Vila do Conde

Template:Geobox Vila do Conde (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈvilɐ ðu ˈkõd(ɨ)]) is a municipality in the Norte Region of Portugal with a population of 79,390 inhabitants (2011) in an area of 149.03 km². The urbanized area of Vila do Conde, which includes the parishes of Vila do Conde, Azurara and Árvore, represent 32,094 inhabitants, within the Porto metropolitan area. Vila do Conde is interlinked to the north with the Póvoa de Varzim, forming a single urban agglomeration.

History

A carrack in the harbour of Vila do Conde: many mariners from the village were involved in the epic voyages during the Age of Discovery

The Manueline-style church portico in the Matriz Church along Rua da Igreja, constructed from the wealth of Portuguese discoveries

Vila do Conde is one of the oldest settlements in northern Portugal. Geological artifacts dating to the Paleolithic have been discovered in sites in the parishes of Modivas, Malta, and Labruge dating from 100,000 to 15,000 years. In other parishes there have also been discoveries of implements and mounds dating back to the Bronze Age and Neolithic periods indicating a period of transition between forging and sedimentary civilizations.

Its origins date back to the founding of the Portuguese territory; the earliest written document (953) , by the Countess Mumadona Dias, refers to the Villa de Comite, in a chart used for the sale of land by Flamula Deo-Vota, to the Monastery of Guimarães. But its ancient origins date back to the Castro of São João, and other Iron age castros, that include dispersed settlements in Retorta, Bagunte, Ferreiró, Vairão and Labruge. In the 18th century, Jerónimo Contador de Argote, citing references to the castro culture, identified the existence of one of these structures in the hilltops of Cividade de Bagunte, a structure occupying50 hectares (0.50 km²). Other castros within the municipality have been mostly agricultural, and some discoveries of ceramics have occurred, although most have been found in ruins. Similar vestiges of the Roman occupation of the region continue to be discovered, and archaeological digs are ongoing in a dozen sites throughout the municipality.

Sancho of Portugal is linked to the founding of this settlement in 1200, although he left its administration to Count Mendonça de Peas Rofinho, to which the village became known.

Later, King Dinis of Portugal bestowed on Maria Paes da Ribeira these seigneurial holdings (Dinis had long had many illegitimate children with the noblewoman).

In 1318, Afonso Sanches (the illegitimate son of King Dinis of Portugal and Aldonça Rodrigues Telha) and Teresa Martins (daughter of João Afonso de Menez, Count of Barcelos and grand-daughter of Sancho IV of Castile) founded the Monastery of Santa Clara. Later referred to as the Convent of Santa Clara, the construction of the monastery developed from a dream; the nobleman presumably had a dream of constructing a stairway to heaven, which he was convinced was a sign from God that He wanted him to construct a house of worship, and stopped his planned construction of a castle. The cornerstone was laid in 1318, and once completed it was deposited in the hands of the Franciscan Order, which he patronanized throughout his life, eventually leaving Vila do Conde, its lands and rents, in their possession after his and his wife's deaths. Today it is the ex-libris of Vila do Conde. The priory became the judicial seat, with all the royal rights in the area. Yet, King Edward began to contest these grand privileges during his reign, and King John III of Portugal finally stripped them of those rights in 1537, investing his brother Edward, with the seigneurial titles. At the marriage of Catherine, his daughter, with John I, 6th Duke of Braganza, the Infante Edward passed on the title to the Royal House of Braganza. Consequently, Vila do Conde had representation in the Royal Cortes and their alcaldes were nominated for dukeships in the Royal House of Braganza. But this was also responsible for the local government weakness and high taxes on most local economic activities, except shipping and trade, where the national government had sole control.

During the 16th century, attained the apex of its commercial and maritime importance due to naval construction, associated with the Portuguese Age of Discovery. Many of the historical buildings, such as the port and customshouse, were all integral in the commercial relief of the 16th century. The passage of King Manuel through Vila do Conde, during a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, in 1502, helped to develop some of the important infrastructures in the city: the Matriz Church, Praça Nova and municipal buildings, along with new arterials, were begun under the reign of Manuel I. The Praça Nova (Template:Lang-pt), today Praça Vasco da Gama was opened in 1538, during the reign of King John III of Portugal, and where the municipal buildings were located.

Manuel I conceded a foral (royal charter) in 1516, due to the active and integral participation of its population during the exploration of the new lands in India. Of these mariners of note, were the brothers Paulo and Francisco Faria, who were on Vasco da Gama's expeditionary voyage.

During the 19th century, French troops were responsible for the destruction and pillaging of many of the infrastructures and deaths. By the middle of the 19th century, the town had one ecclesiastical parish, dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, founded by Manuel I of Portugal, and erected by the archbishop of Braga, Diogo de Sousa in 1518. In addition, the community included the Church of the Misericordia, hospital, six chapels, municipal building, customhouse, the Convent of Santa Clara (now remodelled and expanded since its construction), and the Convent of Nossa Senhora da Encarnação. In addition, the secular buildings included a small theatre, a recreational assembly and ornate dock of rock on the right marign of the Ave River towards its mouth, and across from the Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Guia.

In 1997, the urbanized area was elevated to the status of city.

Geography

Physical geography

Vila do Conde is located in the north-west coast of Portugal, surrounded by the municipalities of Vila Nova de Famalicão Municipality (east), Maia (southeast), Trofa (southeast), Matosinhos (south) and Póvoa de Varzim (north). Fronting the Atlantic Ocean and the Ave River (to its south), the municipality includes 18 kilometres of beaches, in addition to extensive rural areas with fields and estates. Located 20 kilomtres from Porto, access to the municipality is completed through many of its transport networks: the A28 (linking Porto to Viana do Castelo), the EN13, a Metro line and the A11 roadway.

The area of Vila do Conde is part of the granite-metamorphic basement, the Iberian Hercynian massif, that extends from the Spanish border to Espinho (15 kilometres south of Porto). Over the Hercynian bedrock there is a prevalence of sandy beaches, and in other areas, the erosion of these sands has allowed the exposure of the rocky substrata. Most of the rock outcrops (never more than 20 metres) disappear north of the Ave River. Yet, these deposits are irregular, and most comparable sediments are not necessarily found at the same altitude. There are also deformations associated with the last inter-glacial period, that have affected these sedimentary layers, most commonly in the beach of Sampaio, where deposits have be discovered between various altitudes (5 and 9 metres).

Human geography

Apart from the urbanized city of Vila do Conde, which includes the parishes of Azurara, Árvore and Vila do Conde, the municipality includes the following local government civil parishes:

Population of Vila do Conde Municipality (1801 - 2011) Year Pop. ±% 1801 3,623 —     1849 17,781 +390.8% 1900 27,366 +53.9% 1930 34,116 +24.7% 1960 48,806 +43.1% 1981 64,402 +32.0% 1991 64,836 +0.7% 2001 74,391 +14.7% 2011 79,390 +6.7%

• Arcos
• Árvore
• Aveleda
• Azurara
• Bagunte
• Canidelo
• Fajozes
• Ferreiró
• Fornelo
• Gião
• Guilhabreu
• Junqueira
• Labruge
• Macieira da Maia
• Malta
• Mindelo
• Modivas
• Mosteiró
• Outeiro Maior
• Parada
• Retorta
• Rio Mau
• Tougues
• Touguinha
• Touguinhó
• Vairão
• Vila Chã
• Vila do Conde
• Vilar
• Vilar de Pinheiro

Twin towns — Sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Portugal

Vila do Conde is twinned with:

Ferrol, Spain Portalegre, Portugal Lobata, São Tomé and Principe Mansoa, Guinea Bissau

Mossel Bay, South Africa Mindelo, Cape Verde Baucau, East Timor Olinda, Brazil

Economy

The municipal authorities have promoted a future-looking environment in Vila do Conde, that have concentrated on the tourist market, involving the requalification of the many of the historical buildings (such as the Convent and customshouse), in addition to promoting an ocean-centric tourist economy associated with the Programa Polis initiative.

The communities along the coast, which include the main beaches and bird sanctuary, are essentially beach resorts with a high technology industrial park in Mindelo with some semi-conductor industries.

Transport

Vila do Conde is serviced by an ample network of terrestrial, aerial and maritime transport links. The road networks include accesses to the national auto-estradas (Template:Lang-en), and inter-municipal roadways, along a north-south axis from Vila Nova de Cerveira until Porto via the A28 Auto-estrada. The A7 crosses the A28 along a east to west intersection, along the north of the city, linking Vila Nova de Famalicão to Guimarães.

The national roadways that cross the municipal borders as managed by the municipality, including the EN13, which crosses the municipality and city along a north-to-south axis, linking into the northern agglomeration of Póvoa de Varzim. In the north, the EN205 intersects the municipality along an east to west trajectory from Vila do Conde to Vila Nova de Famalicão. Similarly, the EN104 crosses the municipality in the centre, along a similar orientation (east to west), and connects Vila do Conde with Trofa and Santo Tirso. The ancillary EN205 and EN104 are primarily used by motorists within the municipality and interlink the many civil parishes. Municipal public transport is primarily operated by Litoral Norte - Transportes Urbanos da Póvoa de Varzim, although the remains lines are managed byTransdev. The B Line of the Porto Metro system connects Vila do Conde with Porto and the airport, providing both normal and express services, in addition to northern connections to Póvoa de Varzim. The line also operated an older rail-line that connected Porto and Póvoa de Varzim, with intermediary stops in Vila do Conde, but was discontinuted in 2002 in favour of Metro services.

Situated 15 km from the centre of Vila do Conde, the Porto-Francisco de Sá Carneiro International Airport (OPO), the second largest international airport in the country is linked to Vila do Conde across the A28, EN13 and Porto Metro.

Architecture

The well-preserved Rua da Igreja, dating back to the 16th century

Civic

• Aqueduct of Vila do Conde (Template:Lang-pt) - initially constructed between 1705 and 1714, it had 999 archs and ran for four kilometres; the aqueduct is the second longest in Portugal, connecting a spring in Terroso, Póvoa de Varzim, with a fountain in the monastery of Santa Clara.
• Municipal Hall of Vila do Conde (Template:Lang-pt) - located in the Praça Nova (or Praça Vasco da Gama) square, date back to 1543 (supposedly the date of completion), it is located in front of the municipal marker (Template:Lang-pt), and is one of the more important urban interventions in Vila do Conde since the 16th century. The executive office block and the Salão Nobre (Template:Lang-en), in particular, are the centrepeices of the building, with an ornate portrait of Queen Maria II of Portugal surmounted by royal coat of arms.
• Mill of Azurara (Template:Lang-pt) - a rectangular building, with the coat of arms in sculpted rock of the Marquess of Vila Real (who in the 16th century ordered its construction).

Military

• Fort of Nossa Senhora da Assunção (Template:Lang-pt) - the Fort of Our Lady of Assumption, also known as the Fort of São João Baptista (Fort of Saint John the Baptist), it is located at the mouth of the Ave River.

Religious

• Chapel of Nossa Senhora do Socorro (Template:Lang-pt) - the Chapel of Our Lady of Aid/Help, is implanted on a rocky escarpment over the Ave River, on the Rua do Socorro, the Chapel is atypical of Portuguese architecture: it has a square plan and large rounded dome. Yet, in the interior, the chapel exemplifies 18th century architecture, with azulejos showing the life of Christ, and a Rococco-style alter. It was ordered built by Gaspar Manuel, knight of the Order of Christ and chief-pilot in service to the King during voyages to India, China and Japan, and his wife Bárbara Ferreira de Almeida: both were buried here on their deaths.
• Chapel of the Nossa Senhora da Guia (Template:Lang-pt) - the Chapel of Our Lady of the Guide, dates back to the 10th-11th century, located at the end of Avenida Marquês Sá da Bandeira (Vila do Conde), the chapel likely existed as early as 953 (and referenced in a 1059 inventory of the Monastery of Guimarães, but designated as the Chapel of São Julião. It is an irregular building, with an interior of azulejo from the 17th–18th century, and a roof decorated with scenes from the Bible and figures of saints.
• Church of São João Baptista (Template:Lang-pt) - also referred to as the Matriz Church of Vila do Conde, located along the Rua da Igreja, the building is a lateGothic structure with elements of Manueline, Baroque and Neo-Gothic styles, represented by a Latin cross of three naves, transept (with two chapels). Its construction in the 16th century, was initiated by King Manuel of Portugal's visit in 1502, who defined the plan, provided a substantial budget and imposed a tax to support the project. The architecture is marked by a large portico (by João de Castilho), a rectangular bell tower (erected in 1573 (designed by João Lopes the Elder), while the interior is richly decorated, with ornate pulpits and chapels;
• Church of the Misericórdia, and Casa do Despacho, - initiated in 1559, the plan of the Assembleia da Irmandade was to construct a church with a bell tower similar to the Misericórdia Church in Porto and having a pulpit comparable to that of the Church of Santo Eloy, similarly in Porto. The church has one nave whose interior is decorated in azueljo, while the roof is supported by wooden beam. The ancillary Casa do Despacho is notable for its window in the Manueline-style.
• Church of Azurara (Template:Lang-pt) - located between Rua Padre Serafim das Neves and Rua Nossa Senhora de Fátima, the church was constructed in the 16th century, with large naves (three), rectangular chapel and bell tower. The Manueline portico is built in sculpted rock, with rosettas and with a central coat of arms of King Manuel I. The interior, with its azulejos and gold-leaf altar/sacristy and 17th century paintings, bely its stark exterior.
• Roman Church of São Cristóvão de Rio Mau (Template:Lang-pt) - the Church of Saint Christopher, is a simple Roman church in a stark Romanesque-style single rectangular body, surmounted by a Templar Cross.
• Monastery of Santa Clara (Template:Lang-pt)- also referred to as the Convent of Santa Clara, although founded in 1318 by Afonso Sanches and Teresa Martins, the building is a 18th century refurbishment, since by the middle of the 17th century the building was in ruins and conditions did not allow the nuns to properly use the building. The remodelling of the building was discontinued after events in the 19th century and the abolition of monastic orders. Between 1929 and 1932, the DGEMN - Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais (Template:Lang-en) intervened to protect the building, the ex-libris of Vila do Conde;

• Church of the Convent of Santa Clara (Template:Lang-pt) (and the Founders Tombs), located in the Largo D. Afonso Sanches (Vila do Conde), is a monument constructed in 1318, with traces of Gothic, Manueline, Baroque and Rococo architectural styles. The church is based in an unique nave and transept of large dimensions, with the interior marked by richly decorated woodwork. The Chapel of the Founders (Template:Lang-pt) houses the Manueline and Rococo tombs of historical nobility. The chorus is marked by two aisles of seating and paintings, while the high altar is embossed with gold-leaf.

In addition, in the interior (18 kilometres from the beaches) are several examples of prehistoric and Roman structures such as the Castro de São Paio, or the Roman civitas Bagunte, in addition to homes and estates of rural gentry, or monastic settlements, such as in Junqueira, Azurara or Vairão.

Culture

Vila do Conde is the centre of one of the more prestigious fairs of traditional artsans, that include quilts, wool sweaters, ironworks, in addition to kneedlework.

During the summer, the municipality is known for the several secular and religious celebrations. These includethe Festival Internacional de Curtas Metragens, the Feira Nacional de Artesanato, theFeira da Gastronomia, the Feira das Actividades Agrícolas and the Festival of São João. Every four years, the religious Festivals of Corpo de Deus are significant, and known for the road covered mats of flowers, used in processions from the circuit the main churches.

References

Notes

Sources

• Vilhena Barbosa, Ignacio de (1860). As cidades e villas da Monarchia portugueza que teem brasão d'armas (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Lisbon,Portugal: Typohraphia do Panorama. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
• Assunção Araújo, Maria da (26–29 September 1994), Protection and Conservation of Sampaio Area (Labruge, Vila do Conde, North of Portugal (PDF), vol. 94, Lisbon, Portugal: Littoral, pp. 1–10
• Araújo, M.A.; Gomes, A.; Chaminé, H.I.; Fonseca, P.E.; Gama Pereira, L.C.; Pinto de Jesus, A., Geomorfologia e geologia regional do sector de Porto–Espinho (W de Portugal): implicações morfoestruturais na cobertura sedimentar cenozóica (PDF), vol. 28, Coruña, Spain: Cadernos Lab. Xeolóxico de Laxe, pp. 79–105 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
• Polónia, Amélia (June 2006), The Sea and its Impact on a Maritime Community: Vila do Conde, Portugal (1500-1640) (PDF), vol. XVIII (1 ed.), International Journal of Maritime History, pp. 199–222