|last2=Steel|first2=Richard|title=An account of the state of the Roman-Catholick religion throughout the world. Transl. To which is added, A discourse concerning the state of religion in England. Transl. With a large dedication to the present pope, by sir Richard Steele [really B. Hoadly.].|date=1715|publisher=Oxford University|page=2|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=fZkHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7&lpg=PP7&dq=an+account+urbano+cerri&source=bl&ots=HSe9iwfW2o&sig=JWfzwUppakEppbdnnDFuHacw6Jk&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBmoVChMI_vS-o9y5xwIVSbQUCh0S3QPn#v=onepage&q=albania&f=false}}</ref>
According to his biographer in the ''[[Liber Pontificalis]]'', Innocent was a native of [[Albano Laziale]] and the son of a man called Innocentius,<ref name="ce">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08011a.htm Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Pope Innocent I." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 15 September 2017</ref> but his contemporary [[Jerome]] referred to him as the son of the previous pope, [[Pope Anastasius I|Anastasius I]], probably a unique case of a son succeeding his father in the papacy.<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/64800</ref> According to Urbano Cerri, Pope Innocent was a native of [[Albania]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cerri|first1=Urbano|last2=Steel|first2=Richard|title=An account of the state of the Roman-Catholick religion throughout the world. Transl. To which is added, A discourse concerning the state of religion in England. Transl. With a large dedication to the present pope, by sir Richard Steele [really B. Hoadly.].|date=1715|publisher=Oxford University|page=2|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=fZkHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7&lpg=PP7&dq=an+account+urbano+cerri&source=bl&ots=HSe9iwfW2o&sig=JWfzwUppakEppbdnnDFuHacw6Jk&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBmoVChMI_vS-o9y5xwIVSbQUCh0S3QPn#v=onepage&q=albania&f=false}}</ref>


Innocent I lost no opportunity in maintaining and extending the authority of the Roman apostolic See, which was seen as the ultimate resort for the settlement of all ecclesiastical disputes. His communications with [[Victricius of Rouen]], [[Exuperius|Exuperius of Toulouse]], [[Alexander of Antioch]] and others, as well as his actions on the appeal made to him by [[John Chrysostom]] against [[Pope Theophilus of Alexandria|Theophilus of Alexandria]], show that opportunities of this kind were numerous and varied. He took a decided view on the [[Pelagius (British monk)|Pelagian]] controversy, confirming the decisions of the synod of the province of proconsular [[Africa]], held in [[Carthage]] in 416{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}, which had been sent to him, and also writing in the same year in a similar sense to the fathers of the [[Numidia]]n synod of Mileve who had addressed him ([[Augustine of Hippo]] among them). In addition he acted as metropolitan over the bishops of Italia Suburbicaria.<ref name="ce"/><ref>{{citation|last=Dunn|first=Geoffrey|date=March 2013|title=Innocent I's Letter to the Bishops of Apulia|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|volume=21|issue=1|pages=27–41|issn=1086-3184|doi=10.1353/earl.2013.0000|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_early_christian_studies/v021/21.1.dunn.pdf}}</ref>
Innocent I lost no opportunity in maintaining and extending the authority of the Roman apostolic See, which was seen as the ultimate resort for the settlement of all ecclesiastical disputes. His communications with [[Victricius of Rouen]], [[Exuperius|Exuperius of Toulouse]], Alexander of Antioch and others, as well as his actions on the appeal made to him by [[John Chrysostom]] against [[Pope Theophilus of Alexandria|Theophilus of Alexandria]], show that opportunities of this kind were numerous and varied. He took a decided view on the [[Pelagius (British monk)|Pelagian]] controversy, confirming the decisions of the synod of the province of proconsular [[Africa]], held in [[Carthage]] in 416, confirming the condemnation which had been pronounced in 411 against Cælestius, who shared the views of Pelagius.<ref name="ce"/> He also wrote in the same year in a similar sense to the fathers of the [[Numidia]]n synod of Mileve who had addressed him. Soon after this, five African bishops, among them St. Augustine, wrote a personal letter to Innocent regarding their own position in the matter of Pelagianism. In addition he acted as metropolitan over the bishops of Italia Suburbicaria.<ref name="ce"/><ref>{{citation|last=Dunn|first=Geoffrey|date=March 2013|title=Innocent I's Letter to the Bishops of Apulia|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|volume=21|issue=1|pages=27–41|issn=1086-3184|doi=10.1353/earl.2013.0000|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_early_christian_studies/v021/21.1.dunn.pdf}}</ref>


The historian Zosimus in his ''Historia Nova'' suggests that during the [[Sack of Rome (410)|sack of Rome in 410]] by [[Alaric I]], Innocent I was willing to permit private pagan practices as a temporary measure. However, Zosimus also suggests that this attempt by pagans to restore public worship failed due to lack of public interest, suggesting that Rome had been successfully Christianized in the last century.<ref name="ce"/>
The historian Zosimus in his ''Historia Nova'' suggests that during the [[Sack of Rome (410)|sack of Rome in 410]] by [[Alaric I]], Innocent I was willing to permit private pagan practices as a temporary measure. However, Zosimus also suggests that this attempt by pagans to restore public worship failed due to lack of public interest, suggesting that Rome had been successfully Christianized in the last century.<ref name="ce"/>
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== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

⚫
{{catholic|title=Pope Innocent I}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commons category|Innocentius I}}
{{commons category|Innocentius I}}
⚫
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Pope Innocent I}}
* {{Find a Grave|6926297}}
* {{Find a Grave|6926297}}
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_0401-0417-_Innocentius_I,_Sanctus.html Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina]
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_0401-0417-_Innocentius_I,_Sanctus.html Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina]

Revision as of 06:20, 15 September 2017

Pope Saint

Innocent I
Papacy began22 December 401[1]
Papacy ended12 March 417
PredecessorAnastasius I
SuccessorZosimus
Personal details
Born
Albano, Italy
Died(417-03-12)12 March 417
Rome, Roman Empire
Sainthood
Feast day
  • 12 March
  • 28 July (13th-20th centuries)
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
Other popes named Innocent

Pope Innocent I (Template:Lang-la; d. 12 March 417) served as the Pope of the Catholic Church from 401 to his death in 417. From the beginning of his papacy, he was seen as the general arbitrator of ecclesiastical disputes in both the East and the West. He confirmed the prerogatives of the Archbishop of Thessalonica, and issued a decretal on disciplinary matters referred to him by the Bishop of Rouen. He defended the exiled John Chrysostom and consulted with the bishops of Africa concerning the Pelagian controversy, confirming the decisions of the African synods. Johann Peter Kirsch described Innocent as a very energetic and highly gifted individual, "...who fulfilled admirably the duties of his office".[2]

Biography

According to his biographer in the Liber Pontificalis, Innocent was a native of Albano Laziale and the son of a man called Innocentius,[2] but his contemporary Jerome referred to him as the son of the previous pope, Anastasius I, probably a unique case of a son succeeding his father in the papacy.[3] According to Urbano Cerri, Pope Innocent was a native of Albania.[4]

Innocent I lost no opportunity in maintaining and extending the authority of the Roman apostolic See, which was seen as the ultimate resort for the settlement of all ecclesiastical disputes. His communications with Victricius of Rouen, Exuperius of Toulouse, Alexander of Antioch and others, as well as his actions on the appeal made to him by John Chrysostom against Theophilus of Alexandria, show that opportunities of this kind were numerous and varied. He took a decided view on the Pelagian controversy, confirming the decisions of the synod of the province of proconsular Africa, held in Carthage in 416, confirming the condemnation which had been pronounced in 411 against Cælestius, who shared the views of Pelagius.[2] He also wrote in the same year in a similar sense to the fathers of the Numidian synod of Mileve who had addressed him. Soon after this, five African bishops, among them St. Augustine, wrote a personal letter to Innocent regarding their own position in the matter of Pelagianism. In addition he acted as metropolitan over the bishops of Italia Suburbicaria.[2][5]

The historian Zosimus in his Historia Nova suggests that during the sack of Rome in 410 by Alaric I, Innocent I was willing to permit private pagan practices as a temporary measure. However, Zosimus also suggests that this attempt by pagans to restore public worship failed due to lack of public interest, suggesting that Rome had been successfully Christianized in the last century.[2]

Among Innocent I's letters is one to Jerome and another to John II, Bishop of Jerusalem, regarding annoyances to which the former had been subjected by the Pelagians at Bethlehem.

He died on 12 March 417. Accordingly, his feast day is now celebrated on 12 March, though from the thirteenth to the twentieth century he was commemorated on 28 July.[6] His successor was Zosimus.

Role in establishing Bible Canon

It is accepted that the canon of the Bible was closed c. 405 AD by Pope Innocent, when he sent a list of the sacred books to a Gallic bishop, Exsuperius of Toulouse,[7] identical with that of Trent,[8][9][10] except for some uncertainty in the manuscript tradition about whether the letters ascribed to Paul were 14 or only 13, in the latter case possibly implying omission of the Epistle to the Hebrews.[7]

Relics

In 846, Pope Sergius II gave approval for the relics of St. Innocent to be moved by Duke Liudolf of Saxony, along with those of his father and predecessor Anastasius, to the crypt of the former collegiate church of Gandersheim, now Gandersheim Abbey, where they rest until this day.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/288617/Saint-Innocent-I
  2. ^ a b c d e Kirsch, Johann Peter. "Pope Innocent I." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 15 September 2017
  3. ^ http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/64800
  4. ^ Cerri, Urbano; Steel, Richard (1715). An account of the state of the Roman-Catholick religion throughout the world. Transl. To which is added, A discourse concerning the state of religion in England. Transl. With a large dedication to the present pope, by sir Richard Steele [really B. Hoadly.]. Oxford University. p. 2.
  5. ^ Dunn, Geoffrey (March 2013), "Innocent I's Letter to the Bishops of Apulia" (PDF), Journal of Early Christian Studies, 21 (1), Johns Hopkins University Press: 27–41, doi:10.1353/earl.2013.0000, ISSN 1086-3184
  6. ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 132; Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 ISBN 978-88-209-7210-3)
  7. ^ a b Text and translation of the list
  8. ^ Matthew J. Ramage, Dark Passages of the Bible (CUA Press 2013 ISBN 978-0-81322156-4), p. 67
  9. ^ Lee Martin McDonald, Formation of the Bible (Hendrickson Publishers 2012 ISBN 978-1-59856838-7), p. 149
  10. ^ John L. Mckenzie, The Dictionary of the Bible (Simon and Schuster 1995 ISBN 978-0-68481913-6), p. 119
  11. ^ Birgit Heilmann, Aus Heiltum wird Geschichte. Der Gandersheimer Reliquienschatz in nachreformatorischer Zeit. Thomas Labusiak and Hedwig Röckelein, Regensburg, 2009 (Studien zum Frauenstift Gandersheim und seinen Eigenklöstern, vol. 1).

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Innocent I". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

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Titles of the Great Christian Church
Preceded by Pope
401–417 		Succeeded by
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