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Fishing techniques#Hand-gathering

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+#REDIRECT [[Fishing techniques#Hand-gathering]]
-{{Short description|Fishing technique}}
-{{Multiple issues|
+{{Rcat shell|
-{{Essay-like|date=January 2020}}
+{{R to related topic}}
-{{Notability|date=March 2021}}
 }}
-[[File:Clam digging in Haneda 1937.jpg|thumb|Clam digging in [[Haneda]], 1937]]
-[[File:Nuns clamming - Toni Frissell LC-F9-04-5709-012-17.jpg|thumb| [[Nun]]s clam digging on Long Island, photographed by [[Toni Frissell]] (September 1957)]]
-'''Gathering seafood by hand''' can be as easy as picking [[shellfish]] or [[kelp]] up off the [[beach]], or doing some digging for [[clam]]s or [[crab]]s, or perhaps diving under the water for [[abalone]] or [[lobster]]s.
-Shellfish can be collected from [[intertidal]] areas using a spade or rake and put through a sieve to extract the ones of marketable size.
-Seafood can be found in [[coast|coastal zone]]s as well as rivers and lakes around the world. Seafood suitable for gathering by hand includes [[Aquatic animal|aquatic]] [[invertebrate]]s such as [[mollusc]]s, [[crustacean]]s, and [[echinoderm]]s, as well as [[aquatic plants]]. Some molluscs (shellfish) commonly gathered are [[oyster]]s, [[clam]]s, [[scallop]]s, and [[Cockle (bivalve)|cockle]]s. Some crustaceans commonly gathered are lobster, crayfish, and crabs. A common plant gathered is [[kelp]]. Echinoderms are not gathered as much as mollusks and crustaceans. In Asia, [[Sea cucumber (food)|sea cucumber]]s and [[sea urchin]]s are gathered. In parts of the [[United States]], mainly the [[Southern United States|South]], [[catfish]], primarily of the [[Flathead catfish|flathead]] species, are occasionally caught by hand in a technique most often known as [[noodling]].
-Very little or no specialized equipment is required to gather many of these sea foods.  Evidence for shellfish consumption in [[prehistory]] should be apparent, since the discarded shell can remain for long periods. In fact, the earliest evidence for shellfish consumption dates to a 300,000-year-old site in [[France]] called [[Terra Amata (archaeological site)|Terra Amata]]. This is a [[hominid]] site, as modern ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' did not appear until around 50,000 years ago.<ref name="Szabo">Szabo</ref> The importance of shellfish in prehistoric diet has been the source of much debate in [[archaeology]]. Sometimes they are referred to as a [[famine food]] and their [[nutritional value]] is played down at the expense of terrestrial or non-marine food sources.<ref name="Szabo"/>
-Some shellfish are gathered by diving. [[Pearl diving]] is the practice of hunting for oysters by [[free-diving]] to depths to 30 m. Abalone are also gathered by diving. Divers can also catch lobsters by hand.
-==See also==
-* [[2004 Morecambe Bay cockling disaster]]
-* [[Clam digging]]
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-==Further reading==
-{{Refbegin}}
-* Claassen, C. 1998. ''Shells.'' Cambridge University Press (Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology Series)
-* Reaske, Christopher R (1986)''Complete Clammer: Clams, Mussels, Oysters, Scallops - An Enthusiast's Guide to Gathering and Preparation.'' Lyons Books. {{ISBN|978-0-941130-11-0}}
-* Schiffer (ed.) ''Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 10''. New York: Academic Press.
-* Szabo, Katherine [http://www.manandmollusc.net/history_food.html ''Prehistoric Shellfish gathering.'']
-* Waselkov, G.A. 1987. ''Shellfish Gathering and Shell Midden Archaeology.'' In M.J.
-==External links==
-{{commons category-inline}}
-{{Refend}}
-{{commercial molluscs}}
-{{Edible molluscs}}
-{{Fishing tackle|expanded=techniques}}
-{{Fisheries and fishing}}
-{{Authority control}}
-[[Category:Fishing techniques and methods]]