Shutrukid dynasty

Shutrukid dynasty
Shutrukid dynasty
	Map of the territory of Elam.
Parent family	Igihalkid dynasty
Country	Elam
Current region	Western Iran
Place of origin	Asia
Founded	c. 1200 BC
Founder	Shutruk-Nakhunte I
Final ruler	Shutur-Nahhunte I
Historic seat	Susa
Connected families	Humban-Tahrid dynasty
Traditions	Elamite religion
Dissolution	c. 970 BC
Deposition	c. 1115 BC
Cadet branches	Elamite dynasty

The Shutrukid dynasty (c. 1200 – c. 1100 BC) was a dynasty of the Elamite empire, in modern Iran. Under the Shutrukids, Elam reached a height in power.^[1]

History

Shutruk-Nakhkhunte was the founder of this dynasty. He took as wife a Babylonian princess, the eldest daughter of Melishihu of Babylon.^[2] Shutruk-Nakhkhunte and his three sons, Kutir-Nakhkhunte II, Shilhak-In-Shushinak, and Khutelutush-In-Shushinak were capable of frequent military campaigns into Kassite Babylonia (which was also being ravaged by the empire of Assyria during this period), and at the same time were exhibiting vigorous construction activity—building and restoring luxurious temples in Susa and across their Empire.^[1] Shutruk-Nakhkhunte raided Babylonia, carrying home to Susa trophies like the statues of Marduk and Manishtushu, the Manishtushu Obelisk, the Stele of Hammurabi and the stele of Naram-Sin.^[1] With these trophies, he attempted to give a new aura to Elam, as the conqueror of Babylonia.^[1] Shutruk-Nakhunte added his own inscription on the stele of Naram-Sin:

Inscription of Shutruk-Nahhunte in Elamite on the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin.
"I am Shutruk-Nahhunte, son of Hallutush-Inshushinak, beloved servant of the god Inshushinak, king of Anshan and Susa, who has enlarged the kingdom, who takes care of the lands of Elam, the lord of the land of Elam. When the god Inshushinak gave me the order, I defeated Sippar. I took the stele of Naram-Sin and carried it off, bringing it to the land of Elam. For Inshushinak, my god, I set it as an offering."
— Elamite inscription of Shutruk-Nahhunte on the victory stele of Naram-Sin.^[3]

In 1158 BC, after much of Babylonia had been annexed by Ashur-Dan I of Assyria and Shutruk-Nakhkhunte, the Elamites defeated permanently the Kassites, a dynasty which had ruled Mesopotamia for four centuries.^[1]^[4] They killed the Kassite king of Babylon, Zababa-shuma-iddin, and replaced him with Shutruk-Nakhkhunte's eldest son, Kutir-Nakhkhunte, who held it no more than three years before being ejected by the native Akkadian speaking Babylonians. The Elamites then briefly came into conflict with Assyria, managing to take the Assyrian city of Arrapha (modern Kirkuk) before being ultimately defeated and having a treaty forced upon them by Ashur-Dan I.

Kutir-Nakhkhunte's son Khutelutush-In-Shushinak was defeated by Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon, who sacked Susa and returned the statue of Marduk, but who was then himself defeated by the Assyrian king Ashur-resh-ishi I. He fled to Anshan, but later returned to Susa, and his brother Shilhana-Hamru-Lagamar may have succeeded him as last king of the Shutrukid dynasty. Following Khutelutush-In-Shushinak, the power of the Elamite empire began to wane, for after the death of this ruler, Elam disappears into obscurity for more than three centuries.

List of rulers

The following list should not be considered complete:

#	Name	Succession	Title	Approx. dates	Notes
Middle Elamite II period (c. 1400 – c. 1200 BC)
Shutrukid dynasty (c. 1200 – c. 970 BC)^[5]
1st	Hallutush-Inshushinak	Unclear succession	King of Anshan and Susa	Uncertain, fl. c. 1217 – c. 1184 BC
2nd	Shutruk-Nakhunte I	Eponymous founder of the Shutrukid dynasty Son of Hallutush-Inshushinak Son-in-law of Melishihu of Babylon^[2]	King of Anshan and Susa Sovereign of the land of Elam Lord of the land of Elam	Uncertain, r. c. 1184 – c. 1155 BC	temp. of: Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin
3rd	Kutir-Nahhunte II	Son of Shutruk-Nahhunte I	King of Anshan and Susa King of Elam King of Babylon	Uncertain, r. c. 1155 – c. 1150 BC	temp. of: Enlil-nadin-ahi
4th	Shilhak-Inshushinak I	Son of Shutruk-Nahhunte I	King of Anshan and Susa King of Elam	Uncertain, r. c. 1150 – c. 1120 BC (30 years)	temp. of: Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu
5th	Hutelutush-Inshushinak	Son of Kutir-Nahhunte II	King of Anshan and Susa King of Elam King of Elam and Susiana	Uncertain, r. c. 1120 – c. 1100 BC	temp. of: Nebuchadnezzar I
Neo-Elamite I period (c. 1100 – c. 770 BC)
6th	Shilhina-Hamru-Lakamar	Son of Shilhak-Inshushinak I	King of Anshan and Susa King of Elam	Uncertain, fl. c. 1115 – c. 980 BC
Elamite dynasty of Babylonia (c. 980 – c. 975 BC)
7th	Mar-biti-apla-usur	Unclear succession	King of Babylon Son of Elam	Uncertain, r. c. 980 – c. 975 BC (6 years)	temp. of: Ashur-resh-ishi II
Elamite Dark Ages (c. 975 – c. 770 BC)
8th	Akshir-Shimut	Unclear succession	King of Anshan and Susa	Uncertain, fl. c. 1110 – c. 975 BC
9th	Akshir-Nahhunte	Unclear succession	King of Anshan and Susa	Uncertain, fl. c. 1100 – c. 970 BC
10th	Kara-Indash	Unclear succession	King of Elam	Uncertain, fl. c. 1070 – c. 830 BC
Neo-Elamite II period (c. 770 – c. 688 BC)
Humban-Tahrid dynasty (c. 830 – c. 688 BC)
11th	Unknown	Unclear succession	King of Anshan and Susa	Uncertain, fl. c. 821 BC	temp. of: Shamshi-Adad V
12th	Humban-Numena II	Unclear succession	King of Elam	Uncertain, fl. c. 1100 – c. 821 BC
13th	Shutruk-Nahhunte II	Son of Humban-Numena II	King of Elam	Uncertain, fl. c. 1070 – c. 770 BC
14th	Shutur-Nahhunte I	Son of Humban-Numena II	King of Anshan and Susa	Uncertain, fl. c. 1050 – c. 760 BC

Gallery

References

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1992. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-87099-651-1.
^ ^a ^b Potts, D. T. (April 2006). "Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 65 (2). University of Chicago Press: 111–119. doi:10.1086/504986.
^ Mieroop, Marc Van De (2015). A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC. John Wiley & Sons. p. 199. ISBN 9781118718230.
^ Álvarez-Mon, Javier (31 March 2020). The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC. Routledge. p. 434. ISBN 978-1-000-03485-1.
^ Cameron, 1936; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997; Vallat, "Elam ...", 1998.

Bibliography

Quintana Cifuentes, E., "Historia de Elam el vecino mesopotámico", Murcia, 1997. Estudios Orientales. IPOA-Murcia.
Quintana Cifuentes, E., "Textos y Fuentes para el estudio del Elam", Murcia, 2000. Estudios Orientales. IPOA-Murcia.
Quintana Cifuentes, E., La Lengua Elamita (Irán pre-persa), Madrid, 2010. Gram Ediciones. ISBN 978-84-88519-17-7
Khačikjan, Margaret: The Elamite Language, Documenta Asiana IV, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per gli Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici, 1998 ISBN 88-87345-01-5
Persians: Masters of Empire, Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia (1995) ISBN 0-8094-9104-4
Pittman, Holly (1984). Art of the Bronze Age: southeastern Iran, western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780870993657.
D. T. Potts, "Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf",Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 111–119, (April 2006)
McAlpin, David W., Proto Elamo Dravidian: The Evidence and Its Implications, American Philosophy Society (1981) ISBN 0-87169-713-0
Vallat, François. 2010. "The History of Elam". The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies (CAIS)
Álvarez-Mon, Javier; Basello, Gian Pietro; Wicks, Yasmina, eds. (2018). The Elamite World. Routledge Worlds. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-99989-3.
Cameron, G. (1936). History of Early Iran (Thesis). United States: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780608165332.
Ir, E (2015). "SUSA". Encyclopædia Iranica.
Hansman, J. (1985). "Anshan". Encyclopædia Iranica. 1. Vol. II. pp. 103–107.
Hinz, W. (1972). Written at United Kingdom. The Lost World of Elam: Re-creation of a Vanished Civilization. Translated by Barnes, J. University of California: Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 9780283978630.
Leick, G. (2001). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Who's Who series. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415132312.
Majidzadeh, Y. (1991). تاريخ و تمدن ايلام [History and civilization of Elam] (in Persian). Iran: University of Tehran Press.
Majidzadeh, Y. (1997). تاريخ و تمدن بين النهرين [History and civilization of Mesopotamia] (in Persian). Vol. 1. Iran: University of Tehran Press. ISBN 9789640108413.
Potts, Daniel T. (2016) [1999]. The archaeology of Elam: formation and transformation of an ancient Iranian State (1st ed.). Cambridge, UK; New York, US: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521563581.
Vallat, F. (1998). "ELAM i. The history of Elam". Encyclopædia Iranica. 3. Vol. VIII. pp. 301–313.

External links

Dahl, J. (2012-07-24). "Rulers of Elam". cdliwiki: Educational pages of the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI).
Kessler, P. (2021). "Kingdoms of Iran - Elam / Haltamtu / Susiana". The History Files. Kessler Associates.

[RCS122-1] The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1992. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-87099-651-1.

[Potts-2] Potts, D. T. (April 2006). "Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 65 (2). University of Chicago Press: 111–119. doi:10.1086/504986.

[MM-3] Mieroop, Marc Van De (2015). A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC. John Wiley & Sons. p. 199. ISBN 9781118718230.

[4] Álvarez-Mon, Javier (31 March 2020). The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC. Routledge. p. 434. ISBN 978-1-000-03485-1.

[CameronHinz-5] Cameron, 1936; The Cambridge History of Iran; Hinz, 1972; The Cambridge Ancient History; Majidzadeh, 1991; Majidzadeh, 1997; Vallat, "Elam ...", 1998.

[6] Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

[7] Hallo, W.; Simpson, W. (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.

[8] "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.

[9] Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2.

[10] Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7.

[SKL-11] Per Sumerian King List

[12] Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.

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