Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong): Difference between revisions
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== History == |
== History == |
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=== Prior to handover === |
=== Prior to handover === |
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{{see also|Socialism in Hong Kong}} |
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The pro-Beijing camp evolved from the pro-Communist faction in Hong Kong which existed since the the establishment of the [[Communist Party of China]] (CPC). The [[Seamen's strike of 1922|1922 Seamen's strike]], led by the Chinese Seamen's Union and the 1925–26 [[Canton–Hong Kong strike]], led by various left-wing labour unions, were the two major Communist-related labour movements in the [[British Hong Kong|British colony of Hong Kong]]. During the [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong]], the Communist East River guerillas were active in the [[Pearl River Delta]]. |
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| ⚫ | The [[Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions]] (FTU), a umbrella trade union for the local left-wing unions, was founded in April 1948. After the Communist victory in the [[Chinese Civil War]], the local Communists remained in their semi-underground status. In the early post-war days, the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions, the [[Chinese General Chamber of Commerce]] and the [[Hong Kong Chinese Reform Association]] became the three pillars of the local pro-Communist organs, following the orders of the [[Xinhua News Agency]]. Their rivals were the [[pro-Taiwan camp|pro-Nationalist camp]], who pledged allegiance to the [[Taiwan government|Nationalist government]] on Taiwan. The FTU took a leading role in the [[Hong Kong 1967 Leftist Riots]], which inspired by the [[Cultural Revolution]] in the Mainland, aimed at overthrowing the British colonial rule in Hong Kong. The leftists lost their prestige after the riots for a period of time as the general public was against the violence attributed to the leftists. |
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| ⚫ | After the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] in 1984, Beijing appointed Hong Kong tycoons and professionals to the [[Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee]] (BLCC) and the [[Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee]] (BLDC) as the means of forming a united front. A group of businesspeople and elites tried to influence the politics of the formation of the Hong Kong government after 1997. The Business and Professional Group of the Basic Law Consultative Committee was formed in April 1986, later known as the [[Group of 89]], and proposed a conservative, |
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| ⚫ | After the [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] in 1984, the pro-Communist organisations became active again, of which many of them were appointed to various positions relating to the transition of the sovereignty of Hong Kong. The Beijing government also appointed many Hong Kong tycoons and professionals to sit on the [[Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee]] (BLCC) and the [[Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee]] (BLDC) as the means of forming a united front. A group of businesspeople and elites tried to influence the politics of the formation of the Hong Kong government after 1997. The Business and Professional Group of the Basic Law Consultative Committee was formed in April 1986, later known as the [[Group of 89]], and proposed a conservative, less democratic method for electing the [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executive]] and [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] in contrast to the more progressive proposal of the [[pro-democracy camp|pro-democracy activists]].<ref>{{cite book||title=Underground Front: The Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong|last=Loh|first=Christine|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=2010|pages=160–164}}</ref> Several new political parties, including the [[New Hong Kong Alliance]] (NHKA), [[Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong]] (LDF) and the [[Hong Kong Progressive Alliance]] (HKPA) were formed on the basis of the elite group, in which the HKPA was founded under the direction of the [[New China News Agency]].<ref>{{cite book|page=305|title=Underground Front: The Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong|first=Christine|last=Loh|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=2010}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]] sparked pro-democracy sentiments in Hong Kong. The newly formed democratic party, the [[United Democrats of Hong Kong]], enjoyed landslide victories in the [[Hong Kong district boards election, 1991|District Boards election]], [[Hong Kong urban council and regional council elections, 1991|Urban and Regional Council election]] and [[Hong Kong legislative election, 1991|Legislative Council election]] in 1991. |
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| ⚫ | The [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]] sparked pro-democracy sentiments in Hong Kong. The newly formed democratic party, the [[United Democrats of Hong Kong]], enjoyed landslide victories in the [[Hong Kong district boards election, 1991|District Boards election]], [[Hong Kong urban council and regional council elections, 1991|Urban and Regional Council election]] and [[Hong Kong legislative election, 1991|Legislative Council election]] in 1991. To counter the pro-democracy elements, the British-appointed [[unofficial member]]s of the Legislative Council launched a pro-business conservative [[Liberal Party (Hong Kong)|Liberal Party]] in 1993. In 1992, the traditional leftists also formed the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong under the direction of the [[Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office]].<ref name="Report 1993">{{cite book|page=10.8|title=China Review 1993|first1=Joseph Yu-shek|last1=Cheng|first2=Maurice|last2=Brosseau|publisher=Chinese University Press|year=1993}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The [[1994 Hong Kong electoral reform|large-scale democratisation]] initiated by then Governor [[Chris Patten]] resulted in the deterioration of [[Sino-British relations]] and led to the emergence of an "unholy alliance" of pro-Beijing businesspeople and leftist loyalists versus the pro-democratic popular alliance.<ref>{{cite book |
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| ⚫ | The [[1994 Hong Kong electoral reform|large-scale democratisation]] initiated by then Governor [[Chris Patten]] resulted in the deterioration of [[Sino-British relations]] and led to the emergence of an "unholy alliance" of pro-Beijing businesspeople and leftist loyalists versus the pro-democratic popular alliance.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Challenge of the Reintegration with China|last=Chan|first=Ming K.|page=51|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=1997}}</ref> Despite this, in the broadened franchise, the pro-Beijing camp was again defeated by the pro-democracy camp in the [[Hong Kong legislative election, 1995|1995 Legislative Council election]]. |
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The Beijing government argued that the electoral reform introduced by Patten had violated the Joint Declaration, and thus they would scrap the reforms upon resumption of sovereignty. In preparation, a parallel legislature, the [[Provisional Legislative Council]], was set up in 1996 under the control of the Pro-Beijing camp, and it introduced as the Legislative Council upon the founding of the new SAR government in 1997. |
The Beijing government argued that the electoral reform introduced by Patten had violated the Joint Declaration, and thus they would scrap the reforms upon resumption of sovereignty. In preparation, a parallel legislature, the [[Provisional Legislative Council]], was set up in 1996 under the control of the Pro-Beijing camp, and it introduced as the Legislative Council upon the founding of the new SAR government in 1997. |
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Revision as of 08:20, 21 January 2017
Pro-Beijing camp | |
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| Convenor | Martin Liao |
| Founded | Early 1990s |
| Ideology | Chinese nationalism Conservatism (HK) Conservative socialism Economic liberalism[1] |
| Colors | Red and Blue |
| Legislative Council | 40 / 70 |
| District Councils | 326 / 458 |
| Pro-Beijing camp | |||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 親北京派 | ||||||||
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| Pro-China camp | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 親中派 | ||||||||
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| Pro-establishment camp | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 建制派 | ||||||||
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Politics and government of Hong Kong |
Related topics  Hong Kong portal |
Pro-Beijing camp, pro-China camp or pro-establishment camp (Chinese: 親北京派, 親中派 or 建制派) refers to a political alignment in Hong Kong which generally supports the Beijing government towards Hong Kong.[2] The term "pro-establishment camp" is regularly in use to label the boarder segment of the Hong Kong political arena which has the closer relationship with the establishment, namely the Government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR).[3] It is also portrayed as the "Patriotic Front" by the pro-Beijing media and sometimes portrayed as "loyalists" by the pro-democracy camp.[4]
The pro-Beijing evolved from Hong Kong's pro-Communist faction, which was often called the "leftists", who has have a long tradition in following the policies of the Communist Party of China (CPC). It opposed to the British colonial rule in Hong Kong, and launched the 1967 Leftist Riots and had a long rivalry with the pro-Kuomintang camp. After the Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed in 1984, affirming Chinese sovereignty over Hong Kong from 1997, the pro-Beijing camp realigned itself and formed a a "United Front" with the conservative pro-business elites to counter the emergence of the pro-democracy camp in the 1990s and ensure a smooth transition of the Hong Kong sovereignty in Beijing's interest.
Since the handover in 1997, the pro-Beijing camp has become the major supporting force of the Hong Kong government and maintained control of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo), with the advantages in the functional constituencies. It generally believes in the conservative values politically, socially and economically and patriotic and Chinese nationalistic sentiments.
Names
The term "pro-Beijing camp" refers to the political alignment which supports the policies of the Beijing, where the seat of the Government of the People's Republic of China is. Therefore, "pro-Beijing camp" is often interchangeable with "pro-China camp". The label is sometimes confusing, since many in the pro-democracy camp, the main rival of the pro-Beijing camp, are also Chinese nationalists and pro-China, not in a political way, as they were mostly against the one party rule of the Communist Party of China (CPC), but culturally.[2]
The faction in the pro-Beijing camp who was evolved from the "traditional leftists" was often called the "pro-Communist camp", while the business elites and professionals who were appointed by the colonial government before 1997 were called "pro-government camp". In the 1990s when the traditional leftists and business elites formed the "United Front" towards the handover in 1997, "pro-Beijing camp" has become a boarder term for the whole segment. The term "pro-government camp" has also been used to describe the same segment which support the SAR government. During the unpopular administration of Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa, the hardcore pro-government parties, mainly the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB), were labelled as "loyalists" by the pro-democracy camp. In recent years, a more neutral term "pro-establishment camp" is regularly in use, especially in the Chinese media.
Ideology
The pro-Beijing camp members are united by the political ideology of being closer to Beijing government, as much out of pragmatism as of conviction, but vary on other issues within the context of Hong Kong. Even amongst pragmatists there are differing reasons for that pragmatism, some see the financial and business benefits that come from closer ties with Beijing, others hope that in conceding on those issues which China will not compromise on, to be able preserve as much in the way of personal liberties and local autonomy as can be achieved. The rhetoric of the pro-Beijing camp is mostly concerned with patriotism, social stability and economic prosperity. Some oppose increased democratic development in Hong Kong with the introduction of universal suffrage and see in it the creation of instability.
History
Prior to handover
The pro-Beijing camp evolved from the pro-Communist faction in Hong Kong which existed since the the establishment of the Communist Party of China (CPC). The 1922 Seamen's strike, led by the Chinese Seamen's Union and the 1925–26 Canton–Hong Kong strike, led by various left-wing labour unions, were the two major Communist-related labour movements in the British colony of Hong Kong. During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the Communist East River guerillas were active in the Pearl River Delta.
The Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (FTU), a umbrella trade union for the local left-wing unions, was founded in April 1948. After the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, the local Communists remained in their semi-underground status. In the early post-war days, the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions, the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce and the Hong Kong Chinese Reform Association became the three pillars of the local pro-Communist organs, following the orders of the Xinhua News Agency. Their rivals were the pro-Nationalist camp, who pledged allegiance to the Nationalist government on Taiwan. The FTU took a leading role in the Hong Kong 1967 Leftist Riots, which inspired by the Cultural Revolution in the Mainland, aimed at overthrowing the British colonial rule in Hong Kong. The leftists lost their prestige after the riots for a period of time as the general public was against the violence attributed to the leftists.
After the Sino-British Joint Declaration in 1984, the pro-Communist organisations became active again, of which many of them were appointed to various positions relating to the transition of the sovereignty of Hong Kong. The Beijing government also appointed many Hong Kong tycoons and professionals to sit on the Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee (BLCC) and the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee (BLDC) as the means of forming a united front. A group of businesspeople and elites tried to influence the politics of the formation of the Hong Kong government after 1997. The Business and Professional Group of the Basic Law Consultative Committee was formed in April 1986, later known as the Group of 89, and proposed a conservative, less democratic method for electing the Chief Executive and Legislative Council in contrast to the more progressive proposal of the pro-democracy activists.[5] Several new political parties, including the New Hong Kong Alliance (NHKA), Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong (LDF) and the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance (HKPA) were formed on the basis of the elite group, in which the HKPA was founded under the direction of the New China News Agency.[6]
The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 sparked pro-democracy sentiments in Hong Kong. The newly formed democratic party, the United Democrats of Hong Kong, enjoyed landslide victories in the District Boards election, Urban and Regional Council election and Legislative Council election in 1991. To counter the pro-democracy elements, the British-appointed unofficial members of the Legislative Council launched a pro-business conservative Liberal Party in 1993. In 1992, the traditional leftists also formed the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong under the direction of the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office.[7]
The large-scale democratisation initiated by then Governor Chris Patten resulted in the deterioration of Sino-British relations and led to the emergence of an "unholy alliance" of pro-Beijing businesspeople and leftist loyalists versus the pro-democratic popular alliance.[8] Despite this, in the broadened franchise, the pro-Beijing camp was again defeated by the pro-democracy camp in the 1995 Legislative Council election.
The Beijing government argued that the electoral reform introduced by Patten had violated the Joint Declaration, and thus they would scrap the reforms upon resumption of sovereignty. In preparation, a parallel legislature, the Provisional Legislative Council, was set up in 1996 under the control of the Pro-Beijing camp, and it introduced as the Legislative Council upon the founding of the new SAR government in 1997.
Post-1997
Since 1997, more new political groups have been formed. With their support within the functional constituencies, the pro-Beijing camp has never lost a majority in LegCo, controlling LegCo through a collaboration of the DAB and the Liberal Party. On 1 July 2003, a peaceful crowd of 500,000 protested[9] against the introduction of controversial legislation under Article 23 of the Basic Law. James Tien, chairman of the Liberal Party and member of the Executive Council, forced the government to delay the second reading of the bill. The stance of the DAB on Article 23 and their blind support for the Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa's administration were strongly criticised and led to their losses in the District Council election.
In 2005, veteran civil servant Donald Tsang succeeded the unpopular Tung Chee-hwa stepped down as Chief Executive in Beijing's direction. The pro-government camp supported the Tsang government, even though some traditional leftists questioned Tsang's background in the colonial civil service. After the setbacks in 2003, the pro-Beijing camp won back seats lost in 2003 in the 2007 District Council election, in which the DAB became the largest victor. The DAB enjoyed another victory in 2011 District Council election. In the Hong Kong legislative election, 2012, the pro-Beijing camp managed to win more than half of the geographical constituency seats respectively in Hong Kong Island, Kowloon West and New Territories West, narrowing the number of seats held in the geographical constituencies between pro-Beijing and pro-democrats to 17 seats and 18 seats respectively. The pro-Beijing camp retained control of the Legislative Council and the DAB remained the largest party with 13 seats in total.
In recent years, the pro-Beijing camp has expanded its spectrum of support from pro-business elites and traditional leftists to those from a broader background. The former Secretary for Security Regina Ip, who was in charge of introducing the Basic Law Article 23 stood in the Hong Kong Island by-election in 2007 against the former Chief Secretary Anson Chan supported by the pro-democrats. Despite her defeat, she was able to be elected in the 2008 Legislative Council election, and formed the middle class and professional oriented New People's Party in 2011. Some pro-Beijing legal professionals who ran as independents, such as Priscilla Leung, Paul Tse and Junius Ho were elected to the Legislative Council in recent elections, which were seen receiving support from the Liaison Office, which was viewed growing influence in Hong Kong's domestic affairs. On the other hand, the FTU, which operated as the sister organisation of the DAB, began to run under its own banner, taking a more pro-labour and pro-grassroots stance as compared to the DAB's big-tent position.
Two pro-Beijing candidates ran for the Chief Executive election in 2012, with the Chief Secretary Henry Tang and the Convenor of the Executive Council, Leung Chun-ying using scandals, dirty tactics and smears on each other. Leung eventually won the election with the support of the Liaison Office, despite the fierce competition deeply divided the pro-Beijing camp into a Tang camp and a Leung camp. After the election, Beijing called for a reconciliation of the two camps.
The Leung Chun-ying administration with its hardline stance on the growing movement for Hong Kong independence after the 2014 Umbrella Revolution was strongly criticised by the pro-democrats and some pro-Beijing moderates. James Tien, a keen supporter of Henry Tang in 2012 became a leading critic of Leung. He was stripped from his Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) office during the 2014 protests after he asked Leung to step down.[10] In the 2015 District Council and 2016 Legislative Council elections, the pro-democrats and localists scored better-than expected victories over the pro-Beijing camp. In December 2016, Leung Chun-ying announced he would not seek for re-election.[11]
Political parties
- The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB), is the largest pro-Beijing party founded by a group of traditional leftists in 1992 with sustainable grassroots support. The image of leftists has faded over time since its merger with the pro-business Hong Kong Progressive Alliance (HKPA) in 2005 and more young professionals take place in the party leadership.
- Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (BPA), is the leading party for the pro-business sector in the Legislative Council. Formed by Economic Synergy, a breakaway group from the Liberal Party, and Professional Forum , a parliamentary group with functional constituency legislators, it was established in 2012 and has become the second-largest force in the legislature.
- Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (FTU), is the traditional leftist labour union which co-founded the DAB in 1992. It positions itself with a pro-labour and patriotic agenda and has been separated from the DAB and actively participated in elections under its own banner in recent years.
- Liberal Party, is the pro-business party formed in 1993 by a group of legislators who had been appointed by the British Governor and functional constituency members. It has a large support from the business sector and adopts an economic liberal and liberal conservative ideology.
- New People's Party, is a party founded by Regina Ip who caters at middle class and civli servant interests.
- Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions, is a small labour union which has a seat in the legislature through the Labour functional constituency.
- New Century Forum, is a political group and think tank founded in 1999 which dedicates to middle class interests. The only representative of the group in the Legislative Council is convenor Ma Fung-kwok.
Advocacy groups
Following the election of CY Leung as Chief Executive of Hong Kong, public discontent manifested itself in the form of mass petitions, rallies and demonstrations, so much so that it seemed that a plurality of the Hong Kong public was anti-Leung. In late 2012 pro-Leung advocacy groups began to emerge such as Voice of Loving Hong Kong, Caring Hong Kong Power and Hong Kong Youth Care Association Limited, the fact that all these groups feature the Chinese character for love in the names has led to these groups to be called the "love Hong Kong faction" (Chinese: 愛字派 literally "love character faction"). The word love in this context is taken from the lexicon of political debate in mainland China, were the slogan "Love China, Love the Party", is seen as the basis of patriotism, and the demand that any future Chief Executive of Hong Kong must "Love China, Love Hong Kong"(Chinese: 愛國愛港).
These supposedly grassroots organisations present themselves as being a spontaneous reaction to the excesses of the pan-democracy camp, as Hong Kong's silent majority who wish for a prosperous, harmonious society and who reject the "social violence" of the pan-democrats. Describing themselves as apolitical and independent of outside powers, these groups use various tactics to counter the pan-democrats, including counter rallies and marches in opposition to pan-democrat ones, counter petitions, and making accusations of campaign fund fraud and irregularities against pan-democrat politicians to the Independent Commission Against Corruption.[12] They also make use of mass heckling at pan-democracy forums to silence debate.[13]
Outside commentators suspect that these groups are orchestrated by China's Liaison Office in Hong Kong pointing to a use of language that parrots Beijing's and an illogical antipathy to Falun Gong which mirrors Beijing's own bugbear. Whether directly or not these organisations have received support from Beijing through the United Front Work Department, with employees of Chinese companies based in Hong Kong, being asked to sign petitions and attend rallies, and members of hometown societies being paid to do the same.[14]
During the 2014 Hong Kong protests, on mid-October 2014, the "love Hong Kong faction" took to wearing a blue ribbon as a counter to the protesters yellow one. It is alleged that it is the "love Hong Kong faction" that has organised counter protests and who attempted to charge through pan-democracy protesters in Causeway Bay.
See also
- Conservatism in Hong Kong
- PRC United Front strategy
- Pan-democracy camp
- Pro-establishment camp (Macau)
References
- ^ Ma, Ngok (2007). Political Development in Hong Kong: State, Political Society, and Civil Society. Hong Kong University Press. p. 41.
- ^ a b Lee, Eliza Wing-Yee (2011). Gender and Change in Hong Kong: Globalization, Postcolonialism, and Chinese Patriarchy. UBC Press. p. 71.
- ^ "为"反对派"正名之"疑惑篇"". Ta Kung Pao. 13 January 2014.
- ^ Hackler, Darrene L. (2006). Crisis and Transformation in China's Hong Kong. M.E. Sharpe. p. 142.
- ^ Loh, Christine (2010). Underground Front: The Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 160–164.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ Loh, Christine (2010). Underground Front: The Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. p. 305.
- ^ Cheng, Joseph Yu-shek; Brosseau, Maurice (1993). China Review 1993. Chinese University Press. p. 10.8.
- ^ Chan, Ming K. (1997). The Challenge of the Reintegration with China. Hong Kong University Press. p. 51.
- ^ South China Morning Post, 2 July 2003
- ^ James Tien faces CPPCC expulsion, RTHK, 28 October 2014
- ^ Haas, Benjamin (9 December 2016). "Hong Kong's divisive leader to step down amid political crisis". The Guardian.
- ^ "Group files donation complaint to ICAC". RTHK. 24 July 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ "Hecklers disrupt democracy forum". RTHK. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^ Torode, Greg; Pomfret, james; Lim, Benjamin (4 July 2014). "The battle for Hong Kong's soul". Taipei Times. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
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