Portal:Telephones

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A telephone is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be easily heard directly. A telephone converts sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into electronic signals that are transmitted via cables and other communication channels to another telephone which reproduces the sound to the receiving user. The term is derived from Greek: τῆλε (tēle, far) and φωνή (phōnē, voice), together meaning distant voice. A common short form of the term is phone, which came into use early in the telephone's history. Nowadays, phones are almost always in the form of smartphones or mobile phones, due to technological convergence.

In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a United States patent for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice at a second device. This instrument was further developed by many others, and became rapidly indispensable in business, government, and in households. (Full article...)

A mobile phone (or cellphone) is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area, as opposed to a fixed-location phone (landline phone). The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the switching systems of a mobile phone operator, which provides access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network architecture, and therefore mobile telephones are called cellphones (or "cell phones") in North America. In addition to telephony, digital mobile phones support a variety of other services, such as text messaging, multimedia messaging, email, Internet access (via LTE, 5G NR or Wi-Fi), short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), satellite access (navigation, messaging connectivity), business applications, payments (via NFC), multimedia playback and streaming (radio, television), digital photography, and video games. Mobile phones offering only basic capabilities are known as feature phones (slang: "dumbphones"); mobile phones that offer greatly advanced computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones. (Full article...)

A smartphone (often simply called a phone) is a mobile device that combines the functionality of a traditional mobile phone with advanced computing capabilities. It typically has a touchscreen interface, allowing users to access a wide range of applications and services, such as web browsing, email, and social media, as well as multimedia playback and streaming. Smartphones have built-in cameras, GPS navigation, and support for various communication methods, including voice calls, text messaging, and internet-based messaging apps. (Full article...)

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Fax (short for facsimile), sometimes called telecopying or telefax (short for telefacsimile), is the telephonic transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), normally to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device. The original document is scanned with a fax machine (or a telecopier), which processes the contents (text or images) as a single fixed graphic image, converting it into a bitmap, and then transmitting it through the telephone system in the form of audio-frequency tones. The receiving fax machine interprets the tones and reconstructs the image, printing a paper copy. Early systems used direct conversions of image darkness to audio tone in a continuous or analog manner. Since the 1980s, most machines transmit an audio-encoded digital representation of the page, using data compression to more quickly transmit areas that are all-white or all-black.

Initially a niche product, fax machines became ubiquitous in offices in the 1980s and 1990s. They have gradually been rendered obsolete by Internet-based technologies such as email and the World Wide Web, but are still used in some medical administration and law enforcement settings. (Full article...)

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A modular smartphone is a smartphone designed for users to upgrade or replace components and modules without the need for resoldering or repair services. The most important component is the main board, to which others such as cameras and batteries are attached. Components can be obtained from open-source hardware stores.

This design aims to reduce electronic waste, increase the phone's lifespan, and lower repair costs. However, modular smartphones are generally bulkier and slower than their non-modular counterparts which may make them less attractive for most consumers. (Full article...)

List of phone types
Payphone Courtesy telephone Emergency telephone Secure telephone Smartphone Mobile phone Satellite phone Phablet Car phone Windows Phone Camera phone Feature phone VoIP phone iPhone Tin can telephone Sound-powered telephone Grillo telephone Golden telephone Reis telephone Cordless telephone Shoe phone Field telephone IBM Simon Mobile radio telephone Foldable smartphone Prepaid mobile phone

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RO' SIT

Reorder – intraLATA

VC SIT

Unassigned N11 code, CLASS code or prefix

NC' SIT

No Circuit – intraLATA

IC SIT

Intercept

IO SIT

Ineffective/Other

Future SIT

Future Use (Not Used)

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In telephony, a special information tone (SIT) is an in-band international standard call progress tone consisting of three rising tones indicating a call has failed. It usually precedes a recorded announcement describing the problem. (Full article...)

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The following are images from various telephone-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Typical mobile phone mini-SIM card (from Mobile phone)
Image 2A user consulting a mapping app on a phone (from Smartphone)
Image 3This layout of the camera viewfinder was first introduced by Apple with iOS 7 in 2013. Towards the late 2010s, several other smartphone vendors have ditched their layouts and implemented variations of this layout. (from Smartphone)
Image 4A high-capacity portable battery charger (power bank) (from Smartphone)
Image 5Two decades of evolution of mobile phones, from a 1992 Motorola 8900X-2 to the 2014 iPhone 6 Plus (from Mobile phone)
Image 6A 19th century acoustic tin can or "lovers' telephone" (from History of the telephone)
Image 7Dupuis and Haug during a GSM meeting in Belgium, April 1992 (from Mobile phone)
Image 8"Device options" menu of Samsung Mobile's TouchWiz user interface as of 2013, accessed by holding the power button for a second (from Smartphone)
Image 9The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. In 1983, it became the first commercially available handheld cellular mobile phone. (from Mobile phone)
Image 10Antonio Meucci, 1854, constructed telephone-like devices. (from History of the telephone)
Image 11A New York City driver holding two phones (from Smartphone)
Image 12Inserted memory and SIM cards (from Smartphone)
Image 13Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants. 2014 figure is estimated. (from Mobile phone)
Image 14Tooltip in Kiwi Browser, a Google Chromium derivative, reveals the full URL by hovering over the tab list using the stylus on a Samsung Galaxy Note 4. (from Smartphone)
Image 15Mobile/desktop convergence: the Librem 5 smartphone can be used as a basic desktop computer (from Smartphone)
Image 16The master telephone patent granted to Bell, 174465, March 10, 1876 (from History of the telephone)
Image 17A smartphone displaying the homepage of the English Wikipedia (from Smartphone)
Image 18A Meizu MX4 with Flyme OS (from Smartphone)
Image 19Optical track pad sensor of an HTC Legend, 2010. (from Smartphone)
Image 20Personal Handy-phone System mobiles and modems, 1997–2003 (from Mobile phone)
Image 21Several BlackBerry smartphones, which were highly popular in the mid-late 2000s (from Smartphone)
Image 22A sign in the US restricting cell phone use to certain times of day (no cell phone use between 7:30–9:00 am and 2:00–4:15 pm) (from Mobile phone)
Image 23Active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants (from Mobile phone)
Image 24IBM Simon and charging base (1994) (from Smartphone)
Image 25A Moto G7 Power; its display uses a tall aspect ratio and includes a "notch". (from Smartphone)
Image 26Smartphone with infrared transmitter on top for use as remote control (from Smartphone)
Image 27Top of cellular telephone tower (from History of the telephone)
Image 28Philipp Reis, 1861, constructed the first telephone, today called the Reis telephone. (from History of the telephone)
Image 29A French Gower telephone of 1912 at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris (from History of the telephone)
Image 30Mobile payment system (from Mobile phone)
Image 31Modern Apple iPhone. This phone is considered a smartphone (from History of the telephone)
Image 32Old Receiver schematic, c.1906 (from History of the telephone)
Image 331896 Telephone (Sweden) (from History of the telephone)
Image 34A smartphone touchscreen (from Smartphone)
Image 35E-waste in Agbogbloshie (from Smartphone)
Image 36A sign along Bellaire Boulevard in Southside Place, Texas (Greater Houston) states that using mobile phones while driving is prohibited from 7:30 am to 9:00 am and from 2:00 pm to 4:15 pm. (from Smartphone)
Image 37
Bell prototype telephone stamp
Centennial Issue of 1976
(from History of the telephone)
Image 38Martin Cooper of Motorola, shown here in a 2007 reenactment, made the first publicized handheld mobile phone call on a prototype DynaTAC model on 3 April 1973. (from Mobile phone)
Image 39Mobile payment system. (from Smartphone)
Image 40Actor portraying Alexander Graham Bell in a 1932 silent film. Shows Bell's second telephone transmitter (microphone), invented 1876 and first displayed at the Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia. (from History of the telephone)
Image 41Antonio Meucci's telephone. (from History of the telephone)
Image 42Android smartphones (from Mobile phone)
Image 43Thomas Edison invented the carbon microphone which produced a strong telephone signal. (from History of the telephone)
Image 441917 wall telephone, open to show magneto and local battery (from History of the telephone)
Image 45The original Apple iPhone; following its introduction the common smartphone form factor shifted to large touchscreen software interfaces without physical keypads (from Smartphone)
Image 46Cellular networks work by only reusing radio frequencies (in this example frequencies f1-f4) in non adjacent cells to avoid interference (from Mobile phone)
Image 47A German rotary dial telephone, the W48 (from History of the telephone)
Image 48People using phones while walking (from Mobile phone)
Image 49Historical marker commemorating the first telephone central office in New York State (1878) (from History of the telephone)
Image 50The HTC Desire, a 2010 smartphone with optical trackpad and search button (from Smartphone)
Image 51The back of a Huawei P30. It features three rear-facing camera lenses with Leica optics. (from Smartphone)
Image 52Tivadar Puskás proposed the telephone switchboard exchange in 1876. (from History of the telephone)
Image 53The back of a Nokia 9 PureView. It features a five-lens camera array with Zeiss optics, using a mixture of color and monochrome sensors. (from Smartphone)
Image 54The LG Prada with a large capacitive touchscreen introduced in 2006 (from Smartphone)
Image 55Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the invention of the telephone in 1876. (from History of the telephone)
Image 56Scrapped mobile phones (from Mobile phone)
Image 57Elisha Gray, 1876, designed a telephone using a water microphone in Highland Park, Illinois. (from History of the telephone)
Image 58The Nokia 9110 Communicator, opened for access to keyboard (from Smartphone)
Image 59A Samsung Galaxy S20 Plus, featuring a "hole-punch" camera (from Smartphone)
Image 60A driver using two handheld mobile phones at once (from Mobile phone)
Image 61Private conversation, 1910 (from History of the telephone)
Image 62A text message (SMS) (from Mobile phone)

Selected biography

Hubbard in 1875

Gardiner Greene Hubbard (August 25, 1822 – December 11, 1897) was an American lawyer, financier, and community leader. He was a founder and first president of the National Geographic Society; a founder and the first president of the Bell Telephone Company which later evolved into AT&T, at times the world's largest telephone company; a founder of the journal Science; and an advocate of oral speech education for the deaf.

One of his daughters, Mabel Gardiner Hubbard, married Alexander Graham Bell. (Full article...)

List of selected biographies
Alexander Graham Bell Thomas Edison Innocenzo Manzetti Charles Bourseul Johann Philipp Reis Antonio Meucci Tivadar Puskás Douglas H. Ring W. Rae Young Martin Cooper (inventor) Thomas Cowherd Anthony Pollok Thomas A. Watson Elisha Gray George Sweigert Pat Fleet John Draper

Selected images

Image 1A Northern Electric telephone, model number N415H, circa 1950 (probably)
Image 2Wooden wall telephone with a hand-cranked magneto generator
Image 3Automatic electric Rotary dial telephone
Image 4Track-side emergency brake and emergency telephones at the platform of the metro station Aspern Nord, Donaustadt, Vienna, Austria
Image 5A cordless phone
Image 6A Bell Canada payphone with digital display
Image 7Rotary dial telephone, probably from Belgium; the circuit diagram inside is in Dutch and French
Image 8A Western Electric candlestick phone from the 1920s
Image 9Historical telephone with the German imperial eagle and the heraldic shield of the House of Hohenzollern dynasty; Vollmer's Mill, Seebach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Image 10Android smartphones
Image 11An example of a K6, the most common red telephone box model, photographed in London in 2012
Image 12Emergency telephones, on the Paris-Bordeaux railway line, Saint-Saviol station, Vienne, France
Image 13Apple iPhones
Image 14Push-button telephone
Image 15A Funke + Huster telephone inside the Idrija Mine, Slovenia
Image 16Telephone booth box art outside the Tower of London, 2012
Image 17Mailbox and public telephone in Haßfurt, Germany
Image 18Rotary dial telephone, probably from Belgium; the circuit diagram inside is in Dutch and French
Image 19The AUTOVON was a worldwide American military telephone system that was built starting in 1963.
Image 20Acoustic telephone ad, The Consolidated Telephone Co., Jersey City, New Jersey, 1886
Image 21A police box outside Earl's Court tube station in London, built in 1996 and based on the 1929 Gilbert Mackenzie Trench design
Image 22A historic telephone booth in Skansen, Stockholm
Image 23Photograph of the interior of the Prairie Grove Airlight Outdoor Telephone Booth in Prairie Grove, Arkansas, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places
Image 24Foldable smartphones
Image 25Public telephone, Bucharest, Romania
Image 26An Italian gettone telefonico (telephone token) from 1945, which was used in Italian phone booths
Image 27A traditional North American rotary phone dial. The associative lettering was originally used for dialing named exchanges but was kept because it facilitated memorization of telephone numbers.
Image 28Landline call blocking in use

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v t e Telephony
Types	Landline Cable telephony Mobile phone Satellite phone Photophone
Accessories	Answering machine Caller ID
Connectivity	Cable protection system Communications satellites Fibre-optical Free-space optical ISDN Mobile phone signal POTS PSTN Submarine cables VoIP
Calls	Missed call Misdialed call Nuisance call Phone tag
Applications	Fax transmission Telephone calls Telephone newspapers Théâtrophone Video calls
Telecommunication portal Telephones portal

v t e Emergency telephone numbers
Emergency telephone Harmonised service of social value
000 (Australia) 102 (India) 106 (Australia) 108 (India) 110 (Iran, Japan, China) 111 (New Zealand) 112 (Europe and others, worldwide GSM mobile networks) 119 (parts of Asia and Jamaica) 120 (China) 122 (Austria, Egypt, and Bosnia and Herzegovina) 123 (Colombia, Egypt) 128 (Mercosur member states) 190 (Brazil) 911 (Iraq, North America E-911 system, Philippines) 988 (North America Suicide & Crisis Lifeline) 999 (Bangladesh, UK and others) 1122 (Pakistan)
Telephones portal Telecommunication portal List article Category Wikimedia Commons