Castle of Avis: Difference between revisions
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The '''Castle of Avis ('''Portuguese: '''Castelo de Avis''') is a medieval castle located in the village, parish of [[Avis, Portugal|Avis]], in the [[district of Portalegre]] in [[Portugal]].{{Infobox building|name = Castle of Avis|native_name = Castelo de Avis|status = Ruins|location_town = Avis|location_country = Portugal|architect = Order of Avis|image = Avis4.jpg}} |
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<!-- *** Heading *** --> |
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| name = Castle of Avis |
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| native_name = Castelo de Avis |
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| other_name = |
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| category = [[Castle]] |
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| native_category = Castelo |
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<!-- *** Image *** --> |
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| image = Avis4.jpg |
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| image_caption = Portions of the towers and gates of the Castle of Avis, situated on a hilltop |
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| image_size = 235 |
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<!-- *** Names **** --> |
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| official_name = Castelo de Avis/Castelo e cerca urbana de Avis |
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| etymology = Order of Avis |
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| etymology_type = Named for |
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| nickname = |
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<!-- *** Symbols *** --> |
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| flag = |
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| symbol = |
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<!-- *** Country *** --> |
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| country = {{flag|Portugal}} |
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| state_type = Region |
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| state = [[Norte Region, Portugal|Norte]] |
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| region_type = Subregion |
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| region = [[Cávado Subregion|Cávado]] |
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| district = [[Portalegre (district)|Portalegre]] |
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| municipality = [[Avis, Portugal|Avis]] |
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<!-- *** Locations *** --> |
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| location = [[Avis (parish)|Avis]] |
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| elevation = |
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| prominence = |
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| lat_d = 39 |
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| lat_m = 3 |
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| lat_s = 14.5 |
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| lat_NS = N |
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| long_d = 7 |
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| long_m = 53 |
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| long_s = 29.6 |
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| long_EW = W |
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<!-- *** Dimensions *** --> |
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| length = |
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| length_orientation = Southwest-Northeast |
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| width = |
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| width_orientation = Northwest-Southeast |
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| height = |
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| depth = |
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| volume = |
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| area = |
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<!-- *** Features *** --> |
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| author_type = Architects |
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| author = Fernando Rodrigues Monteiro |
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| author1 = Fernão Anes |
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| style = [[Medieval architecture|Medieval]] |
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| material = Schist |
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| material1 = Limestone |
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| material2 = Sand |
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| material3 = Clay |
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| material4 = Dirt |
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<!-- *** History & management *** --> |
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| established = 1211 |
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| established_type = Origin |
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| established1 = 1214 |
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| established1_type = Initiated |
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| established2 = |
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| established2_type = Completion |
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| date = |
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| date_type = |
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| owner = [[Portugal|Portuguese Republic]] |
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<!-- *** Access *** --> |
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| public = Public |
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| visitation = |
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| visitation_date = |
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| access = ''Rua Machado dos Santos'' |
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<!-- *** UNESCO etc. *** --> |
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| whs_name = |
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| whs_year = |
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| whs_number = |
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| whs_region = |
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| whs_criteria = |
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| iucn_category = |
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<!-- *** Free fields *** --> |
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| free = [[IGESPAR|Instituto Gestão do Patrimonio Arquitectónico e Arqueológico]] |
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| free_type = Management |
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| free1 = DRCAlentejo |
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| free1_type = Operator |
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| free2 = '''''National Monument''''' |
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| free2_type = Status |
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| free3 = Decree 16 June 1910; DG, Série I, 136, 23 June 1910; DRCAlentejo, Dispatch 829/2009; Diário da República, Série II, 163, 24 August 2009 |
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| free3_type = Listing |
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<!-- *** Maps *** --> |
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| map = |
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| map_caption = Location of the castle within the municipality of [[Avis, Portugal|Avis]] |
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| map_background = |
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| map_locator = |
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| map_locator_x = |
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| map_locator_y = |
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<!-- *** Website *** --> |
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| commons = Castelo de Avis |
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| website = |
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<!-- *** Footnotes *** --> |
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| footnotes = |
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}} |
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The '''Castle of Avis''' ({{lang-pt|Castelo de Avis}}), is a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] medieval castle in [[Freguesia (Portugal)|civil parish]] of [[Avis (parish)|Avis]], in the [[Concelho|municipality]] of [[Avis, Portugal|the same name]], in the [[Alentejo]] [[Portalegre (district)|district of Portalegre]]. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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In 1211, D. Afonso II awarded the "lands of Avis" to the Knights of Èvora, under the dependency of the Order of Calatrava, in the person of D. Fernão Anes, with the condition that the knight settle the lands and erect a castle.<ref name="SIPA">{{citation |url=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=6416 |title=Castelo de Avis / Castelo e cerca urbana de Avis (IPA.00004571/PT041203030003) |publisher=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico |editor=SIPA |location=Lisbon, Portugal |language=Portuguese |first=Rosário |last=Gordalina |first2=Domingos |last2=Bucho 1998 |accessdate=6 March 2016}}</ref> This edict resulted in the settlement of the Military Order of São Bento in Avis, three years later, and the construction of a castle and fortified walls by Master-Prior D. Fernão Anes and Master D. Fernando Rodrigues Monteiro.<ref name=SIPA/> Immediately, in April of 1214 there was an agreement between Fernão Eanes and the Bishop of Évora, D. Soeiro, over the use of the land rents in Évora and settlement of Benavente to support the construction.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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The construction of the castle is related to military installation of the Order of St. Benedict of Avis in the Alentejo region. |
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During the [[Reconquista|Christian reconquest]] of the Iberian Peninsula, the lands of the current town of [[Avis, Portugal|Avis]] were taken by King Alfonso II (1211-1223) in 1211 and donated to the Militia of Évora Freires (founded in 1175), with the condition that populate and to build a castle to defend the place. The construction that would take place between 1214 and 1223, were attributed to its first Grand Master, D. Ferdinand Anes, with the friars transferred here established his Order, later renamed as the [[Order of Avis]]. In the first half of the thirteenth century, the original building of the convent was erected. |
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It would be until the ascension of King John I to the throne that the village became a subject to the Crown of Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web|title = DGPC {{!}} Pesquisa Geral|url = http://www.patrimoniocultural.pt/pt/patrimonio/patrimonio-imovel/pesquisa-do-patrimonio/classificado-ou-em-vias-de-classificacao/geral/view/71163/|website = www.patrimoniocultural.pt|access-date = 2016-02-14}}</ref> |
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On 12 January 1215, [[Mafalda of Portugal|D. Mafalda]], daughter of D. [[Sancho I of Portugal|Sancho I]], bequeathed to the Master of Avis the settlement of [[Seia]].<ref name=SIPA/> By the middle of the year (10 July) D. Afonso II had granted the settlers of Avis a [[foral]] (''royal charter'') similar to that established for Évora, which was confirmed in August 1218 by the King. Martim Fernandes, Master of the Order of Avis signed a new settlement foral on 20 August 1223.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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===To the modern day=== |
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With the disbandment of relgious orders in Portugal in 1834, the Order of Avis had in control 18 villages, 49 commendations and 128 priories.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Monumentos|url = http://www.monumentos.pt/|website = www.monumentos.pt|access-date = 2016-02-14}}</ref> Subsequently, the directly controlled land and dependencies of the Order of Avis subsequently were sold to individuals. The castle was neglected all those years. |
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The castle remains are classified as a National Monument by Decree of 16 June 1910.<ref>{{Cite web|title = DGPC {{!}} Direção Geral do Património Cultural|url = http://www.patrimoniocultural.pt/en/|website = www.patrimoniocultural.pt|access-date = 2016-02-14}}</ref> |
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== Characteristics == |
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By 1331, Gil Peres, Master of the Order obtained a judgment against the Moor, Mafamede Francelho, who had been appointed [[alcalde]] and judge of Avis, thereby making them alcaldes of the castle.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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Of the six original towers of the town walls, there are only three that remain: the San Roque, St. Anthony and the Queen. |
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Of the six original towers of the town walls, there are only three that remain: the San Roque, St. Anthony and the Queen. |
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By the 15th century, the fortifications are rehabilitated by the [[Peter, Duke of Coimbra|''Condestável'' D. Pedro]].<ref name=SIPA/> It was during this century that the construction of the [[keep]], addorsed to the conventual buildings, and the painting of the same, by order of Master D. Pedro.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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In 1473, D. Afonso V authorized the partial demolition of the tower of the Évora Gate, in order to transform it into a [[dovecote]].<ref name=SIPA/> |
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Sometime during the 16th century, there were alterations made to the fortifications, while a new foral issued by King [[Manuel of Portugal|D. Manuel]]. By 1556, the convent record, written by Jorge Lopes, referred to the Keep being the possession of the Masters of Avis.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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In the 17th century, the old Porta do Arco de Baixo was concealed and a new Porta do Arco was constructed.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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The ''Agiológio Lusitano'' (1625), authored by Father Jorge Cardoso, referred to the existence of five towers and six gates.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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On 19 October 1654, friar Ambrósio Marques requested that the castle tower addorsed to the convent be demolished, since it threatened the destruction of the building: rubble had previously destroyed the chicken coup as it fell.<ref name=SIPA/> By the end of the century, during the reign of King [[John IV of Portugal|John IV]], the towers in the northeast and southeast were demolished, and its materials used in the construction of two [[ravelin]]s in the south and southwest.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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In 1708, Father Carvalho da Costa referred to the existence of five towers and six gates, that included the Anjo, Baixo (Queen's Gate), Évora (with a cross), Santo António (also known as the Porta Nova), São Roque and Postigo.<ref name=SIPA/> In 1730, a description by D. Francisco Xavier do Rego, referred to the existence of six towers (Queen's, Évora, São Roque, Porta de Santo António, Santo António and keep tower) with their associated gates (Anjo, Baixo, Évora, São Roque, Santo António and Postigo).<ref name=SIPA/> The "1758 Parochial Memories" ({{lang-pt|Memórias Paroquiais}})), signed by friar Gaspar Xavier Leitão, referred to a walled town, constituted by a regular square, and by 17th century, two forts that protected the Èvora and the Santo António Gates.<ref name=SIPA/> The towers were high, but in ruin since the stones were reused in the construction of the forts, making the castle a constant profile. At this time, the castle included four towers remained unscathed throughout this period, specifically, the Keep Tower, Porta de Santo António Tower, Porta de São Roque Tower and the Masters' Tower (where the friars were incarcerated). The castle was encircled by a river and cliffs, creating a natural barrier and difficult access.<ref name=SIPA/> By 4 December 1892, in an article within the newspaper ''O Século'', the castle was described as a very old tower, with Gothic windows, each with its own bell.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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At the time of the disbanding of the religious orders in Portugal (1834), the Order of Avis had in its possession the control of 18 villages, 49 commendations and 128 priories.<ref name=SIPA/> As a consequence, the lands controlled by the Order of Avis, in addition to possessions and properties, were sold to individual property-owners and the State.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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Between 1915 and 1918, the historic keep tower, which was addorsed to the Convent of São Bento de Avis was demolished.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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In 1921, part of the walls alongside the lands of the Monastery of Avis fell apart.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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On 30 May 1941, there was a debate to maintain the continuity between the towers, Castle and Hospital of the Misericórdia, and that the property should not be alienated.<ref name=SIPA/> On 25 November 1943, a letter from the DGEMN was published over the necessity to expropriate some the buildings, in order to remove from the walls and towers of the castle. For many years, homes, buildings and structures were being constructed against the walls, potentially destroying the value and importance of the historical properties. António Pais da Silva Marques wrote to the DGEMN (8 November 1944), where he ridiculed the utopian ideal and pretension in reconstructing the primitive castle, since it would be necessary to demolition the entire settlement, including many of the addorsed houses. On 20 January 1945, it was decided to survey the town and the walls, to analyze the possibility of demolitioning some properties, but by 5 March 1947, the investigation had not been concluded nor were there any buildings designated for demolition. Joana Procópio issued a request on 24 November 1953 for intervention by the DGEMN to restore the wall destroyed during a bad storm, since it put here residence in risk of destruction. During a visit to the area in December, it was decided to consolidate the corners of the towers, which were falling apart due to water infiltration. |
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On 16 June 1955, the municipal council indicated their intention to construct a tourist path over the walls. But, in 1959, the DGEMN reconstructed the walls, and many of the curtains along the ''Rua dos Muros'' were consolidated owing to their terrible state.<ref name=SIPA/> The job was tendered to Odilom Martind Garcia.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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A letter from João Lopes Cravitas dated 2 April 1965 solicited the authorization to consolidate the walls near many of the buildings in risk, a project that was budgeted for 500$000 [[Portuguese escudo|escudos]].<ref name=SIPA/> It was authorized, but with the condition that the public works would be carried through, accompanied by the DREMS.<ref name=SIPA/> Yet, these repairs were insufficient, and a letter from president of the municipal council (dated 7 August 1970), noted the importance of proceeding with repairs to the walls alongside the hospital of the Santa Casa da Misericórdia.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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On 29 August, the volunteer firefighters of Avis requested permission to erect a siren on the south tower of the castle.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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==Architecture== |
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The castle is addorsed and integrated in to the residential buildings at the top of a hill, dominated by a valley.<ref name=SIPA/> This high place permitted observation across the vast landscape and visual communication with many of the local fortifications, including the castles of Alter do Chão and Pavia.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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The fortification is an example of medieval and transitional architecture, composed of masonry and stone, with mortar and clay limestone. The perpendicular walls and broken by rectangular towers, with bastions.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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Of the original six towers constructed during its history, only three remains: the tower of São Roque, Santo António and the Queen's tower. The primary/dominant tower tower keep that include two halls with vaulted ceilings, with sills providing illumination.<ref name=SIPA/> These spaces were decorated in cork, had a chimney, places for flags and one grated window surmounted by the coat-of-arms of the Avis with inscription.<ref name=SIPA/> In reality there two historic inscriptions. One on a limestone plaque: |
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:''"Era de 1330, a 6 dias de Fevereiro, começárão a fazer este Castello por mandado do Mestre de Aviz Dom Lourenço Affonso, e elle pos a primeira pedra, M.C.C.B.III.C Castello"'' |
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: ''It was in 1330, on 6 days of February, they started to make this Castle by order of the Master of Aviz Dom Lourenço Afonso, and he placed the first stone in M.C.C.B.III.C Castille'' |
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The second is situated on the keep tower, over the cross of the Order of Aviz: |
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:''"Era de 1336 annos a 25. dias andados de Fevereiro, fez este Castello Dom Lourenço Affonso Mestre de Aviz à honra, e Serviço de Deos, e de Santa Maria sua Madre, e das Ordens do muito nobre Senhor Dom Diniz Rey de portugal, e do Algarve, Reynante em aquelle tempo, e em defendimento de seus Reynos. Salvator mundi Salva me".'' |
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: ''It was in 1336, on 25 days in February, this castle was built by Dom Lourenço Affonse Master of Avis the honour, and Service to God, and to Holy Mary his Mother, and gave Orders to the great noble Master Dom Dinis King of Portugal, and the Algarve, Reigned in that time, and in defense of his Kingdoms.'' |
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== References == |
== References == |
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===Notes=== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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===Sources=== |
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* {{citation |last=Rego |first=Francisco Xavier do |title=Descripção da Vila e Ordem d'Avis, 1730 (Ms. 106 da BNL) |location=Lisbon, Portugal |year=1730 |language=Portuguese}} |
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* {{citation |last=Cardoso |first=P. Luís |title=Dicionário Geográfico de Portugal |location=Lisbon, Portugal |year=1758 |language=Portuguese}} |
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* {{citation |last=Keil |first=Luís |title=Inventário Artístico de Portugal. Distrito de Portalegre |location=Lisbon, Portugal |year=1943 |language=Portuguese}} |
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* {{citation |last=Almeida |first=João |title=Roteiro dos Monumentos Militares Portugueses |location=Lisbon, Portugal |year=1948 |language=Portuguese}} |
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* {{citation |last=Costa |first=Maria Clara Pereira da |title=A Vila de Avis, cabeça de Comarca e da Ordem |location=Lisbon, Portugal |year=1982 |language=Portuguese}} |
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* {{citation |last=Rego |first=Francisco Xavier do |contribution=Descrição Geográfica Cronológica, Histórica e Crítica da Vila e Real Ordem de Avis |title=Cadernos de Divulgação Cultural, ano I, n.º 1 |location=Avis, Portugal |publisher=Câmara Municipal de Avis |issue=Novembro 1985 |edition=1 (ed. de 1730) |language=Portuguese}} |
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* {{citation |last=Rodrigues |first=Jorge |title=Guia Artístico de Avis |location=Avis, Portugal |year=1993 |language=Portuguese}} |
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[[Category:Castles in Portugal]] |
[[Category:Castles in Portugal]] |
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Revision as of 01:12, 14 March 2016
Template:Geobox The Castle of Avis (Template:Lang-pt), is a Portuguese medieval castle in civil parish of Avis, in the municipality of the same name, in the Alentejo district of Portalegre.
History
In 1211, D. Afonso II awarded the "lands of Avis" to the Knights of Èvora, under the dependency of the Order of Calatrava, in the person of D. Fernão Anes, with the condition that the knight settle the lands and erect a castle.[1] This edict resulted in the settlement of the Military Order of São Bento in Avis, three years later, and the construction of a castle and fortified walls by Master-Prior D. Fernão Anes and Master D. Fernando Rodrigues Monteiro.[1] Immediately, in April of 1214 there was an agreement between Fernão Eanes and the Bishop of Évora, D. Soeiro, over the use of the land rents in Évora and settlement of Benavente to support the construction.[1]
On 12 January 1215, D. Mafalda, daughter of D. Sancho I, bequeathed to the Master of Avis the settlement of Seia.[1] By the middle of the year (10 July) D. Afonso II had granted the settlers of Avis a foral (royal charter) similar to that established for Évora, which was confirmed in August 1218 by the King. Martim Fernandes, Master of the Order of Avis signed a new settlement foral on 20 August 1223.[1]
By 1331, Gil Peres, Master of the Order obtained a judgment against the Moor, Mafamede Francelho, who had been appointed alcalde and judge of Avis, thereby making them alcaldes of the castle.[1]
By the 15th century, the fortifications are rehabilitated by the Condestável D. Pedro.[1] It was during this century that the construction of the keep, addorsed to the conventual buildings, and the painting of the same, by order of Master D. Pedro.[1]
In 1473, D. Afonso V authorized the partial demolition of the tower of the Évora Gate, in order to transform it into a dovecote.[1]
Sometime during the 16th century, there were alterations made to the fortifications, while a new foral issued by King D. Manuel. By 1556, the convent record, written by Jorge Lopes, referred to the Keep being the possession of the Masters of Avis.[1]
In the 17th century, the old Porta do Arco de Baixo was concealed and a new Porta do Arco was constructed.[1]
The Agiológio Lusitano (1625), authored by Father Jorge Cardoso, referred to the existence of five towers and six gates.[1]
On 19 October 1654, friar Ambrósio Marques requested that the castle tower addorsed to the convent be demolished, since it threatened the destruction of the building: rubble had previously destroyed the chicken coup as it fell.[1] By the end of the century, during the reign of King John IV, the towers in the northeast and southeast were demolished, and its materials used in the construction of two ravelins in the south and southwest.[1]
In 1708, Father Carvalho da Costa referred to the existence of five towers and six gates, that included the Anjo, Baixo (Queen's Gate), Évora (with a cross), Santo António (also known as the Porta Nova), São Roque and Postigo.[1] In 1730, a description by D. Francisco Xavier do Rego, referred to the existence of six towers (Queen's, Évora, São Roque, Porta de Santo António, Santo António and keep tower) with their associated gates (Anjo, Baixo, Évora, São Roque, Santo António and Postigo).[1] The "1758 Parochial Memories" (Template:Lang-pt)), signed by friar Gaspar Xavier Leitão, referred to a walled town, constituted by a regular square, and by 17th century, two forts that protected the Èvora and the Santo António Gates.[1] The towers were high, but in ruin since the stones were reused in the construction of the forts, making the castle a constant profile. At this time, the castle included four towers remained unscathed throughout this period, specifically, the Keep Tower, Porta de Santo António Tower, Porta de São Roque Tower and the Masters' Tower (where the friars were incarcerated). The castle was encircled by a river and cliffs, creating a natural barrier and difficult access.[1] By 4 December 1892, in an article within the newspaper O Século, the castle was described as a very old tower, with Gothic windows, each with its own bell.[1]
At the time of the disbanding of the religious orders in Portugal (1834), the Order of Avis had in its possession the control of 18 villages, 49 commendations and 128 priories.[1] As a consequence, the lands controlled by the Order of Avis, in addition to possessions and properties, were sold to individual property-owners and the State.[1]
Between 1915 and 1918, the historic keep tower, which was addorsed to the Convent of São Bento de Avis was demolished.[1]
In 1921, part of the walls alongside the lands of the Monastery of Avis fell apart.[1]
On 30 May 1941, there was a debate to maintain the continuity between the towers, Castle and Hospital of the Misericórdia, and that the property should not be alienated.[1] On 25 November 1943, a letter from the DGEMN was published over the necessity to expropriate some the buildings, in order to remove from the walls and towers of the castle. For many years, homes, buildings and structures were being constructed against the walls, potentially destroying the value and importance of the historical properties. António Pais da Silva Marques wrote to the DGEMN (8 November 1944), where he ridiculed the utopian ideal and pretension in reconstructing the primitive castle, since it would be necessary to demolition the entire settlement, including many of the addorsed houses. On 20 January 1945, it was decided to survey the town and the walls, to analyze the possibility of demolitioning some properties, but by 5 March 1947, the investigation had not been concluded nor were there any buildings designated for demolition. Joana Procópio issued a request on 24 November 1953 for intervention by the DGEMN to restore the wall destroyed during a bad storm, since it put here residence in risk of destruction. During a visit to the area in December, it was decided to consolidate the corners of the towers, which were falling apart due to water infiltration.
On 16 June 1955, the municipal council indicated their intention to construct a tourist path over the walls. But, in 1959, the DGEMN reconstructed the walls, and many of the curtains along the Rua dos Muros were consolidated owing to their terrible state.[1] The job was tendered to Odilom Martind Garcia.[1]
A letter from João Lopes Cravitas dated 2 April 1965 solicited the authorization to consolidate the walls near many of the buildings in risk, a project that was budgeted for 500$000 escudos.[1] It was authorized, but with the condition that the public works would be carried through, accompanied by the DREMS.[1] Yet, these repairs were insufficient, and a letter from president of the municipal council (dated 7 August 1970), noted the importance of proceeding with repairs to the walls alongside the hospital of the Santa Casa da Misericórdia.[1]
On 29 August, the volunteer firefighters of Avis requested permission to erect a siren on the south tower of the castle.[1]
Architecture
The castle is addorsed and integrated in to the residential buildings at the top of a hill, dominated by a valley.[1] This high place permitted observation across the vast landscape and visual communication with many of the local fortifications, including the castles of Alter do Chão and Pavia.[1]
The fortification is an example of medieval and transitional architecture, composed of masonry and stone, with mortar and clay limestone. The perpendicular walls and broken by rectangular towers, with bastions.[1]
Of the original six towers constructed during its history, only three remains: the tower of São Roque, Santo António and the Queen's tower. The primary/dominant tower tower keep that include two halls with vaulted ceilings, with sills providing illumination.[1] These spaces were decorated in cork, had a chimney, places for flags and one grated window surmounted by the coat-of-arms of the Avis with inscription.[1] In reality there two historic inscriptions. One on a limestone plaque:
- "Era de 1330, a 6 dias de Fevereiro, começárão a fazer este Castello por mandado do Mestre de Aviz Dom Lourenço Affonso, e elle pos a primeira pedra, M.C.C.B.III.C Castello"
- It was in 1330, on 6 days of February, they started to make this Castle by order of the Master of Aviz Dom Lourenço Afonso, and he placed the first stone in M.C.C.B.III.C Castille
The second is situated on the keep tower, over the cross of the Order of Aviz:
- "Era de 1336 annos a 25. dias andados de Fevereiro, fez este Castello Dom Lourenço Affonso Mestre de Aviz à honra, e Serviço de Deos, e de Santa Maria sua Madre, e das Ordens do muito nobre Senhor Dom Diniz Rey de portugal, e do Algarve, Reynante em aquelle tempo, e em defendimento de seus Reynos. Salvator mundi Salva me".
- It was in 1336, on 25 days in February, this castle was built by Dom Lourenço Affonse Master of Avis the honour, and Service to God, and to Holy Mary his Mother, and gave Orders to the great noble Master Dom Dinis King of Portugal, and the Algarve, Reigned in that time, and in defense of his Kingdoms.
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Gordalina, Rosário; Bucho 1998, Domingos, SIPA (ed.), Castelo de Avis / Castelo e cerca urbana de Avis (IPA.00004571/PT041203030003) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, retrieved 6 March 2016
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Sources
- Rego, Francisco Xavier do (1730), Descripção da Vila e Ordem d'Avis, 1730 (Ms. 106 da BNL) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal
- Cardoso, P. Luís (1758), Dicionário Geográfico de Portugal (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal
- Keil, Luís (1943), Inventário Artístico de Portugal. Distrito de Portalegre (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Almeida, João (1948), Roteiro dos Monumentos Militares Portugueses (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Costa, Maria Clara Pereira da (1982), A Vila de Avis, cabeça de Comarca e da Ordem (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Rego, Francisco Xavier do, "Descrição Geográfica Cronológica, Histórica e Crítica da Vila e Real Ordem de Avis", Cadernos de Divulgação Cultural, ano I, n.º 1 (in Portuguese) (1 (ed. de 1730) ed.), Avis, Portugal: Câmara Municipal de Avis
- Rodrigues, Jorge (1993), Guia Artístico de Avis (in Portuguese), Avis, Portugal
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