Percy Waram

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Percy Waram
Percy Waram in 1947
Born(1880-10-28)28 October 1880
Cornwall, United Kingdom
Died5 October 1961(1961-10-05) (aged 80)
Huntington, New York, U.S.
Resting placeEvergreen Cemetery, Stonington, Connecticut, U.S.
OccupationActor
Years active1899–1957
SpouseLucia Cole
Children2

Percy Thomas Carne Waram (/ˈwærəm/ WAIR-um;[1] 28 October 1880 – 5 October 1961) was a British-born stage and film actor who spent much of his career in the United States. His career lasted 55 years on the American stage, and he had memorable roles in The Shanghai Gesture, Elizabeth the Queen, Mary of Scotland, Pride and Prejudice, and Anne of the Thousand Days. He starred in the Chicago production of Life With Father for three years, setting box office and attendance records, after which he took the production on the road for another 38 weeks. He starred in the Broadway production of The Late George Apley for a year, and then spent another 80 weeks with the show's national tour.

Waram originated the role of Horace Vandergelder in The Merchant of Yonkers, and appeared in an influential if not successful modern dress version of Hamlet.

Waram made only a few films, and had no starring roles, but is best remembered now for his role as General Haynesworth in the film A Face in the Crowd.

Early life[edit]

Percy Thomas Carne Waram was born 28 October 1880 in Cornwall[2] in the United Kingdom to Joseph Carne Waram and his wife, Margaret Frances (née Powrie).[3] His father served in the British Army,[2] and his mother's family was Irish.[4] He was a descendant of Mary Saunderson Betterton (1637–1712), the famed Elizabethan era actress.[1] His great-grandmother was Julia Betterton Glover (1779–1850), the great comic actress of the early 1800s[4] and the first woman to perform in Hamlet.[5] His grandmother and mother were also actresses.[1]

As a child, Waram wanted to join the army like his father had. While on holiday when he was 15 years old,[1] he visited his older sister, who was appearing in the play East Lynne.[2] A member of the cast fell ill,[2] and Waram was cast as a butler in the play. He was immediately recast in the double role of an English nurse (in blonde wig) and French nurse (in black wig).[1] It was his stage debut.[1]

His family's difficult financial condition led him to go to work as an actor.[2] He took a position with the same traveling company in which his sister was an actress, but quit shortly thereafter to join Sir Ben Greet's repertory company.[1] He made his London theatrical debut in 1899.[6] Waram came with the Greet troupe when it traveled to the United States in 1902.[7][8] He made his American stage debut in the play Everyman at the Maryland Theatre in Baltimore, Maryland.[5]

After two years in the United States, Waram returned to the U.K. in 1905 to form his own touring troupe.[2] The company largely performed in rural areas, often appearing in "tough mining towns".[4] While performing in Glasgow, Scotland, an audience member threw a mug of beer at his head, knocking him senseless.[2][4][a] Waram decided to rejoin the Ben Greet company after the incident, and traveled with them to the U.S. again.[2] He traveled back and forth between the United Kingdom and United States, appearing in plays on both side of the Atlantic Ocean. He permanently relocated to the U.S. in 1908.[1]

Stage work[edit]

Early years[edit]

Sir Ben Greet, Waram's influential early employer.

The Greet troupe specialized in presenting plays by William Shakespeare, and Waram appeared in As You Like It,[9] The Merchant of Venice, Macbeth, Julius Caesar,[10] Much Ado About Nothing,[11] A Midsummer Night's Dream,[12] Hamlet,[13] and The Taming of the Shrew.[14] The Greet players occasionally did other plays, and Waram appeared in She Stoops to Conquer in 1908.[15]

Waram sometimes worked for other companies as well. He appeared in the Violet Allen Company's production of Twelfth Night an American tour in 1903,[16] the Frances Delaval Company's production of Her Lost Self at the St. James' Theatre in London in 1906,[17] and performed for the William Faversham Company in 1909.[18]

In 1910, Waram formed a very small troupe under the name "Percy Waram & Co.", and toured the Keith-Albee-Orpheum and Proctor theater circuits in vaudeville in the sketch The Boatswain's Mate (a.k.a. The Bos'n's Mate).[19] W. W. Jacobs and Herbert N. Sargent wrote the sketch specifically for Waram, adapting a short story of the same name by Jacobs.[20] The sketch made its debut at the Montauk Theatre in Passaic, New Jersey,[19] and Waram & Co. performed it until October 1915. Vaudeville proved highly lucrative for him.[21]

Broadway debut and other early stage work[edit]

Waram most likely made his Broadway debut in the 1909 production of The Barber of New Orleans at Daly's Theatre.[22] The following year he appeared in Arthur Conan Doyle's play The Fires of Fate at the Liberty Theatre on Broadway.[23]

After his three years in vaudeville ended, Waram returned to the stage as Captain Smollett[24] in Treasure Island. The play premiered in June 1916 at the Colonial Theatre in Chicago.[25] In October, the production moved to the Punch and Judy Theatre on Broadway,[26] The play was Waram's first hit, running for 331 performances.[27]

Waram returned to Broadway in the Mark Swan play Somebody's Luggage at the 48th Street Theatre in August 1916.[28] This was followed by the role of the Gardener in the Charles Frohman Company's production of J. M. Barrie's play Barbara's Wedding.[29] The play had its world premiere in Buffalo, New York.[30]

His second hit play was Jane Cowl and Jane Murfin's Lilac Time, and his first important role.[2] He played Captain Paget in the national touring company, which had a long run in Chicago in early 1918.[31] He joined William Faversham's production of Lord and Lady Algy, which premiered at the Shubert Theatre on Broadway in December 1918, and stayed with the production during its 1919 national tour.[32] He played the role of Lord Andrew Gordon[33] in Guy Bolton and George Middleton's play Adam and Eva during its national tour, which began in the summer of 1920[34] and did not end until March 1921. He followed by playing the role of George Herbert in Norman Trevor's Little Theater Group production of The Married Woman at Broadway's Princess Theatre in December 1921.[35]

Waram appeared in a number of Broadway plays over the next five years: As Phillip Blanchard in Eden Phillpotts' The Shadow at the Klaw Theatre in April 1922,[36] as the Elder Brother[37] in The Lucky One at the Garrick Theatre in November 1922,[38] as Jacques[39] in The Tidings Brought to Mary at the Garrick Theatre in December 1922,[40] as Domin in R.U.R. at the Shubert Theatre in April 1923,[41] as Winthrop Field[42] in A Love Scandal at the Ambassador Theatre in November 1923,[43] as Beaucaire in Monsieur Beaucaire at the Murat Theatre in Indianapolis in May 1924,[44] as Maitland White in Philip Barry's You and I at the Murat Theatre in May 1924,[45] as Hugh Chadwell in Walter Archer Frost's Cape Smoke[46] at the Martin Beck Theatre in February 1925,[47] as Horatio in a modern dress version of Hamlet[48] at the Booth Theatre in November 1925,[49] and as Citizen Hogan in Hangman's House[50] at the Forrest Theatre in December 1926.[51] Waram later considered his role in the modern dress Hamlet to be one of the most important in his career.[2][21]

The Shanghai Gesture and stardom[edit]

Program for Elizabeth the Queen, which starred Lynn Fontanne and Alfred Lunt. Waram originated the role of Sir Walter Raleigh.

After a run of nearly a year on Broadway, John Colton's hit play The Shanghai Gesture began a national tour, which began in Chicago in March 1927.[52] Waram played Sir William Charteris, taking over from McKay Morris (who originated the role on Broadway).[53] The play altered his career, turning him into a major star on the stage.[2] After a four month run in Chicago,[53][54] the play moved to Salt Lake City in May 1927,[53] and San Francisco in June.[55] After a four month run in California, the play moved to Kansas City, where it broke box office records for attendance.[56] The play then toured Cincinnati,[57] Detroit,[58] Montréal,[59] Pittsburgh,[60] Baltimore,[61] and Washington, D.C.,[62] before returning to Broadway's Majestic Theatre on January 30, 1928 for a final, limited run.[63]

Waram worked steadily through the early years of the Great Depression after the success of The Shanghai Gesture. Taking almost no time off, he appeared as Bill Walker[64] in the October 1928 production of Major Barbara at the Guild Theatre,[65] and the role of the Servant in Camel Through the Needle's Eye at the Guild Theatre in April 1929.[66] He left Camel after just a week in the role to join the national touring company of Major Barbara.[67] The role helped cement his reputation as a reliable actor, and brought him to the attention of producers nationwide.[2] After spending the summer on tour, he took the role of Col. Pickering[68] in the regional touring company of Pygmalion. The play premiered in September 1929 at the Wilson Theatre in Detroit for tryouts[69] before moving to Indianapolis,[68] St. Louis,[70] Chicago,[71] and Pittsburgh.[72]

In October 1930, Waram originated the role of Sir Walter Raleigh in Maxwell Anderson's new play, Elizabeth the Queen. The play debuted at Ford's Theatre in Baltimore[73] and then played regionally before making its Broadway premiere at the Guild Theatre in November 1930.[74] Waram toured nationally in the role until June 1931.

After taking a year off, Waram took the role of Comte Dubarry[75] in the new operetta The Dubarry, which had its world premiere at George M. Cohan's Theatre[76] in November 1932.[77][b] The operetta was not successful, and in April 1933 Waram originated the role of Howard Bartlett in Somerset Maugham's new play, For Services Rendered.[79] After a tryout in Oakland, California, the first week of April,[80] the play moved to the Booth Theatre on Broadway.[79] The play closed quickly, and was critically panned. Waram's performance was considered the only outstanding aspect of the production.[81] With work on the stage scarce due to the Great Depression, Waram joined the summer stock repertory company at the Casino Theatre in Newport, Rhode Island.[82] He appeared in at least one play, the drawing room comedy Aren't We All?[83] In October 1933, he appeared as Don Salluste de Bazan in an English-language adaptation of Victor Hugo's Ruy Blas.[84] After a brief run at the Majestic Theatre,[85] the play moved to Baltimore,[84] where it closed after a week. Waram was not out of work long: When Stanley Ridges left the role of Lord Morton (which he had originated) in Mary of Scotland at the Alvin Theatre, Waram took over the role.[86][87][c]

After Mary of Scotland closed in May 1934, Waram accepted the role of Uncle Robert in Picnic, a new comedy by Gretchen Damrosch staged at the National Theatre.[88] The play quickly closed, and Waram returned to the Casino Theatre's summer stock company,[89] where he appeared in A Bill of Divorcement[90] and Benn Levy's Art and Mrs. Bottle.[91] Although Waram had no contract at the start of the 1934-1935 theater season, he appeared as Henry Pryor in the drama Living Dangerously at the Morosco Theatre in January 1935.[92]

Film and stage work after 1935[edit]

First film roles and Pride and Prejudice[edit]

Waram was cast in his first film in March 1935.[93] The role, a small one which barely made the final cut, was for Mutiny on the Bounty.[94]

After completing work in Hollywood, Waram returned to Broadway in the role of Mr. Bennett in Helen Jerome's stage adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. The play debuted at the National Theatre in October 1935,[95] and was a major hit.[96] It ran for 219 performances (with only short interruptions for cast vacations) until May 1936.[97]

A series of much less successful plays followed over the next two years. These included the role Sir Hudson Lowe in the American premiere of St Helena in October 1936 at the Lyceum Theatre,[98] Mr. Pinchwife in The Country Wife in December 1936 at Henry Miller's Theatre,[99] and Malvolio in Twelfth Night at the Mohawk Drama Festival in Schenectady, New York, in July 1937.[100] He joined the repertory company at the County Theatre in Suffern, New York, in the summer of 1937,[101] appearing in A Bill of Divorcement[102] and Pride and Prejudice.[103] After nearly a year's break, Waram returned to the stage in Ruy Blas at a drama festival in Central City, Colorado, in May 1938.[104]

Three and a half years after Mutiny on the Bounty, Waram signed to do a second film. He played the role of slumlord business manager Arthur Mather in the social drama ...One Third of a Nation...[105]

The Merchant of Yonkers and Life With Father[edit]

Percy Waram and Jane Cowl in The Merchant of Yonkers in 1938

In December 1938, Waram originated the role of Horace Vandergelder in Thornton Wilder's new play, The Merchant of Yonkers. After a brief tryout in Boston,[106] the play moved to the Guild Theatre on Broadway.[107] Actress Jane Cowl (who played the role of Dolly Levi) intensely disliked director Max Reinhardt, and Reinhardt retaliated by isolating Cowl physically on stage.[108] The play was considered a disappointment, and ran for only 28 performances.[109][d]

After another year away from the theater, Waram took the role of "Father" Clarence Day Sr. in a Chicago production of the hit Broadway play Life With Father. After a tryout at the Maryland Theatre in Baltimore,[112] it opened at the Blackstone Theatre in Chicago on February 19, 1940.[113] Waram was the first individual to take over the role of Father from the play's co-author Howard Lindsay, who originated the role on Broadway.[5] Waram was widely praised for his interpretation.[113] The play ran for a record 66 weeks in Chicago, with attendance of more than 590,000 patrons and a box office gross of $850,000 ($17.6 million in 2023 dollars).[114] The play called for Father to stamp a foot on the floor, calling for the cook to come upstairs. Waram stomped so ferociously that he broke his foot, and had to switch feet for the scene.[5] He tried banging on a plate with silverware, but the prop plates broke too easily. He then tried whistling, but was not very good at it.[2] He returned to stomping. When he came down with gout, he began using a cane to bang on the floor.[5] Lillian Gish played opposite Waram as "Mother" Lavinia Day.[5] Waram spent three years in the role.[7]

After a two-month break, a touring company of Life With Father began, with Margalo Gillmore in the role of "Mother".[115] The tour ran until July 1942, and resumed again in October 1942 with June Walker as "Mother".[116] After another 38 and a half weeks on the road and net profits of $559,000 ($11.6 million in 2023 dollars), the tour finally came to an end.[117]

Just as the tour of Life With Father came to an end, Waram was cast as Inspector Prentice in Paramount Pictures' noir crime film, Ministry of Fear. [118]

The Late George Apley and Anne of the Thousand Days[edit]

After a year away from the stage, Waram returned to acting in the role of Roger Newcombe[119] in an adaptation of the novel The Late George Apley. Waram originated the role, with Leo G. Carroll in the leading role of George Apley. After a tryout at the Wilmington Playhouse in Wilmington, Delaware, in October 1944[120] and the Plymouth Theatre in Boston in November,[119] it made its Broadway debut at the Lyceum Theatre.[121] With only brief interruptions to rest the cast, the play ran until November 1945 on Broadway[122] before embarking on an 80-week national tour.[123]

Just five months after finishing the Apley tour, Waram originated the role of Marcus Hubbard in Lillian Hellman's play Another Part of the Forest.[124] The play premiered in Wilmington before additional tryouts in Baltimore and Detroit.[125] It premiered on Broadway at the Fulton Theatre in November 1946,[124] where it ran for 182 performances.[126] Waram left the show in September 1947.[127]

In June 1946, during the national tour of The Late George Apley, Waram was cast as Roger Newcombe in the film version.[128] Filming commenced in September 1947, and did not end until December.[123] Waram only member of the stage production cast in film.[129]

In November 1948, a year after filming The Late George Apley, Waram originated the role of Cardinal Wolsey in the new Maxwell Anderson play Anne of the Thousand Days. The play premiered at the Forrest Theatre in Philadelphia[130] and moved to Broadway's Shubert Theatre in early December.[131] Waram stayed with the production until early June 1949.[132]

Final years[edit]

Last roles[edit]

Waram was cast in 1949 as senior law partner John Benley, father of Elizabeth Taylor's Mary Benley, in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's 1950 comedy The Big Hangover.[133]

Now 70 years old, Waram did not work in 1950 or 1951. He returned to Broadway in October 1952 in the dual role of the Station Master and God in Ugo Betti's play The Gambler (adapted by Alfred Drake). The play premiered at the Lyceum Theatre,[134] and closed after a short run. Waram returned to acting in October 1954, originating the role of Lucas Edgerton, a wealthy industrialist who goes on an art buying spree, in Reclining Figure.[135]

Waram's final hit stage role was that of the no-nonsense Judge in Enid Bagnold's new play The Chalk Garden.[136] The play had its world premiere at the Shubert Theater in Hartford, Connecticut,[137] before moving to the Wilbur Theatre in Boston.[136] It made its Broadway debut at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre in late October 1955,[138] running for 182 performances.[139]

In September 1956, Waram was cast in his final film role, that of General Haynesworth, chief executive officer of a vitamin company, in the film A Face in the Crowd.[140]

Waram appeared in his final stage role[7] in October 1957. He played veteran police inspector Desiré Merlin in Michael Blankfort and Dorothy Stiles Blankfort's new play Monique. The work premiered at The Playhouse in Wilmington[141] before moving to Broadway's John Golden Theatre two weeks later.[142] The play closed after 63 performances.[143]

Death[edit]

Waram's wife, Lucia, died in March 1961.[8][144]

In September 1961, Waram traveled to Huntington, New York, to be close to his daughter, who was ill. He entered the hospital himself on September 24,[7][8] and died on October 5, 1961, at Huntington Hospital of an undisclosed illness.[144] His funeral was held at Calvary Episcopal Church in Stonington, Connecticut, and he was buried at Stonington Cemetery.[144]

Personal life[edit]

Percy Waram married Lucia Cole, an American stage actress, on February 11, 1909.[145] They met when she appeared alongside Waram in Everyman in 1902, and she later joined the Ben Greet company.[146] The couple made their home in Stonington,[1] and maintained a second home on the Cornish coast.[21] The couple had two children: Frances Cole Waram (1911-1994), who married John H. Trowbridge in 1937,[147] and Julian Thomas Cole Waram (1913-1982),[144] for years a member of the United States Coast Guard.[1] Waram's children were educated at a private school in Switzerland.[21]

Waram once voiced a fondness for quiet roles,[4] and later said he preferred bloody mystery-thrillers.[21]

Boating and golfing were Waram's favorite pastimes, and he often smoked cigars.[2] He was a member and strong supporter of the Actors' Equity Association (the American stage performer's union).[4]

Waram went mostly bald early in life. He had mid frontal baldness, and wore a toupée on stage in most of his roles. While starring in the play Lilac Time, his toupée caught on a piece of stage scenery. The near-disaster led him to grow out a mustache out of a fear that a fake mustache would fall off during a performance.[2]

Filmography[edit]

Year Title Role Notes
1935 Mutiny on the Bounty Coleman first film role
1939 ...One Third of a Nation... Arthur Mather
1944 Ministry of Fear Inspector Prentice
1947 It Had to Be You Horace Stafford
1947 The Late George Apley Roger Newcombe
1950 The Big Hangover John Belney
1957 A Face in the Crowd Gen. Haynesworth final film role

Stage roles[edit]

Year Title Role Location Notes
1895 East Lynne English maid; French maid not known stage debut; United Kingdom stage debut
1902 Everyman not known Baltimore, Md. United States stage debut
1903 Twelfth Night not known national tour
1906 Her Lost Self not known West End (London)
1909 The Barber of New Orleans not known Broadway Broadway debut
1910 The Fires of Fate not known Broadway
1916 Treasure Island Capt. Smollett Chicago; Broadway Chicago stage debut; first hit
1916 Somebody's Luggage not known Broadway
1916 Barbara's Wedding Gardener Buffalo, N.Y. play's world premiere
1918 Lilac Time Captain Paget national tour
1918 Lord and Lady Algy not known national tour
1920 Adam and Eva Lord Andrew Gordon national tour 9 months in the role
1921 The Married Woman George Herbert Broadway
1922 The Shadow Phillip Blanchard Broadway
1922 The Lucky One Elder Brother (Bob Farringdon) Broadway
1922 The Tidings Brought To Mary Jacques Hury Broadway
1923 R.U.R. Domin Broadway
1923 A Love Scandal Winthrop Field Broadway
1924 Monsieur Beaucaire Beaucaire Indianapolis, Ind.
1924 You and I Maitland White Indianapolis, Ind.
1925 Cape Smoke Hugh Chadwell Broadway
1925 Hamlet Horatio Broadway modern dress staging
1926 Hangman's House Citizen Hogan Broadway
1927 The Shanghai Gesture Sir William Charteris Chicago, national tour 11 months in the role
1928 Major Barbara Bill Walker Broadway
1929 Camel Through the Needle's Eye Servant Broadway
1929 Major Barbara Bill Walker national tour
1929 Pygmalion Col. Pickering Detroit, regional tour
1930 Elizabeth the Queen Sir Walter Raleigh Broadway, national tour originated the role
1932 The Dubarry Comte Dubarry Broadway originated the role
1933 For Services Rendered Howard Bartlett Broadway originated the role
1933 Aren't We All? not known Newport, R.I.
1933 Ruy Blas Don Salluste de Bazan Broadway, Baltimore
1933 Mary of Scotland Lord Morton Broadway
1934 Picnic Uncle Robert Broadway
1934 A Bill of Divorcement not known Newport, R.I.
1934 Art and Mrs. Bottle not known Newport, R.I.
1935 Living Dangerously Henry Pryor Broadway
1935 Pride and Prejudice Mr. Bennett Broadway originated the role; 8 months on Broadway
1936 St Helena Sir Hudson Lowe Broadway
1936 The Country Wife Mr. Pinchwife Broadway
1937 Twelfth Night Malvolio Schenectady, N.Y.
1937 A Bill of Divorcement not known Suffern, N.Y.
1937 Pride and Prejudice Mr. Bennett Suffern, N.Y.
1938 Ruy Blas Don Salluste de Bazan Central City, Colo.
1938 The Merchant of Yonkers Horace Vandergelder Broadway originated the role
1940 Life With Father "Father" Clarence Day Sr. Chicago, national tour record-breaking 66 weeks in Chicago; 57 weeks on tour
1944 The Late George Apley Roger Newcombe Broadway, national tour originated the role; 11 months on Broadway; 80 weeks on tour
1946 Another Part of the Forest Marcus Hubbard Broadway originated the role; 11 months on Broadway
1946 Anne of the Thousand Days Cardinal Wolsey Broadway originated the role; 7 months on Broadway
1952 The Gambler Station Master/God Broadway
1954 Reclining Figure Lucas Edgerton Broadway originated the role
1955 The Chalk Garden The Judge Broadway originated the role; 7 months on Broadway
1957 Monique Insp. Desiré Merlin Broadway originated the role; final stage role

References[edit]

Notes
  1. ^ It was common at the time for audience members to boos, hiss, and throw things at villains in plays. The audience member was not dissatisfied with Waram's performance; he just loathed the villain Waram was playing.[2]
  2. ^ The operetta was based on the German operetta Gräfin Dubarry, with music by Carl Millöcker and libretto by Paul Knepler and J.J. Willeminsky. It was translated and adapted into English by Rowland Leigh and Desmond Carter, with a book by Rowland Leigh.[78]
  3. ^ Ridges left to take a role in Eugene O'Neill's new play, Days Without End.[86] It swiftly closed.
  4. ^ After what Wilder called "slight reworking", it returned to Broadway in 1954 as The Matchmaker. This run was far more successful.[110] The play was reworked into a musical by Jerry Herman and Michael Stewart, and debuted as Hello, Dolly! in 1964 to great acclaim. It ran for 2,844 performances.[111]
Citations
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wallace, Kevin (17 May 1942). "Percy Waram Tells About 'Father's' Battlecry". San Francisco Examiner. p. Pictorial Review 4.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Irwin, Virginia (8 January 1942). "He's the Father in 'Life With Father'". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. D3.
  3. ^ Carnell 2016, p. 160.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Mauree, Mabel (7 May 1922). "Though He Is an English Actor Percy Waram Isn't a Lord's Son". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. C10.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Father (On Stage) Has Gout But It Doesn't Cramp His Style". The Baltimore Sun. 6 October 1941. pp. 22, 16.
  6. ^ "Veteran Returns". New York Daily News. 26 October 1956. p. 77.
  7. ^ a b c d "Percy Waram, Actor, 80, Dies". The Baltimore Sun. 7 October 1961. p. 11.
  8. ^ a b c "'Life With Father' Star Dies at 80". San Francisco Examiner. 7 October 1961. p. 36.
  9. ^ "Open Air Dramatics". New Haven Morning Journal-Courier. 25 May 1903. p. 3; "Shakespeare On Campus". The Charlotte News. 10 May 1907. p. 5.
  10. ^ "Ben Greet's Season". The New York Times. 18 February 1907. p. 9.
  11. ^ "News of the Theaters". Chicago Tribune. 9 July 1907. p. 8.
  12. ^ "Shakespeare With Symphony Music". The New York Times. 3 January 1909. p. 11.
  13. ^ "Amusements". The Charlotte News. 22 March 1909. p. 7.
  14. ^ "Ben Greet Players Coming". Passaic Daily News. 27 May 1909. p. 1.
  15. ^ "Two Plays by the Greet Company". Hartford Courant. 16 January 1908. p. 6.
  16. ^ "Viola Allen—Great in 'Twelfth Night'". Lexington Morning Herald. 27 November 1903. p. 8; "Drama and Music". The Boston Globe. 30 January 1904. p. 4.
  17. ^ "St. James's Theatre". The Guardian. 4 April 1906. p. 12.
  18. ^ "Amusement Notes". The Brooklyn Standard Union. 18 December 1908. p. 3.
  19. ^ a b "News of the Theaters". Passaic Daily Herald. 17 March 1910. p. 2.
  20. ^ "At the Theaters". Louisville Courier-Journal. 15 June 1913. Section 4, Page 5.
  21. ^ a b c d e "Waram Prefers Bloody Drama". The Los Angeles Times. 3 July 1927. Part 3, Page 13.
  22. ^ "Theatrical Attractions in the Metropolis". Buffalo Sunday Morning News. 17 January 1909. p. 10.
  23. ^ "Plays and Players in Theaters of New York". The Indianapolis News. 1 January 1910. p. 12; "Scene Laid in Egypt". Brooklyn Times Union. 30 December 1909. p. 6.
  24. ^ "Attractions at the Theatres". The Boston Globe. 6 May 1917. p. 44.
  25. ^ Hammond, Percy (6 June 1916). "Giving R.L. Stevenson A Square Deal". Chicago Tribune. Section 2, Page 1.
  26. ^ "'Treasure Island' Again". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 22 October 1916. p. 24.
  27. ^ "'Treasure Island' at the Academy". The Baltimore Sun. 22 April 1917. p. 18.
  28. ^ "August Nights at the Play". The New York Sun. 20 August 1916. p. 24.
  29. ^ Martin, Boyd (23 November 1917). "Stage and Screen". Louisville Courier-Journal. p. 4.
  30. ^ "Star Theatre". The Buffalo Commercial. 13 October 1917. p. 4.
  31. ^ "Jane Cowl in Lilac Time at the Murat". The Hancock Democrat. 25 April 1918. p. 2.
  32. ^ "At the Theatres". The Brooklyn Standard Union. 31 December 1918. p. 3.
  33. ^ "'Adam and Eva', A Treat". The Kansas City Star. 7 December 1920. p. 3.
  34. ^ "Two Houses Open Regular Season Next Week". Detroit Free Press. 26 August 1920. p. 6.
  35. ^ "'Married Woman' Short on Action and Long on Talk". New York Tribune. 26 December 1921. p. 8.
  36. ^ "The New Play by Percy Hammond". New York Tribune. 25 April 1922. p. 8.
  37. ^ Woollcott, Alexander (21 November 1922). "The Reviewing Stand". New York Herald. p. 12.
  38. ^ "The New Plays". The New York Times. 19 November 1922. Section 7, Page 1.
  39. ^ Davis, Irving (15 January 1923). "Theatrical Comment". York Daily Record. p. 8.
  40. ^ "The Deluge". New York Herald. 24 December 1922. Section 7, Page 2.
  41. ^ "'R.U.R.' Has Strong Cast at Teller's Shubert". Brooklyn Standard Union. 3 April 1923. p. 13.
  42. ^ "'A Love Scandal' Has Strong Cast". Burlington Daily News. 31 October 1923. p. 8.
  43. ^ "'The Love Scandal' at the Ambassador Theatre". The Brooklyn Citizen. 6 November 1923. p. 17.
  44. ^ "The Indianapolis Stock Company Starts Its Summer Progress". The Indianapolis News. 10 May 1924. p. 10.
  45. ^ "The Theater". The Indianapolis Star. 12 May 1924. p. 7.
  46. ^ "Amusements". The Evening Star. 3 February 1925. p. 22.
  47. ^ "The New Play". Brooklyn Times Union. 17 February 1925. p. 6.
  48. ^ Mantle, Burns (15 November 1925). "Putting Hamlet in Modern Dress". Chicago Tribune. Section 9, Page 1.
  49. ^ Pollock, Arthur (15 November 1925). "Plays and Things". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. p. E2.
  50. ^ Mantle, Burns (17 December 1926). "'Hangman's House' Is Full of Cracks". New York Daily News. p. 41.
  51. ^ "'Hangman's House'". Brooklyn Times Union. 5 December 1926. p. 33.
  52. ^ "Playshop Plans Four New Plays for the Rialto". New York Daily News. 1 August 1926. p. 45; Woollcott, Alexander (19 December 1926). "Florence Reed Takes Gotham Hit to Chicago". The Miami News. p. 42.
  53. ^ a b c "Chinese Play Is Full of Climaxes". The Salt Lake Tribune. 11 May 1927. p. 14.
  54. ^ "'The Shanghai Gesture' Enters Third Successful Month at the Adelphi". The Chicago Heights Star. 18 May 1927. p. 9.
  55. ^ "'The Shanghai Gesture' to Open". The San Francisco Examiner. 16 May 1927. p. 12.
  56. ^ "Shubert Breaks a Record". The Kansas City Star. 3 October 1927. p. 13.
  57. ^ "Shubert". The Cincinnati Enquirer. 23 October 1927. Section 2, Page 3.
  58. ^ "Where the Curtain Rises". Detroit Free Press. 27 November 1927. Part 4, Page 6.
  59. ^ "'Shanghai Gesture' is Gripping Play". The Montreal Gazette. 6 December 1927. p. 11.
  60. ^ "Theatrical Programs". The Pittsburgh Press. 25 December 1927. p. 36.
  61. ^ "'Shanghai Gesture' Being Offered on Maryland Stage". The Baltimore Sun. 10 January 1928. p. 9.
  62. ^ "Amusements". The Evening Star. 17 January 1928. p. 20.
  63. ^ "'The Shanghai Gesture' At Majestic, Jan. 30". Brooklyn Times Union. 22 January 1928. p. B3.
  64. ^ "The Premiere". The Brooklyn Citizen. 20 November 1928. p. 4.
  65. ^ "Another New Play—Notes and Comment of the Amusement World". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 25 October 1928. p. A14.
  66. ^ "Guild Scores Again". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 16 April 1929. p. 26.
  67. ^ "Guilders to Tour". New York Daily News. 22 April 1929. p. 25.
  68. ^ a b "The Legitimate Stage". Indianapolis Star. 6 October 1929. Section 7, Page 2.
  69. ^ Shaw, Len G. (24 September 1929). "The Theater". Detroit Free Press. p. 6.
  70. ^ "Shavian Wit at Its Best Shown in 'Pygmalion'". The St. Louis Star and Times. 22 October 1929. p. 9.
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  73. ^ "Play on Elizabeth at Ford's; Maryland Has Milne Comedy". The Baltimore Sun. 12 October 1930. p. 55.
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  80. ^ "Catherine Cornell to do Charlotte Bronte in Dane's Stage Biography". Oakland Tribune. 2 April 1933. p. 21.
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  82. ^ Miles, Carlton (15 July 1933). "Summer Stock Gets Backing of Rich Resorters". The Minneapolis Star. p. 4.
  83. ^ Miles, Carlton (1 August 1933). "Drawing Room Comedy Best Summer Fare". The Minneapolis Star. p. 6.
  84. ^ a b "Hugo Play Will Open Thursday". The Baltimore Sun. 22 October 1933. Section 4, Page 7.
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  87. ^ "Chevalier Cast as Paris Guide". Camden Courier-Post. 23 December 1933. p. 6.
  88. ^ "'Picnic', A Comedy, Makes Debut at National Theatre". Brooklyn Times Union. 3 May 1934. p. 16.
  89. ^ "Summer Theaters Lean Heavily on Established Plays as Well as Stars". New York Daily News. 16 June 1934. p. 27.
  90. ^ "List of Plays Booked for Casino Theatre". Newport Mercury. 22 June 1934. p. 7.
  91. ^ "In Social Circles". Newport Mercury. 17 August 1934. p. 3.
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  95. ^ Melcher, E. de S. (23 October 1935). "'Pride and Prejudice' Has Brilliant Premiere". The Evening Star. p. 11.
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  99. ^ Mantle, Burns (2 December 1936). "'Country Wife' a Bawd in Satin". New York Daily News. p. 63.
  100. ^ Lewis, William J. (3 July 1937). "Four Plays Free to Public". Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph. p. 31.
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  107. ^ Mantle, Burns (29 December 1938). "'Merchant of Yonkers' German Farce With Yankee Trimmings". New York Daily News. p. 35.
  108. ^ Mordden 2002, p. 140.
  109. ^ Greenfield 2010, p. 687.
  110. ^ Grebanier 1964, p. 32.
  111. ^ Long 2001, pp. 201–202.
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  113. ^ a b Smith, Cecil (20 February 1940). "Acclaims 'Life With Father' As Year's Best". Chicago Tribune. p. 15.
  114. ^ "Sets a Record". Chicago Tribune. 20 May 1941. p. 3.
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  118. ^ Schallert, Edwin (16 June 1943). "Ginger Rogers to Play War Widow for RKO". The Los Angeles Times. p. 16.
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  123. ^ a b "Waram in a Quickie". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 7 December 1947. p. 32.
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  135. ^ Chapman, John (8 October 1954). "'Reclining Figure' Smart Comedy; Philharmonic Off to Good Start". New York Daily News. p. 61.
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  144. ^ a b c d "P.C. Waram, Actor for 50 Years, Dies". Hartford Courant. 7 October 1961. p. 4.
  145. ^ Vassar College 1910, p. 191.
  146. ^ "Directs a Shaw Play". Kansas City Times. 3 February 1921. p. 6.
  147. ^ "Society and Personal News". Hartford Courant. 19 January 1937. p. 11.

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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