Schrat

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Schrat as Carnival costume.

The Schrat or Schratt, also Schraz [1] or Waldschrat (forest Schrat),[2] is a rather diverse German and Slavic legendary creature with aspects of either a wood sprite, domestic sprite and a nightmare demon.[1]

Etymology[edit]

The word Schrat originates in the same Germanic word root as Old Norse skrati, skratti (sorcerer, giant), Icelandic skratti (devil) and vatnskratti (water sprite), Swedish skratte (fool, sorcerer, devil), and English scrat (devil).[3]

The German term entered Slavic languages and (via North Germanic languages) Finno-Ugric ones as well. Examples are Polish skrzat, skrzot (domestic sprite, dwarf), Czech škrat, škrátek, škrítek (domestic sprite, gold bringing devil), Slovene škrat, škratek, škratelj (domestic sprite, mining sprite), and škratec (whirlwind, Polish plait) as well as Estonian krat (domestic sprite, Drak).[4]

Medieval attestations[edit]

The Schrat is first attested in Medieval sources. Old High German sources have scrato,[5] scrat,[2] scraz, scraaz, skrez,[1] screiz, waltscrate (walt = forest), screzzolscratto, sklezzo, slezzo, and sletto (pl. scrazza, screzza, screza, waltscraze, waltsraze).[3]

Middle High German sources give the forms schrat, schrate,[5] waltschrate,[3] waltschrat,[2] schretel, schretelîn,[1] schretlin,[2] schretlein,[6] schraz, schrawaz, schreczl,[1] schreczlein,[6] schreczlîn [1] or schreczlin,[6] and waltscherekken (forest terror; also the pl. schletzen).[3]

In Old High German sources, the word is used to translate the Latin terms referring to wood sprites and nightmare demons, such as pilosi (hairy sprites), fauni (fauns), satiri, (satyrs), silvestres homines (forest humans), incubus, incubator, and larva (spirit of the dead).[7] Accordingly, the earliest known Schrat was likely a furry or hairy fiend[5] or an anthropomorphic or theriomorphic spirit dwelling in the woods and causing nightmares.[8]

Middle High German sources continue to translate satyrus and incubus as Schrat, indicating it as a wood sprite and nightmare demon, but further use the term to translate penates too, denoting the Schrat as domestic sprite.[6]

Wood sprite[edit]

The Waldschrat is a solitary wood sprite looking scraggily, shaggily, partially like an animal, with eyebrows grown together, and wolf teeth in its mouth.[2]

The Austrian Schrat or Waldkobold (pl. Schratln) looks like described above, is small and usually solitary. The Schratln lovfe the deep, dark forest and will move away if the forest is logged. The Schrat likes to play malicious pranks and tease evilly. If offended, it breaks the woodcutters' axes in two and lets trees fall in the wrong direction.[9]

In the Swiss valley Muotatal, before 1638 there was an Epiphany procession called Greifflete associated with two female wood sprites, Strudeli and Strätteli, the latter being a derivative of Schrat.[5]

Nightmare demon[edit]

In Southern Germany and Switzerland, especially in regions with Alemannic dialect, the Schrat is rather an Alp, a nightmare demon.[10] As such it is rather known under diminutive names such as Schrätlein, Schrättlein,[1] Schrättele,[10] Schrätele, Schrätel, Schrattl, Schrattel,Schratel, Schrättlig,[10] Schrättling,[1] Schrattele, Schrettele,[11] Schrötele, Schröttele, Schröttlich, Schreitel,[1]Schrätzel,[10] Schrätzlein,[1] Schrecksel,[10] Schrecksele[1] and Schreckle[10] (corrupted forms based on German Schreck = fear or fright), Scherzel (a corrupted form reminiscent of German Scherz = jest), Schrätzmännel (sg., pl.; ‚Schrat manikin), Strädel,[10] Schlaarzla, Schrähelein,[1] Rettele, Rätzel, Ritzel,[10] Letzel, and Letzekäppel (Käppel = little cap),[1] Drückerle (presser), and Nachtmännle (night manikin).[11] In Baden, the Schrättele enters by crawling through the keyhole and sits on the sleeper's chest.[12] It enters and exits through the keyhole in Swabia as well.[11] It can also enter through the window as a black hen.[13]

Often, the nightmare demon Schrat is in truth a living human. This Schrättlich or Schrätelhexe (Schrat witch) can easily be identified due to their characteristic of eyebrows grown together, the so-called Räzel.[14]

In Swabia, the Schratt is a woman suffering from an hereditary ailment known as schrättleweis gehen or Schrattweisgehen (both: going in the manner of a Schrat) which is an affliction usually inherited from one's mother. The afflicted person will have to step out every night at midnight, i.e. the body will lie around as if dead but the soul will have left it in the shape of a white mouse. The Schratt is impelled to "press" (German drücken) something or someone, be it human, cattle, or tree. The nightly Drücken is very exhausting, making the Schratt ill. Only one thing can free the Schratt from her condition. She must be allowed to press the best horse in the stable to death.[15]

According to other Swabian belief, the nightmare-bringing Schrat is a child died unbaptized. In Baden, it is a deceased relative of the nightmare victim.[16]

In Tyrol, however, it is believed that the Trud is the nightmare demon of humans while the Schrattl or Schrattel torments the cattle.[17]

In Switzerland, the Schrättlig sucks the udders of cows and goats dry and makes horses become schretig, i.e. fall ill.[18] In Swabia, the Schrettele also sucks human breasts and animal udders until they swell, tangles horse manes, and makes Polish plaits.[11] In Austria, The Schrat tangles horse tails and dishevels horse manes.[19]

The Schrat is further known to cause illnesses by shooting arrows. Its arrow is the belemnite (called Schrattenstein, Schrat stone) which is also used to ward it off.[20] Beside the Schrattenstein, it also fears the pentagram (called Schrattlesfuß, Schrat foot in Swabia) and stones of the same name with dinosaur footprints.[11] The Schrätteli can be exterminated by burning the bone whose appearance it takes when morning comes.[21] The same is true for burning the straw caught at night, for in the morning it will become a woman covered with burns and never return again. If it is cut with a Schreckselesmesser (Schrat knife), a knife with three crosses on its blade, the Schrettele will also never return ägain.[22] The Schrat can further be kept out of stables by placing a Schratlgatter (Schrat fence) above the stable door. This is an object made from five kinds of wood looking like an H written inside an X. A convex mirror called Schratspiegel (Schrat mirror) also works the same way.[19]

Domestic sprite[edit]

In Southeastern Germany and Austria, the Schrat is still more akin to a domestic Kobold, only occasionally appearing as an incubus.[23] The Schrat as domestic sprite is particularly known in Bavaria, the Vogtland, Upper Palatinate, the Fichtel Mountains, Styria, and Carinthia.[6]

In Styria and Carinthia, the Schratl dwells inside the stove, expecting to be given millet gruel for its services.[24] In Styria, this stove or oven (called Schratlofen; Schrat stove) might also be a solitary rock formation or rock hole rather than a true stove.[25] In Carinthia, the Schratl can be intentionally driven away by gifting it clothes.[26]

According to belief from the 15th century, every house has a schreczlein which, if honored by the inhabitants of the house, gives its human owners property and honor.[6] Accordingly, the schretlein or trut (i.e. Trud) was gifted little red shoes which was a sin according to Medieval clergy.[27]

In Carinthia, the Schratelmannel (Schrat manikin) knocks in the bedroom walls at night like a Kobold or rather poltergeist.[20]

Also in Carinthia, the Schratt appears as the play of the sun rays on the wall, as a blue flamelet, or as a red face looking out of the cellar window.[6] When summoned, it sits down on the doorstep.[28]

Animal forms[edit]

The Schretel takes on the appearance of a butterfly in Tyrol and the Sarganserland of the Canton of St. Gallen, in the latter also of a magpie, fox, or black cat.[29] Near Radenstein in Carinthia, the caterpillar is called and thus identified as Schratel.[30] The butterfly is sometimes called schrätteli, schrâtl, schràttele or schrèttele and accordingly identified[31] with the nightmare demon Schrätteli.[32]

Dwarf[edit]

The Alsatian Schrätzmännel also appear as dwarves (German Zwerge, sg. Zwerg) dwelling in caves in the woods and mountains.[6]

The same is true for the Razeln or Schrazeln in Upper Palatinate, whose cave dwellings are known as Razellöcher (Schrat holes).[6] Other names for them are Razen, Schrazen, Strazeln, Straseln, and Schraseln. They dwell in the mountains and help the humans with their work, acting as domestic sprites. This they do at night, for they dislike to be seen. They only enter the homes of good people and bring good fortune upon them, expecting but the food left over on the dishes as their payment. Any other form of gratitude, especially gifts, will drive them away instead, for they will think their service has been terminated, and they will leave with tears. First they wort, then they eat, and after that they go into the baking oven for dancing and threshing. Ten pairs or at least twelve Razen are said to fit inside an oven for threshing.[33]

Connections with the devil, witches, and deceased souls[edit]

A red secretion left behind at trees by butterflies is said to be the blood of the Schrätlein or Schretlein who are wounded and chased by the devil (German Teufel).[34][31] Conversely, the Schrat can also be identified as the devil itself.[16]

Schrättlig is a synonym for witch (German Hexe).[35] In Tyrol and the Sarganserland, the Schrättlig also is thought to be the soul of a deceased evildoer living among people as an ordinary human, particularly an old woman. It is able to take on animal appearance, and often harms humans, animals and plants, further causes storm and tempest, but can also become a luck-bringing domestic sprite identified with lares and penates.[36]

The Schrat might also show behavior similar to the devil or witches. In Carinthia, whenever somebody wants to hang oneself, then a Schratt will come and nod in approval.[37] The Schrat travels in the whirlwind as well, hence the whirlwind is known as Schretel or schrádl in Bavaria and the Burgenland respectively.[38]

In Bavaria, and Tyrol, the souls of unbaptized children forming the retinue of Stempe (i.e. Perchta) are called Schrätlein. Like Perchta, the schretelen were offered food on Epiphany Day in 15th century Bavaria.[39]

In Yiddish Folklore[edit]

Shretele[edit]

Among the Yiddish-speaking Jews of Eastern Europe, there is belief in the shrettele[40] (pl. shretelekh[41]) which they might have brought with them when they came from Alsace and Southern Germany.[40]

The shretele is very kind.[40] It is described as a small elflike creature, more specifically a tiny, handsome, raggedly dressed little man. Shretelekh can be found in human homes where they like to help out, e.g. by completing shoes overnight in a shoemaker's home. If given tiny suits in gratitude, they will stop working and sing that they look too glorious for work, dancing out of the house but leaving good fortune behind.[42]

The shretele might also stretch out a tiny hand from the chimney corner, asking for food. If given e.g. some crackling, it will make the kitchen work successful. For example, if pouring goose fat from a frying pan into containers, one might be able to do so for hours, filling all containers in the house without emptying the pan – until someone cusses about this. Cussing will drive the shretele away.[43]

The shretele might also dwell under the bed. From there it might come out to rock the baby's cradle, give the baby a light slap to make it stop crying, or nip from a brandy bottle. A bottle from which a shretele has sipped will always remain full no matter how much is poured out.[44]

Kapelyushnikl[edit]

In Yiddish folklore, the function of the nightmare demon belongs to another kind of legendary creature, the kapelyushnikl (Polish for hat maker;[40] pl. kapelyushniklekh [45]) is a hat-wearing little being bent on pestering and teasing horses. It can only be found in Slavic countries and might even be an original East European Jewish creation.[40]

The kapelyushniklekh can appear as a male and female pair of tiny beings wearing little caps, the woman also having braided hair tied with pretty ribbons.[45]

They love to ride horses all night, many kapelyushniklekh sitting on one horse, rendering the animal exhausted and sweating. Kapelyushniklekh prefer gray horses in particular. If one manages to snatch a cap from a kapelyushnikl, they will be driven away for good. Only the one who lost its cap will return promising a great deal of gold which, seen at daylight, will turn out to be a pile of rocks instead.[46]

They can also milk cows dry at night and steal the milk, but if caught and beaten they promise that, if spared, they will never return and that the amount of milk given by the cows will be double of what it originally used to be, which will come true.[45]

Literature[edit]

  • Bächtold-Stäubli: Knochen. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 5 Knoblauch-Matthias. Berlin 1933. (reprint: Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2000, ISBN 978-3-11-016860-0)
  • Ludwig Bechstein: Deutsches Sagenbuch. Meiningen 1852. (reprint: F. W. Hendel Verlag, Meersburg/Leipzig 1930.)
  • Geramb: Schlüsselloch. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin 1936. (reprint: Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2000, ISBN 978-3-11-016860-0)
  • Jungbauer: Kleid. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 4 Hieb- und stichfest-Knistern. Berlin 1932. (reprint: Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2000, ISBN 978-3-11-016860-0)
  • Jungbauer: Schuh. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin 1936. (reprint: Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2000, ISBN 978-3-11-016860-0)
  • Mengis: rot. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin 1936. (reprint: Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2000, ISBN 978-3-11-016860-0)
  • Mengis: schwarz. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin 1936. (reprint: Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2000, ISBN 978-3-11-016860-0)
  • Meuli: Maske, Maskereien. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 5 Knoblauch-Matthias. Berlin 1933. (reprint: Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2000, ISBN 978-3-11-016860-0)
  • Müller-Bergström: hängen. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 3 Freen-Hexenschuss. Berlin 1931. (reprint: Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2000, ISBN 978-3-11-016860-0)
  • Pehl: Waldgeister. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 9 Waage-Zypresse, Nachträge. Berlin 1941. (reprint: Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2000, ISBN 978-3-11-016860-0)
  • Leander Petzold: Deutsche Volkssagen. Marix Verlag, Wiesbaden 2007, ISBN 978-3-86539-138-4.
  • Reinhard Pohanka: Tatzelwurm und Donauweibchen: Österreichs Naturgeister und Sagengestalten. Amalthea, Vienna 2013, ISBN 978-3-85002-823-3.
  • Ranke: Alp. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 1 Aal-Butzemann. Berlin 1927. (reprint: Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2000, ISBN 978-3-11-016860-0)
  • Ranke: Schrat, Schrättel (Schraz, Schrätzel). In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin 1936. (reprint: Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2000, ISBN 978-3-11-016860-0)
  • Riegler: Raupe. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin 1936. (reprint: Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2000, ISBN 978-3-11-016860-0)
  • Riegler: Schmetterling. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin 1936. (reprint: Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2000, ISBN 978-3-11-016860-0)
  • Franz Xaver Schönwerth: ‚'Sitten und Sagen aus der Oberpfalz: Die drei Bände in einem Buch. Augsburg 1857/58/59. (reprint: Holzinger, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-1-54293-993-5)
  • von Geramb: Ofen. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 6 Mauer-Pflugbrot. Berlin 1935. (reprint: Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2000, ISBN 978-3-11-016860-0)
  • von Geramb: Ofen (Steinklötze, Steinhöhlen). In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 6 Mauer-Pflugbrot. Berlin 1935. (reprint: Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2000, ISBN 978-3-11-016860-0)
  • Beatrice Silverman Weinreich, Leonard Wolf: Yiddish Folktales. Pantheon Books, New York 1997, ISBN 978-0-8052-1090-3
  • Weiser-Aall: Hexe. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 3 Freen-Hexenschuss. Berlin 1931. (reprint: Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2000, ISBN 978-3-11-016860-0)
  • Weiser-Aall: Schwelle. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin 1936. (reprint: Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2000, ISBN 978-3-11-016860-0)

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ranke: Schrat, Schrättel (Schraz, Schrätzel). In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 1285.
  2. ^ a b c d e Pehl: Waldgeister. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 9 Waage-Zypresse, Nachträge. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 60.
  3. ^ a b c d Ranke: Schrat, Schrättel (Schraz, Schrätzel). In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 1286.
  4. ^ Ranke: Schrat, Schrättel (Schraz, Schrätzel). In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 1285 f.
  5. ^ a b c d Meuli: Maske, Maskereien. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 5 Knoblauch-Matthias. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 1794.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ranke: Schrat, Schrättel (Schraz, Schrätzel). In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 1288.
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  8. ^ Ranke: Schrat, Schrättel (Schraz, Schrätzel). In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 1287 f.
  9. ^ Reinhard Pohanka: Tatzelwurm und Donauweibchen: Österreichs Naturgeister und Sagengestalten. Vienna 2013, p. 69 f.
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  11. ^ a b c d e Ludwig Bechstein: Deutsches Sagenbuch. Meersbusch, Leipzig 1930, p. 615.
  12. ^ Geramb: Schlüsselloch. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 1232.
  13. ^ Mengis: schwarz. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 1435.
  14. ^ Ranke: Schrat, Schrättel (Schraz, Schrätzel). In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 1288 f.
  15. ^ Leander Petzold: Deutsche Volkssagen. Wiesbaden 2007, p. 64 f.
  16. ^ a b Ranke: Schrat, Schrättel (Schraz, Schrätzel). In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 1289.
  17. ^ Ranke: Alp. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 1 Aal-Butzemann. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 284.
  18. ^ Meuli: Maske, Maskereien. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 5 Knoblauch-Matthias. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 1806, 1809.
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  21. ^ Bächtold-Stäubli: Knochen. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 5 Knoblauch-Matthias. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 6.
  22. ^ Ludwig Bechstein: Deutsches Sagenbuch. Meersbusch, Leipzig 1930, p. 616.
  23. ^ Ranke: Alp. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 1 Aal-Butzemann. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 283 f.
  24. ^ von Geramb: Ofen. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 6 Mauer-Pflugbrot. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 1188.
  25. ^ von Geramb: Ofen (Steinklötze, Steinhöhlen). In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 6 Mauer-Pflugbrot. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 1199.
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  31. ^ a b Riegler: Schmetterling. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 1245.
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  33. ^ Franz Xaver Schönwerth: Sitten und Sagen aus der Oberpfalz: Die drei Bände in einem Buch. Berlin 2017, p. 430 f.
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  35. ^ Weiser-Aall: Hexe. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 3 Freen-Hexenschuss. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 1917.
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  37. ^ Müller-Bergström: hängen. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 3 Freen-Hexenschuss. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 1444, 1446.
  38. ^ Meuli: Maske, Maskereien. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 5 Knoblauch-Matthias. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 1806.
  39. ^ Meuli: Maske, Maskereien. In: Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer: Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens: Band 5 Knoblauch-Matthias. Berlin/New York 2000, p. 1795.
  40. ^ a b c d e Beatrice Silverman Weinreich, Leonard Wolf: Yiddish Folktales. New York 1997, p. 326.
  41. ^ Beatrice Silverman Weinreich, Leonard Wolf: Yiddish Folktales. New York 1997, p. 329.
  42. ^ Beatrice Silverman Weinreich, Leonard Wolf: Yiddish Folktales. New York 1997, p. 329 f.
  43. ^ Beatrice Silverman Weinreich, Leonard Wolf: Yiddish Folktales. New York 1997, p. 334.
  44. ^ Beatrice Silverman Weinreich, Leonard Wolf: Yiddish Folktales. New York 1997, p. 343.
  45. ^ a b c Beatrice Silverman Weinreich, Leonard Wolf: Yiddish Folktales. New York 1997, p. 333.
  46. ^ Beatrice Silverman Weinreich, Leonard Wolf: Yiddish Folktales. New York 1997, p. 344.
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