Monastery of Santa Maria de Pombeiro: Difference between revisions
Content elaboration and citations |
Copy-editing and citations |
||
| Line 39: | Line 39: | ||
| long_EW = W |
| long_EW = W |
||
<!-- *** Dimensions *** --> |
<!-- *** Dimensions *** --> |
||
| length = . |
| length = 115.67 |
||
| length_orientation = Southwest-Northeast |
| length_orientation = Southwest-Northeast |
||
| width = . |
| width = 74.18 |
||
| width_orientation = Southeast-Northwest |
| width_orientation = Southeast-Northwest |
||
| height = |
| height = |
||
| Line 52: | Line 52: | ||
| author1 = José de Santo António Vilaça |
| author1 = José de Santo António Vilaça |
||
| author2 = Humberto Vieira |
| author2 = Humberto Vieira |
||
| author3 = Francisco António Solha |
| author3 = Francisco António Solha |
||
| style = |
| style = [[Romanesque]] |
||
| material = Granite |
| material = Granite |
||
| material1 = Ceramics |
| material1 = Ceramics |
||
| Line 84: | Line 84: | ||
| free1 = Private |
| free1 = Private |
||
| free1_type = Operator |
| free1_type = Operator |
||
| free2 = |
| free2 = Friday to Sunday: 9:00 a.m.-1:00 p.m, 2:00 p.m.-5:00 p.m. |
||
| free2_type = |
| free2_type = Winter |
||
| free3 = |
| free3 = Wednesday to Sunday: 10:00 a.m.-1:00 p.m., 2:00 p.m.-6:00 p.m. |
||
| free3_type = |
| free3_type = Summer |
||
| free4 = National Monument |
| free4 = National Monument |
||
| free4_type = Status |
| free4_type = Status |
||
| Line 108: | Line 108: | ||
==History== |
==History== |
||
The first reference to a monastery or religious institution came from a papel brief to [[Pope Leo IV]] (in 853). Its founding would not occur until 13 July 1059 by [[Dom (title)|Dom]] Gomes Aciegas, and completed 1102 |
The first reference to a monastery or religious institution came from a papel brief to [[Pope Leo IV]] (in 853).<ref name="SIPA">{{cite web|url=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=4864 |title=Mosteiro de Pombeiro / Igreja do Mosteiro de Santa Maria de Pombeiro |publisher=SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico |editor=SIPA |location=Lisbon, Portugal |language=Portuguese |first=Filipa |last=Avellar |year=2004}}</ref> Its founding would not occur until 13 July 1059 by [[Dom (title)|Dom]] Gomes Aciegas, and completed 1102; the remains of this original construction are two small chapels (below the main altar), the mail entrance door and the four fortified arches.<ref name=SIPA/> It is still unclear on the precise period that monastery and church was founded. [[Ferdinand of Castile]] granted the proprietoriship of the convent to his nephew [[Dom (title)|D.]] Gomes de Cela Nova (progenitor of the Sousa family).<ref name=SIPA/> From the Sousas, the monastery passed to the Melos and Sampaios (later under the protection of the Barbosa clan until the 11th century), represented by the Baron of Pombeiro de Ribavizela.<ref name=SIPA/> At the time the abbot of Pombeiro functioned as the head [[almoner]] for the Kingdom, when the King travelled north of the [[Douro River|Douro]] and ombudsman of the Count of Pombeiro.<ref name=SIPA/> |
||
In 1112, under Queen Teresa, the monastery was off-limits to most of its citizens, including the church. Afonso Henriques provided privileges and patronage in 1155 to the monastery and its prelate Gonçalo de Sousa. The abbot (Gonçalo de Sousa) would initiate remodelling and renovations in 1199. The monastery continued to be favoured by the monarchy, and throughout the 12th century a number of reliquaries were deposited in the altars of the Church. |
In 1112, under Queen Teresa, the monastery was off-limits to most of its citizens, including the church.<ref name=SIPA/> Afonso Henriques provided privileges and patronage in 1155 to the monastery and its prelate Gonçalo de Sousa. The abbot (Gonçalo de Sousa) would initiate remodelling and renovations in 1199.<ref name=SIPA/> The monastery continued to be favoured by the monarchy, and throughout the 12th century a number of reliquaries were deposited in the altars of the Church.<ref name=SIPA/> |
||
In 1234, the monastery traded lands with the Monastery of São Miguel de Refojos de Basto, in [[Cabeceiras de Basto]]. During this time, new renovations were made to the eastern portico and rose-window, with assistance from the patronage of the Sousa family, who also selected the porch for their burial tombs: on 10 March 1242, Vasco Mendes de Sousa (son of Conde Mendo de Sousa and Maria Rodrigues) was buried in this tomb. |
In 1234, the monastery traded lands with the Monastery of São Miguel de Refojos de Basto, in [[Cabeceiras de Basto]].<ref name=SIPA/> During this time, new renovations were made to the eastern portico and rose-window, with assistance from the patronage of the Sousa family, who also selected the porch for their burial tombs: on 10 March 1242, Vasco Mendes de Sousa (son of Conde Mendo de Sousa and Maria Rodrigues) was buried in this tomb.<ref name=SIPA/> |
||
By 1272, a second generation of public works were completed in the Church façade, under the direction of [[Dom (title)|D.]] Rodrigo. |
By 1272, a second generation of public works were completed in the Church façade, under the direction of [[Dom (title)|D.]] Rodrigo.<ref name=SIPA/> |
||
In the second-half of the 16th century, the [[abbot]] António de Mello order the execution of improvements to the church. |
In the second-half of the 16th century, the [[abbot]] António de Mello order the execution of improvements to the church.<ref name=SIPA/> |
||
By 1578, the monastery's porch continued to exist, but now badly damaged, and as friar João de S. Tomás later noted: "there were, by order, coats-or-arms erected to identify tje anciente nobility there buried, that there would serve as judge".<ref>{{citation |author=João de São Tomas |title=Benedictina Lusitana |year=1644-51 |volume=II |pages=77}}</ref> On the 6 March 1586, the monastery's rich patrimony was taken by King [[Philip II of Spain]] and transferred to the [[Jeronimos Monastery|Monastery of the Jeronimos]]. But, this did not limit the growth of the church and monastery, as major projects continued between the 16th and 18th century, with Jerónimo Luís being the principal contractor in 1600 constructing the two exterior towers. |
By 1578, the monastery's porch continued to exist, but now badly damaged, and as friar João de S. Tomás later noted: "there were, by order, coats-or-arms erected to identify tje anciente nobility there buried, that there would serve as judge".<ref>{{citation |author=João de São Tomas |title=Benedictina Lusitana |year=1644-51 |volume=II |pages=77}}</ref><ref name=SIPA/> On the 6 March 1586, the monastery's rich patrimony was taken by King [[Philip II of Spain]] and transferred to the [[Jeronimos Monastery|Monastery of the Jeronimos]].<ref name=SIPA/> But, this did not limit the growth of the church and monastery, as major projects continued between the 16th and 18th century, with Jerónimo Luís being the principal contractor in 1600 constructing the two exterior towers.<ref name=SIPA/> |
||
One of the wings of the cloister were completed in 1702 (from descriptions made by Craesbeeck in 1725). It was followed in 1719 by the construction of the new choir in the principal wall, the displacement of the rose window from the portico to the bell towers. Continued remodelling in 1722 caused the destruction of the Romanesque main chapel in 1722. |
One of the wings of the cloister were completed in 1702 (from descriptions made by Craesbeeck in 1725). It was followed in 1719 by the construction of the new choir in the principal wall, the displacement of the rose window from the portico to the bell towers. Continued remodelling in 1722 caused the destruction of the Romanesque main chapel in 1722.<ref name=SIPA/> |
||
The main organ was expanded in 1743, as a prelude to the execution of an new organ on 30 April 1767 by Francisco António Solha, which included gilding and the import of various mechanisms (at the total cost of 900$000 [[Portuguese real|réis]], not including 135$000 réis pipes |
The main organ was expanded in 1743, as a prelude to the execution of an new organ on 30 April 1767 by Francisco António Solha, which included gilding and the import of various mechanisms (at the total cost of 900$000 [[Portuguese real|réis]], not including 135$000 réis pipes.<ref name=SIPA/> In successive years, the organ would be renovated: first in 1786, then 1801, before the pipes were stolen in the 20th century. Between 1770-1773, the [[retable]] was completed by friar José de Santo António Ferreira Vilaça, who also designed, the flourishments along the choir, the rosewood [[pew]]s and the four chapels. Friar José later completed two lateral retables between 1774-1777, while two other retables were completed after him (1777-1780) by José Vilaça. Ironically, by 1785, the church and monastery was practically painted.<ref name=SIPA/> |
||
Between 1770-1773, the [[retable]] was completed by friar [[José de Santo António Ferreira Vilaça]], who also designed, the flourishments along the choir, the rosewood [[pew]]s and the four chapels. Friar José later completed two lateral retables between 1774-1777, while two other retables were completed after him (1777-1780) by José Vilaça. Ironically, by 1785, the church and monastery was practically painted. |
|||
After the 19th century, the church and monastery were progressively falling into ruin, after the Benedictine monks were explused in 1834, and a significant part of the altar and construction stone were removed to support other projects within the region. |
After the 19th century, the church and monastery were progressively falling into ruin, after the Benedictine monks were explused in 1834, and a significant part of the altar and construction stone were removed to support other projects within the region.<ref name=SIPA/> |
||
Since 1910, the monastery has been considered a National Monument. In January 1997, the Ministery of Culture ({{lang-pt|Ministério da Cultura}}) purchases the building and one of the parcels around the monastery (the consisted of a house and three lots). |
Since 1910, the monastery has been considered a National Monument. In January 1997, the Ministery of Culture ({{lang-pt|Ministério da Cultura}}) purchases the building and one of the parcels around the monastery (the consisted of a house and three lots).<ref name=SIPA/> |
||
Throughout the [[Estado Novo]] regime the monastery was recovered in tiles, first beginning in 1958, then in 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1969, which also included renovations to: the [[copula]], the lateral naves, the vaulted ceilings, and cloisters, in addition to the renovation of the bell-towers and sacristy (which was in fear of collapse).<ref name=SIPA/> Similar public works were undertaken under the democratic government after the [[Carnation Revolution]]. These repairs included projects to protect and renovate the damage caused by water drainage (1987), recuperation of the principal façades of the church and monastery, the high-choir, bell-towers and restoration of the first-floor oratory of the monastic residences, in addition to archaeological projects in 1997-1999.<ref name=SIPA/> |
|||
==Architecture== |
|||
The monastery and church of Santa Maria is located in a central part of the parish of [[Pombeiro de Ribavizela]], implanted in a small, isolated valley characterized by small fields under cultivation or agricultural use. It is situated east of the main village of Pombeiro de Ribavizela, along ''Lugar do Mosteiro'' or the ''Estrada Municipal 1160''.<ref name=SIPA/> |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
Revision as of 16:47, 2 September 2011
Template:Geobox The Monastery of Pombeiro (Mosteiro de Pombeiro) is a monastery in the civil parish of Pombeiro de Ribavizela, in the municipality of Felgueiras (district in Porto), in the northern region of Portugal.
History
The first reference to a monastery or religious institution came from a papel brief to Pope Leo IV (in 853).[1] Its founding would not occur until 13 July 1059 by Dom Gomes Aciegas, and completed 1102; the remains of this original construction are two small chapels (below the main altar), the mail entrance door and the four fortified arches.[1] It is still unclear on the precise period that monastery and church was founded. Ferdinand of Castile granted the proprietoriship of the convent to his nephew D. Gomes de Cela Nova (progenitor of the Sousa family).[1] From the Sousas, the monastery passed to the Melos and Sampaios (later under the protection of the Barbosa clan until the 11th century), represented by the Baron of Pombeiro de Ribavizela.[1] At the time the abbot of Pombeiro functioned as the head almoner for the Kingdom, when the King travelled north of the Douro and ombudsman of the Count of Pombeiro.[1]
In 1112, under Queen Teresa, the monastery was off-limits to most of its citizens, including the church.[1] Afonso Henriques provided privileges and patronage in 1155 to the monastery and its prelate Gonçalo de Sousa. The abbot (Gonçalo de Sousa) would initiate remodelling and renovations in 1199.[1] The monastery continued to be favoured by the monarchy, and throughout the 12th century a number of reliquaries were deposited in the altars of the Church.[1]
In 1234, the monastery traded lands with the Monastery of São Miguel de Refojos de Basto, in Cabeceiras de Basto.[1] During this time, new renovations were made to the eastern portico and rose-window, with assistance from the patronage of the Sousa family, who also selected the porch for their burial tombs: on 10 March 1242, Vasco Mendes de Sousa (son of Conde Mendo de Sousa and Maria Rodrigues) was buried in this tomb.[1]
By 1272, a second generation of public works were completed in the Church façade, under the direction of D. Rodrigo.[1]
In the second-half of the 16th century, the abbot António de Mello order the execution of improvements to the church.[1]
By 1578, the monastery's porch continued to exist, but now badly damaged, and as friar João de S. Tomás later noted: "there were, by order, coats-or-arms erected to identify tje anciente nobility there buried, that there would serve as judge".[2][1] On the 6 March 1586, the monastery's rich patrimony was taken by King Philip II of Spain and transferred to the Monastery of the Jeronimos.[1] But, this did not limit the growth of the church and monastery, as major projects continued between the 16th and 18th century, with Jerónimo Luís being the principal contractor in 1600 constructing the two exterior towers.[1]
One of the wings of the cloister were completed in 1702 (from descriptions made by Craesbeeck in 1725). It was followed in 1719 by the construction of the new choir in the principal wall, the displacement of the rose window from the portico to the bell towers. Continued remodelling in 1722 caused the destruction of the Romanesque main chapel in 1722.[1]
The main organ was expanded in 1743, as a prelude to the execution of an new organ on 30 April 1767 by Francisco António Solha, which included gilding and the import of various mechanisms (at the total cost of 900$000 réis, not including 135$000 réis pipes.[1] In successive years, the organ would be renovated: first in 1786, then 1801, before the pipes were stolen in the 20th century. Between 1770-1773, the retable was completed by friar José de Santo António Ferreira Vilaça, who also designed, the flourishments along the choir, the rosewood pews and the four chapels. Friar José later completed two lateral retables between 1774-1777, while two other retables were completed after him (1777-1780) by José Vilaça. Ironically, by 1785, the church and monastery was practically painted.[1]
After the 19th century, the church and monastery were progressively falling into ruin, after the Benedictine monks were explused in 1834, and a significant part of the altar and construction stone were removed to support other projects within the region.[1]
Since 1910, the monastery has been considered a National Monument. In January 1997, the Ministery of Culture (Template:Lang-pt) purchases the building and one of the parcels around the monastery (the consisted of a house and three lots).[1]
Throughout the Estado Novo regime the monastery was recovered in tiles, first beginning in 1958, then in 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1969, which also included renovations to: the copula, the lateral naves, the vaulted ceilings, and cloisters, in addition to the renovation of the bell-towers and sacristy (which was in fear of collapse).[1] Similar public works were undertaken under the democratic government after the Carnation Revolution. These repairs included projects to protect and renovate the damage caused by water drainage (1987), recuperation of the principal façades of the church and monastery, the high-choir, bell-towers and restoration of the first-floor oratory of the monastic residences, in addition to archaeological projects in 1997-1999.[1]
Architecture
The monastery and church of Santa Maria is located in a central part of the parish of Pombeiro de Ribavizela, implanted in a small, isolated valley characterized by small fields under cultivation or agricultural use. It is situated east of the main village of Pombeiro de Ribavizela, along Lugar do Mosteiro or the Estrada Municipal 1160.[1]
References
- Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Avellar, Filipa (2004). SIPA (ed.). "Mosteiro de Pombeiro / Igreja do Mosteiro de Santa Maria de Pombeiro" (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico.
- ^ João de São Tomas (1644–51), Benedictina Lusitana, vol. II, p. 77
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
- Sources
- Almeida, José António Ferreira de (1980), "Tesouros Artísticos de Portugal", Selecções do Reader's Digest, Lisbon, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Almeida, Carlos Alberto Ferreira de, "Geografia da Arquitectura Românica", História da Arte em Portugal, vol. 3, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 50–131
- Mattoso, José (1986), Identificação de um País - ensaio sobre as origens de Portugal 1096-1325, vol. I, Libson, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Gil, Júlio; Cabrita, Augusto (1988), As Mais Belas Igrejas de Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal: Verbo
- Valença, Manuel (1990), A Arte Organística em Portugal, vol. II, Braga, Portugal
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Alves, Natália Marinho Ferreira (1991), "De arquitecto a entalhador. Itinerário de um artista nos séculos XVII e XVIII", Actas do I Congresso Internacional do Barroco, vol. I, Porto, Portugal, pp. 355–369
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)