Mississippi State Troops

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This article is about the Civil War military unit. It is not to be confused with Mississippi State Troopers.

Mississippi State Troops
Active1862–1865
DisbandedMay 4, 1865
Country Confederate States
Allegiance Mississippi
BranchState troops
TypeInfantry and cavalry
Nickname(s)"Minute men"
Campaigns
Commanders
Notable
commanders		T.C. Tupper
Samuel J. Gholson

The Mississippi State Troops were military units formed by the Mississippi Legislature for State defense (rather than Confederate service) during the American Civil War. Five infantry regiments, four infantry battalions, and one cavalry battalion were drafted from the Mississippi militia in 1862. Two of the infantry regiments participated in the 1863 siege of Vicksburg, and several State Troop cavalry units were later reorganized and brought into Confederate service. In 1864, another set of State Troop units was created, with all white men aged 16–55 required to report for 30 days military service. Reserve State Troop units were also organized in 1864, consisting of men and boys who were otherwise too young or too old for regular military service. All of the remaining State Troops were officially disbanded when Confederate Lieutenant-General Richard Taylor surrendered all Confederate forces in the Department of Alabama, Mississippi, and East Louisiana to United States authorities on May 4, 1865, at Citronelle, Alabama.

Mississippi militia and predecessor units[edit]

A Mississippi militia cavalry officer wearing the state uniform as approved by the military board at the time of secession, in January of 1861.

The Mississippi territorial militia was first organized on September 8, 1798, when the Mississippi Territory was created. All free males between age 16 and 50 except government officials, doctors, and clergymen were subject to militia service.[1] The Mississippi territorial militia arrested Aaron Burr in 1807, and fought against the Creek Indians and the British in the War of 1812.

Upon Mississippi gaining statehood in 1817, the organization of the state militia continued along the same lines. The militia could be called out for military service in the event of war or domestic disturbance, but was not a standing army with government-issued weapons or professional officers. Officers were elected by the public with the governor as Commander-in-chief, and men enrolled in the militia were required to bring their own weapons.[2] All free white males 18-45 were subject to militia duty, failing to appear was punished with a $5 fine.[2] The Governor could draft men from the militia to serve full-time in the military in times of war. The county-level militia companies had to muster four times a year for training,[2] a local historian described the amateurish character of these musters: "After a brief parade, which consisted in a blundering execution of unwarlike tactics, these men would start drinking and usually several fights occurred."[3]

As sectional tensions rose through the 1850s, there were proposals to create a standing army for the state, but this was not followed through.[4] In 1860 a state military board was created and tasked with securing arms from American and European manufacturers, but no formal state military force beyond the militia existed as of yet.

In January 1861, the state secession convention adopted an ordinance to organize the state's military, proposing 4 brigades of two regiments each for state service.[5] Jefferson Davis was chosen as major general of the state forces, with Earl Van Dorn, Charles Clark, James L. Alcorn, and Christopher H. Mott as brigadier generals.[5] These generals and the governor comprised the military board and were tasked with organizing and managing the armed forces of the state. However, shortly afterwards Jefferson Davis was elected as President of the Confederacy and he left his position in the Mississippi state military. Van Dorn, Clark, and Mott all joined the Confederate army, they were replaced by John W. O'Ferrall, Charles G. Dahlgren, and Absolom M. West as brigadier generals of Mississippi forces.[5] Alcorn was promoted to major general and Reuben Davis also joined as major general. Alcorn's brigade was sent to Kentucky and was mustered into Confederate service (rather than state service) on October 28, 1861.

In the fall of 1861, in response to a call for assistance from Confederate forces in Kentucky, a poorly-organized and unequipped volunteer force known as the Army of 10,000 was sent north under the command of militia generals Alcorn and Davis. These troops had to supply their own weapons and clothing, and they contributed very little to the Confederate effort in Kentucky. The Mississippi generals refused to take orders from Confederate officers,[6] and the Army's usefulness was limited because the troops had volunteered for only 60 days.[7] After suffering from extreme winter weather and outbreaks of disease, the Army returned to Mississippi in February 1862 and was disbanded. It was clear that the state militia needed to be reorganized to become an effective military force.

1862 organization[edit]

Marker at Vicksburg National Military Park showing the position of the 3rd Battalion Infantry, Mississippi State Troops on the Vicksburg defensive lines during the siege.

The Mississippi State Troops, also known as the "minute men" were organized by an act of the state legislature enacted on January 29, 1862.[8] Tullius C. Tupper was commissioned as Major General of the state troops and tasked with organizing regiments from the existing state militia companies.[9] Colonels of the local county militias were required to supply companies of men enlisted for six months service, although some State Troops extended their service for longer. Originally there were 70 infantry and 13 cavalry companies called up in the fall of 1862, these were organized into 5 regiments of infantry, 4 battalions of infantry, and 1 battalion of cavalry.[9] Although men serving in the State Troops were not officially part of the Confederate army, the 1862 law creating the State Troops specified that they were subject to the orders of Confederate officers, and during the 1863 Siege of Vicksburg, two units of the State Troops did serve under the overall command of Confederate General John C. Pemberton. Unlike the antebellum militia, where men stayed at home and only assembled a few times a year locally, the State Troops were stationed in military camps far from home (although still within the state) during their term of service.[10]

Many of the men called into State Troops service were older and had families, an analysis of the 3rd Battalion State Troops Infantry found that the average age in that unit was 37, compared to an average age of 25 for men in the regular Confederate army.[10] The initial mobilization of the State Troops in 1862 interfered with the harvest season, which generated numerous complaints from the men called to serve, as well as their families.[10] Many soldiers, including officers, sent petitions to the governor complaining about being forced into service and requesting to be sent home,[11] and rates of desertion, absence without leave, and requests for medical discharge from the State Troops were high.[10]

There was a tension between the Confederate Army's demand for more regular troops and the desire of Confederate state governors to keep State Troops for local service, as well as the wishes of some Mississippians not to be sent to a distant battlefield in another state. When Confederate conscription came into effect the same year that the State Troops were created, some men subject to conscription sought to meet these requirements by serving in the State Troops while remaining in their home state.[10] Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus ordered that men serving in the State Troops would be exempt from conscription into the Confederate army, and he resisted efforts to incorporate the State Troops into the regular army.[9] On April 16, 1863, Pettus wrote to Confederate President Jefferson Davis defending the need for State Troops: “Their presence in the field has been necessary to save north Miss from being over run and desolated while all the Confederate Troops were engaged with superior forces of the enemy”.[12] Partly due to these competing demands for manpower, General T.C. Tupper resigned his commission in the spring of 1863 and General Samuel J. Gholson was appointed commander of the State Troops on April 18, 1863.[13] The 1862 infantry regiments were all kept under local Mississippi control, but many of the cavalry regiments were later converted to regular Confederate regiments.

Most State Troops remained in camp and were not engaged in combat,[10] but two regiments were present at the siege of Vicksburg under the command of brigadier general Jeptha V. Harris. The Fifth Regiment Infantry State Troops was sent to Vicksburg in April, 1863, approximately 50 men and officers of the Fifth Regiment died during the siege. After being captured when the city surrendered, the Fifth Regiment was mustered out of service on September 21, 1863.[9] The Third Battalion State Troops was sent to defend Vicksburg in November, 1862. Approximately 21 of the men died during the siege. After being captured, the Third Battalion was sent to Columbus on August 26, 1863, and dissolved.[9] The initial term of all of the remaining infantry regiments expired by November, 1863 and the units were disbanded.

1862 infantry units[edit]

Commanding officers:[8]

  • Major General Tullius C. Tupper (1862-1863)
  • Major General Samuel J. Gholson (1863-1864)

Brigadier Generals:

First Regiment Infantry, Col. Benjamin King, Lt. Col. L. Lawhorn. Organized July 31, 1862 at Grenada.[9]

Second Regiment Infantry, Col. D.H. Quinn, Lt. Col. James Conerly, Organized 11 August 1862 at Hinds County.[9]

Third Regiment Infantry, Col. William J. Owens, Lt. Col. J.A. Hartin. Organized August 7, 1862.[9]

Fourth Regiment Infantry, Col. W.C. Bromley, Lt. Col. J.J. Stone, Lt. Col. Thomas Whitesides. Organized at Grenada, August 25, 1862.[9]

  • Company A, Lafayette County
  • Company B, Itawamba Chivalry
  • Company C
  • Company D
  • Company E
  • Company F
  • Company G
  • Company H, Itawamba State Guards
  • Company I, Lafayette Defenders
  • Company K, Bee Minute Men of Itawamba County
  • Company L

Fifth Regiment Infantry, Col. Henry C. Robinson, Lt. Col. D.W. Metts. Organized at Meridian September 5–6, 1862. Disbanded September 21, 1863 after service at Vicksburg.[9]

First Battalion Infantry, Maj. W.B. Harper. Company D of the First Battalion under Captain J.M. Hall participated in the Battle of Raymond, May 12, 1863.[9]

Second Battalion Infantry, Maj. Henry F. Cook. Reported total strength of 88 men in January, 1863.[9]

Third Battalion Infantry, Lt. Col. Thomas A. Burgin. Organized at Okolona September 1862. Disbanded August 26, 1863 after service at Vicksburg.[9]

Fourth Battalion Infantry, Lt. Co. A.J. Postletwait, Maj. J.D. Fairley. Organized October 23, 1862.[9]

1862 cavalry units[edit]

Several of the 1862 State Troops cavalry units initially mustered for state service were reorganized and mustered into Confederate service in the spring of 1864 with the approval of Mississippi Governor Charles Clark.[14] Major General Samuel J. Gholson, who had led the State Troops since the spring of 1863, was commissioned into the Confederate Army as a brigadier general at this time. Gholson's Mississippi brigade served under the command of Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest and participated in many cavalry actions against Union troops in North Mississippi until the close of the war.

First Battalion Cavalry, Col. Green L. Blythe, Lt. Col. A.C. Edmundson. Organized September 1862. Also called the Second Regiment, Partisan Rangers.[9]

Second Regiment Cavalry, Col. J.F. Smith, Col. William L. Lowry, Lt. Col. Joseph A. Johnson. Organized April 1863. Involved in skirmish at Palo Alto, Streight's Raid. Transferred to Confederate service May 1, 1864 and renamed the Sixth Regiment Cavalry.[9]

  • Company A, Citizen Guards of Tippah County
  • Company B, Johnson Partisans of Chickasaw County
  • Company C, Monroe County
  • Tuscumbia Rangers
  • Company D, Rocky Ford
  • Company E, Mississippi Rangers Elliston
  • Company F, Monroe County
  • Company G, Chickasaw City
  • Company H, J.V. Harris Guards of Athens
  • Company I, Chickasaw County
  • Company K, Pettus Rangers of Tippah County
  • Company L, of Tishomingo County

Third Regiment Cavalry, Col. John McGuirk, Lt. Col. James A. Barksdale, Lt. Col. H.H. Barksdale. Organized 1862, 13 companies. Involved in skirmishes in North Mississippi opposing Union cavalry raids, 1863. Transferred to Confederate service April, 1864 as the 3d Mississippi Cavalry Regiment.[9]

Third Battalion, Cavalry Lt. Col. Thomas C. Ashcraft. Organized 1864, transferred to Confederate service May 1, 1864 and consolidated with Harris’ battalion.[9]

In addition, other cavalry companies formed in 1862 for State Troops service which were later converted to Confederate service include:

Davenport's Battalion Cavalry, Maj. Stephen Davenport. Organized summer 1863, later merged into Sixth Cavalry Regiment.[9]

Dunn's Battalion, Mississippi Rangers, Capt. J.B Dunn, organized 18 June 1862. Pettus Partisans, Capt. W.B. Prince, organized 4 August 1862.[9]

Forrest's Battalion, also known as Sixth Battalion and First Battalion. Capt. Aaron H. Forrest, organized 1863.[9]

Ham's Battalion, also known as Sixteenth Battalion. Maj. T.W. Ham, organized summer 1863. Involved in skirmishes at Palo Alto and Camp Davies. Transferred in May 1864 to Confederate Service.[9]

  • Company A, Tishomingo Rangers
  • Company B, Tishomingo County
  • Company C, Booneville
  • Company D, Booneville
  • Company E, Grenada
  • Company F, Brown's Mill
  • Company G, Booneville
  • Company H, Camp Creek

Harris’ Battalion, also known as Second Battalion. Maj. Thomas W. Harris, organized fall 1863. Transferred to Confederate service May 1, 1864 and consolidated with Ashcraft's battalion.[9]

  • Company A, Pontotoc County Minute Men
  • Company B, Wood's Company of Pontotoc
  • Company C, Monroe County

Perrin's Battalion, Lt. Col. Robert O. Perrin, organized 1863, later mustered into Confederate service as the 11th Mississippi Cavalry Regiment.[9]

Other State Troop cavalry companies:[9]

  • Johnson's Cavalry Company
  • Matthew's Battalion Cavalry
  • Outlaw's Battalion - Partisan Rangers
  • Yazoo Battalion, Lt. Col. Charles F. Hamer
  • Saunder's Battalion, Maj. B.F. Saunders
  • Street's Battalion. Maj. Solomon G. Street, merged into Fifteenth Tennessee Cavalry.

1864 State Troops[edit]

In February 1864, the Confederacy passed a new conscription act broader than those previously in force since 1862, now encompassing all white men from age 17-50 with fewer exemptions. Governor Charles Clark wrote to the Confederate Secretary of War James Seddon asking how the state troops fit into this new conscription framework. Seddon replied that he considered the state troops to be merely militia forces and thus subject to conscription into the regular Confederate Army.[15] This was a change from January 1863 when Seddon had written to Governor Pettus agreeing that state troops on active service should not be subject to conscription, stating that, "the state organizations of troops are too important & the time is too critical for any interference to be made with them."[16] Regardless of Seddon's perspective, Governor Clark claimed a right to continue mustering men for state service, and maintained control of his Mississippi State Troops until the close of the war.[17]

In August, 1864, Governor Clark called on every able-bodied white male in the state not otherwise in military service to assemble at Grenada, Okolona, or Macon for enlistment in the State Troops. The Mississippi Legislature authorized 30 days mandatory military service for boys and men aged 16–55, which was a broader age range than the 1864 Confederate conscription act. Anyone who did not report for State Troops service would be imprisoned, court-martialed, and forced to serve in the army for 1 year.[18] Confederate General William L. Brandon, who was responsible for conscription in Mississippi, complained about the Governor's actions which undermined the enrollment of Confederate conscripts: "This action of the Governor has virtually arrested the volunteer enrollment of the reserves and the conscription of the men of the military age. All are rushing into the State organization, greatly to the detriment of the service...No punishment inflicted and no discipline and order kept up, the men going and coming when they please, I fancy the [State Troops] organization will be but little better than an armed mob."[19]

From these men assembled for State Troops service in 1864, 3 regiments of infantry, 1 battalion of infantry, 4 cavalry regiments and 3 battalions of cavalry were organized.[20] Most of the 1864 units saw little serious action, the more effective cavalry units had already been reassigned to Confederate service under Gholson's brigade earlier in the year. At this stage the military situation was increasingly desperate, and in November, 1864 Governor Clark wrote to Major-General Dabney H. Maury complaining that the state didn't have money to pay the State Troops and could not provide them with supplies.[21] What little organization remained of the Mississippi State Troops dissolved entirely when Confederate forces in the Western Theater surrendered on May 4, 1865.

1864 infantry units[edit]

First Regiment, Infantry, Col. William S. Patton, Lt. Col. Samuel M. Meek. Organized August 24, 1864. 9 companies from Kemper, Noxubee, Lowndes, Winston, Leake, and Neshoba Counties.[9]

Second Regiment, Infantry, Col. Greene C. Chandler, Lt. Col. William L. Cole. Organized September 2, 1864.[9]

Third Regiment, Infantry, Col. James Summerville, Lt. Col. William Buckner, 10 companies.[9]

First Battalion, Infantry, Lt. Col. J.Y. Harper. Organized August 20–31, 1864, 8 companies.[9]

1864 Cavalry units[edit]

First Regiment, Cavalry Col. Hezekiah William Foote, Lt. Col. W.P. Malone. 11 companies, organized summer 1864.[9]

Second Regiment, Cavalry Co. J.L.J Hill, Lt. Col. Merriman Pounds, organized 13 September 1864.[9]

Third Regiment, Cavalry Col. W.K. Easterling. Organized August 30, 1864. 10 companies.[9]

Fourth Regiment, Cavalry Col. E.S. Fisher, Lt. Col. A.S. Pass. Organized September 6, 1864. 11 companies.[9]

First Battalion, Cavalry Maj. John. E. McNair. Organized September 1864. 5 companies.[9]

Third Battalion, Cavalry Capt. D.G. Cooper. 4 companies.[9]

Pettus's Battalion, Cavalry Maj. John J. Pettus (former Governor of Mississippi), organized September 1864. 4 companies.[9]

Unattached cavalry companies led by:[9]

  • Capt. W.A.J. Boon
  • Capt. H.H. Gavin
  • Capt. W.G. Grace
  • Capt. F.M. Shields
  • Capt. John Kelly
  • Capt. W.G. Caperton
  • Capt. C.M. Doss

State Troop Reserves[edit]

Reserve State Troop units were also organized in 1864 consisting of elderly men and teenage boys who would normally be underage or overage for military service:[9]

  • First Regiment Reserves. Col. Jules C. Denis. Lt. Col. D.W. Metts. Organized August, 1864. Six companies.
  • Gamblin's Cavalry, Capt. E.D. Gamblin, organized April 30, 1864
  • Capt. Morphis’ Scouts
  • Peyton's Battalion. Maj. E.A. Peyton.
  • Little's Company. Capt. Francis M. Little.
  • Yerger's Company. Capt. W.B. Yerger. Organized April 5, 1864.
  • Stubb's Battalion. Lt. Col. George W. Stubbs.
  • Montgomery's Scouts. Capt. W.A. Montgomery.
  • Second Battalion, State Cavalry. Maj. W.E. Montgomery.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Rowland, Dunbar (1925). History of Mississippi, the Heart of the South, Volume 1. S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. p. 353.
  2. ^ a b c Laws Now in Force Regulating the Mississippi Militia. 1845. pp. 24–52.
  3. ^ Stokes, Rebecca Martin (1929). History of Grenada (1830–1880) (Master's thesis). Oxford, Miss.: University of Mississippi. 1972. p. 78.
  4. ^ Rowland, Dunbar (1907). Mississippi: Consisting Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in Cyclopedic Form. Southern Historical Publishing Association. p. 144.
  5. ^ a b c Rowland, Dunbar (1907). Mississippi: Consisting Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in Cyclopedic Form. Southern Historical Publishing Association. pp. 145–149.
  6. ^ Dyer, Frederick (1889). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion, Series I, Volume IV. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 464.
  7. ^ Coker, William Leon (1973). Cotton And Faith: A Social and Political View of Mississippi Wartime Finance, 1861-1865. University of Oklahoma. p. 229.
  8. ^ a b Rowland, Dunbar (1907). Mississippi: Consisting Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in Cyclopedic Form. Southern Historical Publishing Association. p. 149.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Rowland, Dunbar. (1908). The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi, Volume 2. Mississippi Department of Archives and History. pp. 885–943.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Barnett, Tracy L. (December 2020). "Mississippi "Milish": Militiamen in the Civil War". Civil War History. 66 (4): 343–379. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
  11. ^ Weitz, Mark A. (2005). More Damning Than Slaughter: Desertion in the Confederate Army. University of Nebraska Press. p. 296. ISBN 9780803247970.
  12. ^ "Letter from Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus to President Jefferson Davis; April 16, 1863". The Civil War & Reconstruction Governors of Mississippi Project. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
  13. ^ Allardice, Bruce S. (2021). Kentuckians in Gray: Confederate Generals and Field Officers of the Bluegrass State. University Press of Kentucky.
  14. ^ Dyer, Frederick (1909). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion - Vol. 32 Serial 59. The Dyer Publishing Company. p. 651.
  15. ^ "Letter from Secretary of War James A. Seddon to Mississippi Governor Charles Clark; February 26, 1864". The Civil War & Reconstruction Governors of Mississippi Project. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
  16. ^ "Letter from Secretary of War James A. Seddon to Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus; January 10, 1863". The Civil War & Reconstruction Governors of Mississippi Project. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
  17. ^ Owsley, Frank Lawrence (March 1925). "Local Defense and the Overthrow of the Confederacy: A Study in State Rights". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 11 (4): 490–525. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
  18. ^ Rowland, Dunbar (1907). Mississippi: Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in Cyclopedic Form, Vol I. Southern Historical Publishing Association. p. 151.
  19. ^ Dyer, Frederick (1909). A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion - Vol. 3 Serial 129. The Dyer Publishing Company. p. 740.
  20. ^ Smith, Timothy (2010). Mississippi in the Civil War: The Home Front. University Press of Mississippi. p. 61. ISBN 9781626744387.
  21. ^ Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies in the War of the Rebellion, Volume LII, Part II. 1898. pp. 791–792.
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