Castle of Almourol: Difference between revisions
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{{Geobox|Building |
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{{ Infobox Military Structure |
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<!-- *** Heading *** --> |
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| name=Almourol Castle |
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| name = Castle of Almourol |
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| native_name = Castelo de Almourol |
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| location=Portugal |
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| other_name = |
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| type=castle |
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| category = [[Castle]] |
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| map_type=Portugal |
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| native_category = Castelo |
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| map_alt= |
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<!-- *** Image *** --> |
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| open_to_public = yes |
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| image = Almourol 034.jpg |
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| latitude=39.46205 |
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| image_caption = An image of the castle from the narrow channel that separates the islet of Almourol on the [[Tagus River]] |
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| longitude=-8.38395 |
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| image_size = 235 |
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| coordinates= |
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<!-- *** Names **** --> |
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| image=[[File:Almourol 034.jpg|300px]] |
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| official_name = Castelo de Almourol |
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| caption=Almourol [[River Tagus, Portugal|River Tagus]] |
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| etymology = [[Almourol]] |
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| etymology_type = Named for |
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| nickname = |
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<!-- *** Symbols *** --> |
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| flag = |
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| symbol = |
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<!-- *** Country *** --> |
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| country = {{flag|Portugal}} |
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| state_type = Region |
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| state = [[Centro, Portugal|Centre]] |
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| region_type = Subregion |
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| region = [[Médio Tejo]] |
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| district = [[Lisbon (district)|Lisbon]] |
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| municipality = [[Vila Nova da Barquinha Municipality|Vila Nova da Barquinha]] |
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<!-- *** Locations *** --> |
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| location = [[Praia do Ribatejo]] |
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| elevation = 18 |
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| prominence = |
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| lat_d = 39 |
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| lat_m = 27 |
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| lat_s = 43 |
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| lat_NS = N |
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| long_d = 8 |
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| long_m = 23 |
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| long_s = 1.79 |
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| long_EW = W |
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<!-- *** Dimensions *** --> |
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| length = 310 |
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| length_orientation = Southwest-Northeast |
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| width = 75 |
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| width_orientation = Northwest-Southwest |
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| height = |
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| depth = |
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| volume = |
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| area = |
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<!-- *** Features *** --> |
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| author_type = Architects |
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| author = Gualdim Pais |
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| style = [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] |
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| style1 = [[Moorish architecture|Moorish]] |
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| style2 = [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] |
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| style3 = [[Revivalism (architecture)|Revivalist]] |
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| material = [[Granite]] [[masonry]] |
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<!-- *** History & management *** --> |
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| established = [[floruit|fl.]] 1171 |
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| established_type = Origin |
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| established1 = [[circa|c.]] 1171 |
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| established1_type = Initiated |
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| established2 = |
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| established2_type = Completion |
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| date = |
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| date_type = |
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| owner = Portuguese Republic |
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<!-- *** Access *** --> |
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| public = Public |
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| visitation = Closed |
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| visitation_date = Mondays and on [[New Year|1 January]], [[Easter Sunday]], [[May Day|1 May]] and [[Christmas|25 December]] |
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| access = E.N.365/118, {{convert|4|km|mi}} from Vila Nova da Barquinha |
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<!-- *** UNESCO etc. *** --> |
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| whs_name = |
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| whs_year = |
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| whs_number = |
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| whs_region = |
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| whs_criteria = |
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| iucn_category = |
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<!-- *** Free fields *** --> |
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| free = [[IGESPAR|Instituto Gestão do Patrimonio Arquitectónico e Arqueológico]] |
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| free_type = Management |
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| free1 = |
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| free1_type = Operator |
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| free2 = |
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| free2_type = |
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| free3 = |
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| free3_type = |
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| free4 = National Monument |
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| free4_type = Status |
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| free5 = Decree 16 June 1910; DG136, 23 June 1910 |
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| free5_type = Listing |
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<!-- *** Maps *** --> |
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| map = |
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| map_caption = Location of the Castle in the municipality of [[Vila Nova da Barquinha Municipality|Vila Nova da Barquinha]] |
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| map_background = |
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| map_locator = |
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| map_locator_x = 34 |
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| map_locator_y = 85 |
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<!-- *** Website *** --> |
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| commons = Castelo de Almourol |
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| website = http://www.castelodealmourol.com/home |
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<!-- *** Footnotes *** --> |
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| footnotes = |
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}} |
}} |
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The ''' |
The '''Castle of Almourol''' is medeival castle, located on a small islet in the middle of the [[Tagus River]], in the [[freguesia|civil parish]] of [[Praia do Ribatejo]], {{convert|4|km|mi}} from the municipal seat of [[Vila Nova da Barquinha Municipality|Vila Nova da Barquinha]], in the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Centro, Portugal|Centre Region]]. The castle was part of the defensive line controlled by the[[Knights Templar]], and a stronghold used during the Portuguese [[Reconquista]]. |
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==History== |
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==The conquest of the castle== |
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[[File:Chegada a Almourol.jpg|235px|left|thumb|A view of the castle from the Tagus River, showing the granite outcropping and its 18 metre rise over the waterway]] |
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The site has been occupied since the antiquity. It is believed it was a primitive [[Lusitania]]n redoubt and was populated from [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times until the late [[Middle Ages]]. It is certain that in 1129, when Portuguese troops conquered the land, the castle already existed and was called Almorolan. |
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[[File:Castelo de Almourol....jpg|thumb|235px|left|The semi-circular battlements and allures that skirt the inner enclosure and the main keep]] |
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It is believed that the castle was constructed on the site of a primitive [[Lusitania]]n [[Castro culture|castro]] that was later conquered by the Romans during the 1st century B.C.E.<ref name="IGESPAR">{{cite web|url=http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/70469/ |title=Castelo de Almourol|editor=IGESPAR|accessdate=15 February 2012 |year=2011 |location=Lisbon, Portugal |publisher=IGESPAR - Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico |language=Portuguese}}</ref> It was later remodelled by successive invading forces, including the [[Alans]],[[Visigoths]] and [[Moors]], although it is unclear when the actual castle was established.<ref name=IGESPAR/> In excavations carried out in the interior and exterior enclosures, various vestiges of Roman occupation were discovered, that included coins, millennium markers and Roman foundations, while medieval remnants such as medallions and two marble columns were also discovered in the castle's vicinity. |
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The castle of Almourol is one of the more emblematic and cenographic medieval military monuments of the [[Reconquista]], and best representation of the influence of the Knights Templar in Portugal.<ref name=IGESPAR/> When it was conquered in 1129, by forces loyal to the Portuguese nobility, it was then known as ''Almorolan'', and placed in the trust of [[Gualdim Pais]], the master of the [[Knights Templar]] in Portugal, who rebuilt the structure.<ref name=IGESPAR/><ref name="SIPA">{{cite web|url= http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=3404 |title=Castelo do Almourol |publisher=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico |editor=SIPA |location=Lisbon, Portugal |language=Portuguese |first=Rosário |last=Gordalina |first1=João |last1=Seabra |year=1997 |accessdate=15 February 2012}}</ref> The structure was reconstructed, starting in 1171 (from an inscription over the principal gate) and restored during the subsequent reigns.<ref name=IGESPAR/><ref name=SIPA/> |
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==The castle and the Knights Templar== |
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[[Image:Castelo-de-Almourol interior.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Almourol Castle: Main Gate viewed from the interior]] |
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The site was given to the [[Knights Templar]], who built a settlement between the [[Mondego River|Mondego]] and the [[Tagus river|Tagus]] rivers. At the time, they were responsible for the defence of the capital, then [[Coimbra]]. The castle has been rebuilt, but it is assumed the architectural characteristics remain largely the same today. |
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Losing its strategic place, it was abandoned resulting in its fall into ruins. In the 19th century, it was "reinvented" by idealistic romantics, which eventually led to interventions in the 1940s and 1950s, and its adaption as ''Official Residence'' of the Portuguese Republic.<ref name=IGESPAR/><ref name=SIPA/> During this period, restorations had proceeded, transforming the physical appearance of the structure, including the addition of [[battlements|crenellations]] and [[bartizan]]s.<ref name=IGESPAR/> |
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Through an epigraph, placed on the main gate, we know that the reconstruction ended in 1171, two years after the building of the Castle of [[Tomar]]. The two castles have several characteristics in common, both built in the same style of military Templar architecture. Both opted for a quadrangular disposal of the spaces. The high walls are protected by nine circular towers, with a jail-tower at the center of the structure. |
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The ''DGMEN - Direcção-Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais'' (''Directorate-General of Buildings and National Monuments''), the forerunner of the [[IGESPAR]] first intervened on the site in 1939, through the construction of the [[chemin de ronde]] in masonry, including reinforced concrete; desmantlement and reconstruction of the corner of the [[keep]]; repair and consolidation of the battlements, including the demolition of the tower's allure, reconstruction of a brick vault under the existing; and reconstruction of the pavement in small stone.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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These last characteristics constitute two of the innovative elements which the Knights Templar brought to military architecture in Portugal. The jail, which appeared first in the 11th century in [[Tomar]], the main Templar defensive redoubt in Portugal, is unusual in pre-Romanic castles. The jail tower of the castle of Almourol had three levels and was significantly modified over time, while it still retains important features. The design of walls with equally placed towers along the walls, was brought to the western [[Iberian peninsula]] by the knights. |
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Around 1940-1950, the spaces were adapted for its use as an official residence of the Portuguese Republic.<ref name=IGESPAR/><ref name=SIPA/>At the end of this short term, the building's furniture was acquired by the Commission for Furniture Acquisition ({{lang-pt|Comissão para a Aquisição de Mobiliário}}) in 1955, while an electrical grid was installed.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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==The abandonment and the castle's renaissance== |
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[[Image:Castelo-de-Almourol vista-rio.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Looking towards the Tagus from the Almourol Castle]] |
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After the Order of the Knights Templar was eradicated in 1307, and the Portuguese ''[[reconquista]]'' ended, there was no longer any need for the stronghold, and the Almourol Castle was abandoned and forgotten. In the 19th century the castle was popularized as an example of [[chivalry|chivalric]] and romantic ideals of the Middle Ages. Many of the original structures were destroyed in a failed attempt to recreate the grand medieval monument, without remaining true to its heritage. |
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Between 1958 and 1959, there was some consolidation of the keep with concrete straps, a project to diminish the permeability of the courtyard and reconstruction of the interior walls of the tower by the ''Escola Prática de Engenharia'' (''Practical School of Engineering''), as well as the reconstruction of a door that included doorposts and [[lintel]]s. In subsequent years, other projects occurred: in 1959, the repair of the facade of one section of wall; in 1960, with the conclusion of the repairs to the exterior walls, the pavement and road access was improved by the ''Direcção da Arma de Engenharia de Tancos'' (''Tancos Directorate for Weapons Engineering'').<ref name=SIPA/> But, this roadway was improved with the reconstruction of a road that skirted the islet from the quay to the southern end of the castle, by the''Serviços de Engenharia do Estado Maior do Exército'' (''Service of the Army Corp of Engineers'').<ref name=SIPA/> |
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== The castle in the 20th century == |
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On the 16th of June 1910, by Royal Edict, the castle was classified as a national monument and, a few decades later it was adapted to be an Official Residence of the Portuguese Republic. Additional renovations took place during the 1940s and 1950s and some important events of the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|dictatorship period]] were held within its walls. |
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It is important to note that most of these renovations which had started in the 19th century, were not respectful of the castle's original design, they were instead influenced by the 19th century romantic ideals and its conception of life in the Middle Ages, which lead to many of the castles primitive structures being sacrificed and several decorative elements added. |
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Nowadays the castle is the property of the [[Portuguese Army]] and is currently located inside a designated military area. |
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By 1996, the walls were repaired, sections of the keep were preserved and the pavement in the castle restored.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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==Location of the castle== |
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Owing to water infiltration, the castle began to show some signs of degredation by 2004, including a few of the exterior walls.<ref name=SIPA/> |
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The castle is located in Central Portugal, in Medio Tejo subregion (ancient Ribatejo province) in the Santarém district, more specifically in the municipality of [[Vila Nova da Barquinha]] (in the parish Praia do Ribatejo). The castle (a national monument) and the tiny fluvial island may be visited without charge. Visitors only pay for an inexpensive boat trip across the river, which is the only way for visitors to reach the castle. |
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==Architecture== |
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Towns nearby: Barquinha, Constança. |
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[[File:Castelo-de-Almourol interior.jpg|thumb|235px|The main gate/door (viewed from the interior) showing access to the allures.]] |
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[[File:Castelo de Almourol 5.JPG|thumb|235px|Example of the crenellations of the outer enclosure]] |
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The castle rises over a granite outcropping {{convert|18|m|ft}}, it is approximately {{convert|310|m|ft}} long and {{convert|75|m|ft}} wide, in the middle of the [[Tagus River]] waterway, a few metres below its confluence with the [[Zêzere River]] in front of the town of Tancos.<ref name=SIPA/> Although access to the [[Monuments of Portugal|Portuguese National Monument]] and fluvial islet is free, visitors to the structure must pay an inexpensive boat-ride across the river (which is the only way for visitors to reach the castle). |
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It is an irregular rectangular plan consisting of two enclosures: the exterior, lower level faces upstream with a traitors' gate, and walls reinforced by nine tall circular towers; and the interior enclosure, located in a higher elevation, whose walls are accessible by main gate to the main keep.<ref name=IGESPAR/><ref name=SIPA/> The keep is three-stories tall and includes the original pads that supported the main truss.<ref name=SIPA/> The remaining sentry towers are irregular, owing to the irregultar terrain.<ref name=IGESPAR/><ref name=SIPA/> The keep is actually an innovation at this castle, appearing in the 12th century after the Castle of Tomar, the principal defensive redoubt of the Templars in Portugal.<ref name=IGESPAR/><ref>Barroca (2001), p.107</ref> Similarly, the watchtowers were innovations brought into western part of the Iberian peninsula by the Order, and applied in Almourol.<ref name=IGESPAR/> |
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Closest Cities: |
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Entroncamento, [[Abrantes]], [[Tomar]], [[Torres Novas]], [[Fátima]], [[Ourém]], [[Ponte de Sor]], [[Portalegre]]. |
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The island and castle may be visible from the rail line between [[Entroncamento]] and [[Abrantes]]; there is a small train station (line of [[Beira Baixa]] and line of [[Leste]], or by car. To visit the isle and castle take a boat from the Tagus bank. |
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The castle is a National Monument. |
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The interior is bisected by several masonry doorways that link the different parts of the castle.<ref name=SIPA/> Two inscription stones mark the castle's history and its re-edification by Gualdim Pais (over the main gate), as well as its Christian history (from the cross carved into the space above a open window in the keep).<ref name=SIPA/> |
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==See also== |
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{{commons|Castelo de Almourol}} |
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*[[List of castles in Portugal]] |
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*[[Castles in Portugal]] |
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*[[Monuments of Portugal]] |
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*[[History of Portugal]] |
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*[[Order of Christ]] |
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*[[Centro]] |
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*[[Médio Tejo]] |
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*[[Portugal]] |
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*[[Islands in Portugal]] |
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*[[Rivers in Portugal]] |
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*[[Tajus]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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;Notes |
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*Information from [http://www.ippar.pt/ IPPAR - Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico] ''(in Portuguese)'' |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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;Sources |
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* {{citation |last=Almeida |first=António José Ferreira de |title=Tesouros Artísticos de Portugal |location=Lisbon, Portugal |year=1980|language=Portuguese}} |
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* {{citation |last=Almeida |first=João de |title=Roteiro dos Monumentos Militares Portugueses |location=Lisbon, Portugal |year=1948|language=Portuguese}} |
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* {{citation |last=Cordeiro |first=Luciano |title=Inscripções Portuguesas |location=Lisbon, Portugal |year=1895 |language=Portuguese}} |
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* {{citation |editor=MOP |publisher=Ministério das Obras Públicas |title=Relatório da Actividade do Ministério no ano de 1955|location=Lisbon, Portugal |year=1956 |language=Portuguese}} |
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* {{citation |title=Monumentos |issue=20 |location=Lisbon, Portugal |year=2004 |editor=DGEMN |language=Portuguese}} |
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* {{citation |last=Osorio |first=Manuel |contribution=O Castelo de Almourol |title=Revista de Engenharia Militar |year=1896|language=Portuguese}} |
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* {{citation |last=Sequeira |first=Gustavo de |title=Inventário Artístico de Portugal - Distrito de Santarém, |volume=III |location=Lisbon, Portugal |year=1949 |language=Portugeuse}} |
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* {{citation |last=Teixeira |first=F.A. Carcez |contribution=O Castelo de Almourol |title=Serões |issue=39 |date=September 1908|language=Portuguese}} |
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== |
==See also== |
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* [[List of castles in Portugal]] |
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*[http://www.castelodealmourol.com/home/ Official site of the Castle of Almourol] ''(in Portuguese)'' |
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* [[Castles in Portugal]] |
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*[http://www.lusoimages.com/JOSE-ELIAS-FOTOELIAS-COM/CASTLES/Templar-Castle-of-Almourol/15654322_GJcFV#1173236200_hLzGZ ALMOUROL CASTLE PHOTOS] |
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* [[Monuments of Portugal]] |
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* [[History of Portugal]] |
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* [[Order of Christ]] |
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[[Category:Castles in Portugal]] |
[[Category:Castles in Portugal]] |
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Revision as of 18:56, 15 February 2012
Template:Geobox The Castle of Almourol is medeival castle, located on a small islet in the middle of the Tagus River, in the civil parish of Praia do Ribatejo, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the municipal seat of Vila Nova da Barquinha, in the Portuguese Centre Region. The castle was part of the defensive line controlled by theKnights Templar, and a stronghold used during the Portuguese Reconquista.
History
It is believed that the castle was constructed on the site of a primitive Lusitanian castro that was later conquered by the Romans during the 1st century B.C.E.[1] It was later remodelled by successive invading forces, including the Alans,Visigoths and Moors, although it is unclear when the actual castle was established.[1] In excavations carried out in the interior and exterior enclosures, various vestiges of Roman occupation were discovered, that included coins, millennium markers and Roman foundations, while medieval remnants such as medallions and two marble columns were also discovered in the castle's vicinity.
The castle of Almourol is one of the more emblematic and cenographic medieval military monuments of the Reconquista, and best representation of the influence of the Knights Templar in Portugal.[1] When it was conquered in 1129, by forces loyal to the Portuguese nobility, it was then known as Almorolan, and placed in the trust of Gualdim Pais, the master of the Knights Templar in Portugal, who rebuilt the structure.[1][2] The structure was reconstructed, starting in 1171 (from an inscription over the principal gate) and restored during the subsequent reigns.[1][2]
Losing its strategic place, it was abandoned resulting in its fall into ruins. In the 19th century, it was "reinvented" by idealistic romantics, which eventually led to interventions in the 1940s and 1950s, and its adaption as Official Residence of the Portuguese Republic.[1][2] During this period, restorations had proceeded, transforming the physical appearance of the structure, including the addition of crenellations and bartizans.[1]
The DGMEN - Direcção-Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais (Directorate-General of Buildings and National Monuments), the forerunner of the IGESPAR first intervened on the site in 1939, through the construction of the chemin de ronde in masonry, including reinforced concrete; desmantlement and reconstruction of the corner of the keep; repair and consolidation of the battlements, including the demolition of the tower's allure, reconstruction of a brick vault under the existing; and reconstruction of the pavement in small stone.[2]
Around 1940-1950, the spaces were adapted for its use as an official residence of the Portuguese Republic.[1][2]At the end of this short term, the building's furniture was acquired by the Commission for Furniture Acquisition (Template:Lang-pt) in 1955, while an electrical grid was installed.[2]
Between 1958 and 1959, there was some consolidation of the keep with concrete straps, a project to diminish the permeability of the courtyard and reconstruction of the interior walls of the tower by the Escola Prática de Engenharia (Practical School of Engineering), as well as the reconstruction of a door that included doorposts and lintels. In subsequent years, other projects occurred: in 1959, the repair of the facade of one section of wall; in 1960, with the conclusion of the repairs to the exterior walls, the pavement and road access was improved by the Direcção da Arma de Engenharia de Tancos (Tancos Directorate for Weapons Engineering).[2] But, this roadway was improved with the reconstruction of a road that skirted the islet from the quay to the southern end of the castle, by theServiços de Engenharia do Estado Maior do Exército (Service of the Army Corp of Engineers).[2]
By 1996, the walls were repaired, sections of the keep were preserved and the pavement in the castle restored.[2]
Owing to water infiltration, the castle began to show some signs of degredation by 2004, including a few of the exterior walls.[2]
Architecture
The castle rises over a granite outcropping 18 metres (59 ft), it is approximately 310 metres (1,020 ft) long and 75 metres (246 ft) wide, in the middle of the Tagus River waterway, a few metres below its confluence with the Zêzere River in front of the town of Tancos.[2] Although access to the Portuguese National Monument and fluvial islet is free, visitors to the structure must pay an inexpensive boat-ride across the river (which is the only way for visitors to reach the castle).
It is an irregular rectangular plan consisting of two enclosures: the exterior, lower level faces upstream with a traitors' gate, and walls reinforced by nine tall circular towers; and the interior enclosure, located in a higher elevation, whose walls are accessible by main gate to the main keep.[1][2] The keep is three-stories tall and includes the original pads that supported the main truss.[2] The remaining sentry towers are irregular, owing to the irregultar terrain.[1][2] The keep is actually an innovation at this castle, appearing in the 12th century after the Castle of Tomar, the principal defensive redoubt of the Templars in Portugal.[1][3] Similarly, the watchtowers were innovations brought into western part of the Iberian peninsula by the Order, and applied in Almourol.[1]
The interior is bisected by several masonry doorways that link the different parts of the castle.[2] Two inscription stones mark the castle's history and its re-edification by Gualdim Pais (over the main gate), as well as its Christian history (from the cross carved into the space above a open window in the keep).[2]
References
- Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l IGESPAR, ed. (2011). "Castelo de Almourol" (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: IGESPAR - Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Gordalina, Rosário (1997). SIPA (ed.). "Castelo do Almourol" (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
{{cite web}}: More than one of|first1=and|first=specified (help); More than one of|last1=and|last=specified (help) - ^ Barroca (2001), p.107
- Sources
- Almeida, António José Ferreira de (1980), Tesouros Artísticos de Portugal (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Almeida, João de (1948), Roteiro dos Monumentos Militares Portugueses (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Cordeiro, Luciano (1895), Inscripções Portuguesas (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - MOP, ed. (1956), Relatório da Actividade do Ministério no ano de 1955 (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: Ministério das Obras Públicas
- DGEMN, ed. (2004), Monumentos (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Osorio, Manuel (1896), "O Castelo de Almourol", Revista de Engenharia Militar (in Portuguese)
- Sequeira, Gustavo de (1949), Inventário Artístico de Portugal - Distrito de Santarém (in Portugeuse), vol. III, Lisbon, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Teixeira, F.A. Carcez (September 1908), "O Castelo de Almourol", Serões (in Portuguese)