Jump to content

Mental health in education

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mental health in education is the impact that mental health (including emotional, psychological, and social well-being) has on educational performance. Mental health often viewed as an adult issue, but in fact, almost half of adolescents in the United States are affected by mental disorders, and about 20% of these are categorized as “severe.”[1] Mental health issues can pose a huge problem for students in terms of academic and social success in school.[2] Education systems around the world treat this topic differently, both directly through official policies and indirectly through cultural views on mental health and well-being. These curriculums are in place to effectively identify mental health disorders and treat it using therapy, medication, or other tools of alleviation. Students' mental health and well-being is very much supported by schools. Schools try to promote mental health awareness and resources. Schools can help these students with interventions, support groups, and therapies. These resources can help reduce the negative impact on mental health. Schools can create mandatory classes based on mental health that can help them see signs of mental health disorders.[2]

Primary school children in classroom

Prevalence of mental health issues in adolescents

[edit]

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, approximately 46% of American adolescents aged 13–18 will suffer from some form of mental disorder. About 21% will suffer from a disorder that is categorized as “severe,” meaning that the disorder impairs their daily functioning,[1] but almost two-thirds of these adolescents will not receive formal mental health support.[3][4] The most common types of disorders among adolescents as reported by the NIMH is anxiety disorders (including generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and others), with a lifetime prevalence of about 25% in youth aged 13–18 and 6% of those cases being categorized as severe.[5] Next is mood disorders (major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, and/or bipolar disorder), with a lifetime prevalence of 14% and 4.7% for severe cases in adolescents.[6] A similarly common disorder is Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is categorized as a childhood disorder but oftentimes carries through into adolescence and adulthood. The prevalence for ADHD in American adolescents is 9%, and 1.8% for severe cases.[7] It is important to understand that ADHD is a serious issue in not only children but adults. When children have ADHD a number of mental illnesses can come from that which can affect their education and hold them back from succeeding.[8]

According to Mental Health America, more than 10% of young people exhibit symptoms of depression strong enough to severely undermine their ability to function at school, at home, or whilst managing relationships.[9]

A 2021 study conducted by NIMH managed to link 31.4% of suicide deaths to a mental health disorder, the most common ones being attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or depression.[10] Suicide was the second leading cause of death among persons aged 10–29 years in the United States during 2011–2019.[11] More teenagers and young adults die from suicide than cancer, heart disease, AIDS, birth defects, stroke, pneumonia, influenza, and chronic lung disease combined.[12] There are an average of over 3,470 attempts by students in grades 9–12.[13]

According to APA, the percentage of students going for college mental health counselling has been rising in recent years, which by report for anxiety as the most common factor, depression as the second, stress as the third, family issues as the fourth, and academic performance and relationship problems as the fifth and sixth most.[14] “Consequences of Student Mental Health Issues.” Consequences of Student Mental Health Issues – Suicide Prevention Resource Center, sprc.org/settings/colleges-and-universities/consequences-of-student-mental-health-issues/#:~:text=One%20study%20found%20that%20five,not%20been%20experiencing%20such%20disorders. Accessed 15 Sept. 2024.

Common disorders effects on academics and school life

[edit]

Mental disorders can affect classroom learning,[15] such as poor attendance, difficulties with academic performance, poor social integration, trouble adjusting to school, problems with behavior regulation, and attention and concentration issues, all of which is critical to the success of the student. Not only do mental health disorders effect the individuals life but also the competitive job market. Students who are unable to perform in school, will be less likely to be able to perform in the workforce. High school students who screen positive for psychosocial dysfunction report three times as many absent and tardy days as students who do not identify dysfunction. This leads to much higher dropout rates and lower overall academic achievement.[4] In the United States, only 40 percent of students with emotional, behavioral and mental health disorders graduate from high school, compared to the national average of 76 percent.[15] An analysis of 40,350 undergraduates from 70 institutions by Posselt and Lipson found that they had a 37% higher chance of developing depression and a 69% higher chance of developing anxiety if they perceived their classroom environments as highly competitive.[16]

Anxiety

[edit]

Students with anxiety disorders are statistically less likely to attend college than those without it, and those with social phobias are twice as likely to fail a grade or not finish high school as compared to students without the condition.[4] Anxiety disorders are typically more difficult to recognize than disruptive behavior disorders, such as ADHD, because the symptoms are internalized.[17] Anxiety may manifest as recurring fears and worries about routine parts of everyday life, avoiding activities, school or social interactions and it can interfere with the ability to focus and learn.[18]

There is a specific character that people with anxiety often experience. People with anxiety experience frequent worries and fears about everyday situations. Anxiety can also be identified as a sudden feeling of intense fear or terror that can reach a peak within minutes. These anxiety symptoms usually develops during childhood or teen years and may continue into adulthood. Some examples of symptoms include: feeling nervous, restless or tense, having a sense of impeding danger, panic, or doom, having an increased heart rate, breathing rapidly, sweating, trembling, feeling weak or tired, trouble concentrating or thinking about anything other than the present worry, having trouble sleeping, experiencing gastrointestinal problems, having difficulty controlling worry, or having the urge to avoid things that trigger anxiety.[19]

There are multiple types of anxieties that each present with unique symptoms. The most common type of anxiety is Generalized Anxiety Disorder, which presents with persistent and excessive worry that interferes with daily activities, feeling on edge/fatigued, worries about everyday things, and can cause physical symptoms, such as restlessness. Panic disorders are characterized by recurrent panic attacks, cause physical and psychological distress, and panic attacks, which consist of palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, and a fear of dying. People with phobias experience excessive and persistent fear of objects or situations that are generally not harmful. Fear is excessive, which patients are aware of. Examples of phobias can include public speaking, spiders, or flying. Social anxiety disorder is a condition where people have significant anxiety about being embarrassed, so they will avoid situations that could cause embarrassment. An example of a situation that would be avoided would be eating or drinking in public. Finally, separation anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive fear or anxiety about separation which can cause functioning problems. People may be worried about leaving others and may have attachment issues.[20]

Treatments for anxiety can include medications, such as antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, sedatives (such as benzodiazepines), and beta blockers. These medications function to relieve short-term anxiety, but are not meant to be used as long-term solutions. Cognitive behavioral therapy is the most efficient form of treatment and is used as a short-term treatment. This therapy focuses on teaching specific skills for coping in order to improve symptoms. This can include exposure therapy, which increases exposure to potential triggers and is used to treat phobias.[21]

Depression

[edit]

Depression can cause students to have problems in class, from completing their work, to even attending class at all.[22] In 2020, approximately 13% of youth aged 12 to 17 years old have had one major depressive episode (MDE) in the past year, with an overwhelming 70% left untreated.[23] According to the National Center for Mental Health Checkups at Columbia University, "High depression scores have been associated with low academic achievement, high scholastic anxiety, increased school suspensions, and decreased ability or desire to complete homework, concentrate, and attend classes."[4] Depression symptoms can make it challenging for students to keep up with course loads, or even find the energy to make it through the full school day.[24]

Depression can be defined as a multi-problematic medical illness that negatively affects how one feels, thinks, and acts. The symptoms of depression can cause disturbances with interpersonal, social, and occupational functioning.[25] This can later lead onto having varieties of emotional and physical problems. This can also decrease the ability to function mentally and physically. Some examples of depression symptoms are feeling sad, loss of interest, changes in appetite, trouble sleeping, loss of energy, increase in purposeless physical activity, feeling worthless, difficulty in thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, and thoughts of death or suicide.[26] These symptoms must last two weeks and also represent a change in functioning in order for a diagnosis of depression.[27]

Treatments for depression can include normothymic drugs, antidepressant drugs (which have significant side effects), solving unresolved conflicts, relaxation, light therapy, sleep deprivation therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, as well as cognitive behavioral therapy. Depression treatments need to be aimed at long-term treatment because depression can reoccur if not completely treated. Medications are better short-term treatments, while cognitive behavioral therapy is typically used as a more long-term treatment.[28]

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

[edit]

Attention disorders are the principal predictors of diminished academic achievement.[4] Students with ADHD tend to have trouble mastering behaviors and practices demanded of them by the public education system in the United States, such as the ability to quietly sit still or to apply themselves to one focused task for extended durations.[29] ADHD can mean that students have problems concentration, filtering out distracting external stimuli, and seeing large tasks through to completion. These students can also struggle with time management and organization.[24] Symptoms of ADHD can include inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and other internalizing symptoms, such as depression.[30]

ADHD stands for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This is considered as one of the most common mental disorders for children, however it affects many adults as well. Some examples of symptoms are not paying attention to details and making careless mistakes, having problems of staying focused on activities, not being able to be seen as listening, having problems in organizing, avoiding tasks, and forgetting daily tasks.[31] These symptoms can cause a disturbance in the education of the affected student as well as other students in the class.

Treatments for ADHD can include behavioral therapy, medications (both stimulants and nonstimulants), education about ADHD, and training for parents on how to care for their affected children.[32]

Other common struggles for adolescents

[edit]

Alcoholism

[edit]

More than 90 percent of all alcoholic drinks consumed by young people are consumed through binge drinking, which can lead to Alcoholism.[33] Alcoholism can affect ones’ mental health by being dependent on it, putting drinking before their own classwork.[34] People who consume alcohol before the age of fourteen are more likely to drink more often without thinking about the consequences later on.[35] Students who drink alcohol can also experience consequences such as higher risk of suicide, memory problems, and misuse of other drugs. A 2017 survey found that 30% of high school students have drunk alcohol and 14% of high schoolers have binge drank.[36]

Bullying

[edit]

Bullying in schools can cause adverse effects on students. Academic outcomes for bullied youth are typically below normal. Bullying is associated with a lower grade point average (GPA), lower achievement test scores, and lower teacher-rated academic engagement.[37] Students who become victims of bullying can experience difficulties with social-emotional functioning and they have more difficulty making friends. This also causes poor relationships with peers and classmates which can cause them to feel lonely.[38] Feeling like an outcast, feeling lonely, and being shut out of friend groups can cause students to feel isolated, which can cause anxiety and depression. These conditions come with their own unique implications as far as school goes.[39][40]

Suicide

[edit]

According to the California Dept. of Public Health there were 2,210 suicides in 2019 in the US age range of 15-19 and a total of 6,500 suicides from ages 5–25.[41] Some research estimates that among 15-24 year-olds, there are approximately 100-200 suicide attempts for every suicide.[42] Adolescent suicidality may be a product of network positions characterized by either relative isolation or structural imbalance and a growing body of research links social isolation to suicide.[43] Most suicides reported in Ohio from 1963 to 1965 revealed that they tended to be social outcasts (played no sports, had no hobbies, and were not part of any clubs). They also suggested that half of these students were failing or near-failing at the time of their deaths. These periods of failure and frustration lower the individual's self-concept to a point where they have little sense of self-worth.[44] In fact, students who perceive their academic performance as "failing" are three times more likely to attempt suicide than those who perceive their performance to be acceptable.[4] However, academic failure in school is not the only cause of suicide in schools. Bullying, social isolation, and issues at home are all reasons why students commit suicide.[45]

Reaching Out For Help

[edit]

The American Psychological Association reports that from 2008 to 2018, a survey showed that 5.8% of American people were not receiving the care they needed for their mental health.[46] According to the survey's results, 12.7% of young people between the ages of 18 and 25 said that their mental health issues weren't addressed.[46] The majority of respondents to the survey stated that cost considerations were one of the primary reasons why their needs weren't met. Students in education often find themselves in difficult situations that require assistance. Data suggests a concerning trend of rising rates of suicidal ideation and self-harm behaviors among college students, pointing to the urgent need for effective prevention and intervention strategies.[47] Solving the mental health crisis in America should not solely fall back onto the schools, but they are definitely a huge part of the solution; according to experts, by bringing treatment to these children, school officials are key in addressing existing problems and preventing further diagnoses in these children. Some ways that we are able to bring mental health solutions to the children include an on-duty counselor or a psychiatrist, both of which would be able to evaluate students and help them with receiving the proper medications.[48] For those who require assistance, it is essential to acknowledge mental health services. According to the poll, 26% of respondents believed they could manage their mental needs without receiving treatment.[46] Many students shy away from the main problem because they think their problems aren't serious enough to warrant assistance.[49] By consuming their thoughts and emotions, students discover that they are increasing their stress and anxiety. In order to encourage students to seek treatment when necessary, educational materials should mention the mental health services that are accessible.[49]

Covid-19 and mental health

[edit]
Main article: Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic

Early Covid-19 Predictions

[edit]

Outbreaks of disease forecast a rise in mental health policies. Increased levels of unemployment and emotional distress during the global COVID-19 pandemic led to and evidenced such as rise in 2020.[50] There were cases of increased isolation and depression rates of the elderly, xenophobia against people of Asian descent, and resulting mental health effects of large-scale quarantine and business closures.[51] Not only is an achievement gap projected for students that undergo the COVID-19 pandemic, but significant repercussions are expected for the mental health and well-being of students in low-income families, since more than half of students utilize reduced-priced or free mental health resources provided by schools.[52][53] JAMA Pediatrics expects that the global health crisis will worsen pre-existing mental health disorders in students and the number of childhood mental health disorders will increase with the higher prevalence of social isolation and familial income decline due to economic recession.[54]

The Kaiser Family Foundation reported that 56% of Americans have endured at least one negative mental health effect due to stress related to the outbreak.[50] This can surface as increased alcohol and drug use, frequent headaches, trouble sleeping and eating, or short tempers.[55] Additionally, in May 2020, Well Being Trust reported that the pandemic could lead to 75,000 additional "deaths of despair" from overusing drugs and alcohol or suicide from unemployment, social isolation, and general anxiety regarding the virus.[50] Thus, although as of 2020 there are no federal requirements in place, a rise in mental health awareness and approval of policies is expected post-COVID-19.[50]

Current Covid-19 Effects

[edit]

"The COVID-19 pandemic led to a worldwide lockdown and school closures, which have placed a substantial mental health burden on children and college students. Through a systematic search of the literature on PubMed and Collabovid of studies published January 2020–July 2021, findings of five studies on children and 16 studies on college students found that both groups reported feeling more anxious, depressed, fatigued, and distressed than prior to the pandemic. As a result of COVID-19, children, adolescent, and college students are experiencing long duration of quarantine, physical isolation from their friends, teachers, and extended family members, and are forced to adapt to a virtual way of learning.[56][57] A two-year study during the pandemic on Greek University students revealed severe prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression especially during the second year of the pandemic.[58] Due to this unexpected and forced transition, children and college students may not have adequate academic resources, social contact and support, or a learning-home environment, which may lead to a heightened sense of loneliness, distress, anger, and boredom—causing an increase in negative psychological outcomes.[56][59] Mental health issues may also arise from the disease itself, such as grief from loss of lives, opportunities, and employment."[60]

Policies in public schools

[edit]

United States

[edit]

Concerning U.S. state policies as of 2020, three states have approved mandatory mental health curriculums. In July 2018, New York and Virginia passed legislation that made mental health instruction mandatory in public education.[61] New York has made it mandatory for students from Kindergarten to 12th grade to undergo mental health instruction.[61] After experiencing traumatizing suicidal behavior with his own son, Virginia Senator Creigh Deeds thought it necessary to teach warning signs to 9th and 10th graders so they can look out for the safety of their peers and themselves.[61] The board of education is in charge of deliberating details of the curriculum but the senator is hopeful that teachers will also receive training on warning signs. Even though investment in mental health has never been higher, the state legislature has yet to approve extra funding to implement the curriculum.[61] In July 2019, Florida's board of education made 5 hours of mental health education mandatory for grades 6 through 12, making it the third state to approve such instruction.[61]

Nationally, there has been some effort to increase education on mental health in the public school system. In 2020, the U.S. Department of Education awarded School-Based Mental Health Services grants to 6 state education agencies (SEAs) to increase the number of qualified (i.e., licensed, certified, well-trained, or credentialed) mental health service providers that provide school-based mental health services to students in local educational agencies (LEAs) with demonstrated need.[62] There has been a growing popularity with school-based mental health services in United States public school systems, in which schools have their students covered for mental health care. People, on both the local and federal level, across the states are taking steps to redesign a system that is more favorable for students. This includes focusing on providing mental health services to them.[63]

This concept has the potential to allow students to have access to services that can help them understand and work through any stressors they may face within their schooling, as well as a better chance of intervention for those students who need it.

In a study conducted in 2018 it was found that around 20% of college students in the United States had made attempts at suicide. A report by Healthy Minds in 2021 revealed that 5% of students had reported having planned to commit suicide in the preceding year.[64] There are different kinds of students everywhere. Some might need more support than others, and some might learn at a faster pace than others. It is important to create an inclusive environment for all.[65]

Canada

[edit]

In Canada, the Mental Health Strategy highlights the importance of mental health promotion, stigma reduction, and early recognition of mental health problems in schools to be a priority (Mental Health Commission, 2012).[66]

Ontario conducts a survey every year to keep track of how effective policies are for public schools. Administered by People for Education, the 2022-23 annual report provided insight into the lack of mental health support for students and how inaccessible specialists are for not only students, but educators as well. These surveys are useful data in making decisions on how money can be spent on public schools and what policies should or should not be enforced.[67]

Implementing comprehensive school health and post-secondary mental health initiatives that promote mental health and prevention for those at risk was recommended by the Mental Health Commission of Canada.[68]

Bhutan

[edit]

In Bhutan, efforts toward developing education began in 1961 thanks to Ugyen Wangchuck and the introduction of the First Development Plan, which provided free primary education.[69] By 1998, 400 schools were established.[70] Students' tuition, books, supplies, equipment, and food were all free for boarding schools in the 1980s, and some schools also provided their students with clothing.[citation needed] The assistance of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organizations' World Food Programme allowed free midday meals in some primary schools.[71] This governmental assistance is important to note in the country's Gross National Happiness (GNH), which is at the forefront of developmental policies and is the responsibility of the government. Article 9 of the Constitution of Bhutan states that "the state shall strive to promote those conditions that will enable the pursuit of Gross National Happiness."[72]

Gross national happiness

[edit]

GNH in Bhutan is based on four principles: sustainable and equitable economic development, conservation of the environment, preservation and promotion of culture, and good governance. Their constitution prescribes that the state will provide free access to public health services through a three-tiered health system which provides preventative, promotive, and curative services. Because of this policy, Bhutan was able to eliminate iodine deficiency disorder in 2003, leprosy in 1997, and achieved childhood immunization for all children in 1991. It became the first country to ban tobacco in 2004, and cases of malaria decreased from 12,591 cases in 1999 to 972 cases in 2009.[72] The elimination of these diseases and the strong push for GNH allows for all people (including adolescents who are provided with many necessary items and free education) to live happier lives than they otherwise may have had.

United Kingdom

[edit]

The Department for Education in United Kingdom is working on developing an organizational approach to support mental health and character education.[73] An October 2017 joint report from the Departments for Education and Health outlines this approach with regard to staff training, raising awareness of mental health challenges that children face, and involvement of parents and families in students' mental health. The first wave of the government-led Children and Young People’s Mental Health Implementation programme was launched in 2018. 58 mental health support teams were set up in schools and further education colleges to improve mental health in those aged 5 – 18 years. An evaluation on this initial roll-out found general satisfaction with the programme among schools, colleges and the young people who accessed support.[74][75]

Singapore

[edit]

REACH is a program in Singapore that looks to provide interventions for students struggling with mental illness.[76] A quote from the REACH website reads, "The majority of children and adolescents do not suffer from mental illness. However, when a student has been identified, the school counselor, with consultation from the school’s case management team, will look into managing the care of the student. When necessary, guidance specialists and educational psychologists from the Ministry of Education will render additional support.

In 2010, the Voluntary Welfare Organizations (VWOs), in collaboration with the National Council of Social Service (NCSS), have also been invited to join this network to provide community and clinical support to at-risk children.[citation needed] Students and children with severe emotional and behavioral problems may need more help. The REACH team collaborates with school counselors/VWOs to provide suitable school-based interventions to help these students.[neutrality is disputed] Such school/VWO based interventions often provide the requisite, timely help that these students and children need. Further specialized assessment or treatment may be necessary for more severe cases. The student or child may be referred to the Child Guidance Clinic after assessment by the REACH team for further psychiatric evaluation and intervention. These interventions may include medications, psychotherapy, group or family work and further assessments."[This quote needs a citation] [neutrality is disputed]

Mexico

[edit]

Traditionally, mental health was not considered a part of public health in Mexico because of other health priorities, lack of knowledge about the true magnitude of mental health problems, and a complex approach involving the intervention of other sectors in addition to the public health sector. Among the key documents anticipating the policy change was a report presented by the Mexican Health Foundation in 1995, which opened a very constructive debate. It introduced basic tenets for health improvement, elements for an analysis of the health situation related to the burden of disease approach, and a strategic proposal with concurrent recommendations for reforming the system. Mexico has an extensive legal frame of reference dealing with health and mental health. The objectives are to promote a healthy psychosocial development of different population groups, and reduce the effects of behavioral and psychiatric disorders. This should be achieved through graded and complementary interventions, according to the level of care, and with the coordinated participation of the public, social, and private sectors in municipal, state, and national settings. The strategic lines consider training and qualification of human resources, growth, rehabilitation, and regionalization of mental health service networks, formulation of guidelines and evaluation. All age groups as well as specific sub-populations (indigenous groups, women, street children, populations in disaster areas), and other state and regional priorities are considered.[citation needed]

Japan

[edit]

In Japan and China, the approach to mental health is focused on the collective of students, much like the national aims of these Asian countries. Much like in the US, there is much research done in the realm of student mental health, but not many national policies in place to prevent and aid mental health problems students face. Japanese students face considerable academic pressure as imposed by society and school systems. In 2006, Japanese police gathered notes left from students who had committed suicide that year and noted overarching school pressures as the primary source of their problems.[77] Additionally, the dynamic of collective thinking—the centripetal force of Japan's society, wherein individual identity is sacrificed for the functioning benefit of a greater collective—results in the stigmatization of uniqueness. As child psychiatrist Dr. Ken Takaoka explained to CNN, schools prioritize this collectivism, and “children who do not get along in a group will suffer.”[citation needed]

China

[edit]

Chinese society widely agrees that attending prestigious schools can lead to high-paying careers and long-term happiness for children.[78] Yet, in the pursuit of these objectives, a significant number of Chinese families are currently grappling with the challenge of educational anxiety.[79][80] The data from the Program of International Student Assessment (PISA, 2018) reveal that Chinese students achieve high global rankings in academics, leading in reading, mathematics, and science. However, their life satisfaction scores, an important measure of mental health, are notably low.[81] This situation indicates a trend where the increasing academic competition not only elevates the financial and time investments in education but also contributes to a rise in extracurricular tutoring and a significant academic workload for students.[78][82] Several systematic reviews examining the occurrence of depressive symptoms among students in China found that, on average, 17.2% of primary school students and 28.4% of Chinese university students exhibited signs of depression.[83][84][85]

In China, the focus on mental well-being of children and adolescents is highlighted in three interconnected policy frameworks: firstly, their mental health is recognized in broader national policies; secondly, it is a key focus within maternal and child health initiatives; and thirdly, specific policies are devoted exclusively to the mental health of this young population.[86]

Studies indicate that mental health promotion programs rank among the most effective efforts within health-promoting school initiatives.[79] Efforts have been made to address academic stress, with recent initiatives aiming to reduce the burden on students and promote a healthier educational environment.[87] In July 2021, the "Double Reduction Policy" was introduced, mandating schools to decrease excessive homework and off-campus training, potentially alleviating academic pressure and enhancing students' psychological well-being.[88][89]

With China's nine-year compulsory education program, primary schools play a key role in promoting and improving child mental health, serving as ideal venues for delivering related services.[79] According to the 'Work Plan for Mental Health in China (2011–2020)', 85% coverage of mental health education was chosen as a target in urban primary schools and 70% in rural areas by 2015.[90] Additionally, it argued for assessing the prevalence of mental disorders and for increasing awareness of child and adolescent mental health from 30%–40% in 2005 to 80% by 2015. The plan also emphasized the importance of providing accessible information on mental disorder prevention and screening through primary care physicians.[90] As per the revised 'Mental Health Law of the People’s Republic of China' that was enacted in May 2013, numerous provisions have been introduced concerning the mental well-being of children and adolescents.[91] Psychologists and counsellors are mandated to be available in schools at all levels to address mental disorders and psychological issues. Furthermore, preschool educational institutions must conduct relevant forms of mental health education. In cases of traumatic events or other stressors, schools are obligated to gather specialists and provide psychological counseling and mental health support to children in need.[91] On December 30, 2016, 22 ministries and commissions, including the National Health and Family Planning Commission and various others, collectively released the 'Guiding Opinions on Strengthening Mental Health Services' (‘Opinions’).[92] It stressed the importance of improving the mental health service system in education, advocating for the establishment of counseling centers and the presence of mental health workers across all types of educational institutions, from colleges and universities to preschools.[92][93]

South Korea

[edit]

South Korea has traditionally placed much value on education. As a nation that has a degree of enthusiasm like no other for education has created an environment where children are pressured to study more than ever. When mental health issues affect students there are very few resources available to help students cope. The nation's general view of mental health problems, such as anxiety, depression or thoughts of suicide, is that they are believed to be a sign of personal weakness that could bring shame upon a family if a member would be discovered to have such an illness. This is true if the problem arises in a social, educational or family setting. Rather than perceiving mental health issues as a medical condition and concern requiring treatment especially in students, a majority of Korea's population has perceived them as a cultural stigma. A study found when surveying over 600 Korean citizens from the age of 20-60+ years in 2008, most of the older people, many of whom are parents, shared similar and negative views on mental health issues such as depression.[94] The older adults generally were also found to have a negative view of mental health services, including those offered through the educational system, as they are deeply influenced by the cultural stigma around the topic. This negative view of mental health services in education has provided implications for students who are struggling emotionally, as many do not know what, if any, help might be available in the facilities of education. However, this does not mean no mental health services exist in the world or in the educational setting. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2006 collected data [95] regarding Korea's mental health system. The goal of collecting this information was to attempt to improve the mental health system and to provide a baseline for monitoring the change. Despite Korea having a low budget for mental health services compared to other developed countries, it has taken steps to create long term mental health plans to advance its national health system such as raising more awareness for mental health, creating communities for students, and removing the cultural stigma around mental health.[citation needed]

Alleviation and fostering adjustment

[edit]

Prevention

[edit]

The pressures of school, extracurricular activities, work and relationships with friends and family can be a lot for an individual to manage and at times can be overwhelming. In order to prevent these overwhelming feelings from turning into a mental health problem, taking measures to prevent these emotions from escalating is essential. School-based programs that help students with emotional-regulation, stress management, conflict resolution, and active coping and cognitive restructuring are a few suggested ways that give students resources that can promote their mental health (Mental Health Commission, 2012).[citation needed]

Research shows that students who receive social-emotional and mental health will have a higher chance of more academic achievements. Since most children spend a large portion of the day at school, about 6 hours, schools are the ideal place for students to receive the services they need. When mental health is not addressed, this can cause issues with causing distractions to fellow students and teachers.[96] A 2020 survey found that 43% of academic researchers were harassed or bullied at work.[97] Many respondents claimed that their work environment hindered research.

According to a 2019 article regarding school social workers, the field of social workers in schools is continuing to grow. In 1996, there were only about 9,000 social workers in schools. This had increased to be between 20,000 and 22,000 social workers. According to the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, it is estimated the field will continue to grow from 2016 to 2026 due to the increase of mental health services that are being demanded in schools.[98]

Belonging

[edit]

Belonging in the school environment may be the most important and relevant factors affecting students' performance in an academic setting.[99] School-related stress and an increase in academic expectations may increase school-related stress and in turn negatively affect their academic performance. The absence of social acceptance has been shown to lead lowered interest and engagement because students have difficulty sustaining engagement in environments where they do not feel valued and welcome.[100] The feeling of belonging creates a buffer between students and depressive symptoms and lessens the feelings of anxiety in school. Other components of not belonging can also affect students' feeling of belonging, which include not being represented racially, ethnically minority, or lack of first-generation representation in schools.[101]

An issue that is faced in our society today is bullying which can happen at school or even in class. Bullying can cause issues for students such as chemical dependency, physical harm, and a decrease in performance academically. According to the NASP, a large percentage, about 70%-80%, of people have experienced bullying in their school years in which the student could have been the bully, victim, or even the bystander. In order for staff at schools to understand how to notice this as an issue and what to do to resolve it, NASP advocates for guiding principals in how to resolve these issues as well as providing information on available programs.[102]

A 2020 survey by the UK non-profit Ditch The Label found that of those people who had been bullied that year 36% reported depression, 33% had suicidal thoughts, and 27% self-harmed.[103]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Any Disorder Among Children". National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  2. ^ a b Suicide Prevention Resource Center. "Consequences of Student Mental Health Issues".
  3. ^ Jacob, Mandy (2024-07-24). "Emerging Mental Health Issues in 2024". Quick Edu Help. Retrieved 2024-10-15.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Youth Mental Health and Academic Achievement" (PDF). National Center for Mental Health Checkups at Columbia University. Retrieved November 24, 2017. [permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^ "Any Anxiety Disorder Among Children". National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  6. ^ "Any Mood Disorder Among Children". National Institute of Mental Health. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  7. ^ "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children". National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  8. ^ CDC (July 26, 2022). "Other Concerns and Conditions with ADHD | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  9. ^ "The State of Mental Health in America". Mental Health America. Retrieved October 28, 2023.
  10. ^ "Understanding the Characteristics of Suicide in Young Children". National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). December 14, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
  11. ^ Bitsko RH, Claussen AH, Lichstein J, Black LI, Jones SE, Danielson ML, et al. (February 2022). "Mental Health Surveillance Among Children - United States, 2013-2019". MMWR Supplements. 71 (2): 1–42. doi:10.15585/mmwr.su7102a1. PMC 8890771. PMID 35202359.
  12. ^ "Facts & Stats". The Jason Foundation, Inc. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  13. ^ "Youth Suicide Statistics". Parent Resource Program. Jason Foundation. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
  14. ^ Winerman L. "By the Numbers: Stress on Campus". Monitor on Psychology. American Psychological Association. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
  15. ^ a b "Problems at School". Association for Children's Mental Health (ACMH). Retrieved March 22, 2022.
  16. ^ Posselt, Julie R.; Lipson, Sarah Ketchen (2016). "Competition, Anxiety, and Depression in the College Classroom: Variations by Student Identity and Field of Study". Journal of College Student Development. 57 (8): 973–989. doi:10.1353/csd.2016.0094. S2CID 151752884. Project MUSE 638561.
  17. ^ "Anxiety Disorders and ADHD". HealthyChildren.org. November 21, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
  18. ^ "Anxiety in Teens is Rising: What's Going On?". HealthyChildren.org. November 20, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
  19. ^ "Anxiety disorders". World Health Organization. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  20. ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Vol. 1. 2000. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349. ISBN 978-0-89042-334-9.[page needed]
  21. ^ "Anxiety disorders - Diagnosis and treatment". Mayo Clinic.
  22. ^ "College depression: What parents need to know". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
  23. ^ "Mental Health in America - Youth Data". Mental Health America. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
  24. ^ a b "How does mental illness affect my school performance?". Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation. Boston University College of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College. Archived from the original on October 1, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
  25. ^ Ibrahim, Ahmed K.; Kelly, Shona J.; Adams, Clive E.; Glazebrook, Cris (March 2013). "A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university students". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 47 (3): 391–400. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.11.015. PMID 23260171.
  26. ^ "Treatments for depression". InformedHealth.org. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). June 18, 2020.
  27. ^ Torres F (October 2020). "What Is Depression?". American Psychiatric Association (APA).
  28. ^ Duval, Fabrice; Lebowitz, Barry D.; Macher, Jean-Paul (June 30, 2006). "Treatments in depression". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 8 (2): 191–206. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.2/fduval. PMC 3181767. PMID 16889105.
  29. ^ CDC (September 2, 2021). "ADHD in the Classroom | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
  30. ^ Dvorsky, Melissa R.; Langberg, Joshua M. (December 2016). "A Review of Factors that Promote Resilience in Youth with ADHD and ADHD Symptoms". Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 19 (4): 368–391. doi:10.1007/s10567-016-0216-z. PMID 27747466. S2CID 254369773.
  31. ^ Elmaghraby R, GarayaldeS (June 2022). "What is ADHD?". American Psychiatric Association.
  32. ^ CDC (September 21, 2020). "Treatment of ADHD | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
  33. ^ "Underage Drinking | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)". www.niaaa.nih.gov. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
  34. ^ "College Alcoholism - Alcohol Abuse in College - AlcoholRehabGuide". Alcohol Rehab Guide. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
  35. ^ Zeigler DW, Wang CC, Yoast RA, Dickinson BD, McCaffree MA, Robinowitz CB, Sterling ML (January 2005). "The neurocognitive effects of alcohol on adolescents and college students". Preventive Medicine. 40 (1): 23–32. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.044. PMID 15530577.
  36. ^ "Underage Drinking". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). January 17, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  37. ^ Fullchange, Aileen; Furlong, Michael J. (2016). "An Exploration of Effects of Bullying Victimization From a Complete Mental Health Perspective". SAGE Open. 6 (1). doi:10.1177/2158244015623593.
  38. ^ Fullchange, Aileen; Furlong, Michael J. (January 5, 2016). "An Exploration of Effects of Bullying Victimization From a Complete Mental Health Perspective". SAGE Open. 6 (1). doi:10.1177/2158244015623593.
  39. ^ Tzani, Calli (August 8, 2018). "Childhood bullying can cause lifelong psychological damage: How to spot the signs and move on". The Conversation. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  40. ^ Ye, Zixiang; Wu, Dongmei; He, Xiaoyan; Ma, Qin; Peng, Jianyan; Mao, Guoju; Feng, Lanling; Tong, Yuhao (March 30, 2023). "Meta-analysis of the relationship between bullying and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents". BMC Psychiatry. 23 (1): 215. doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04681-4. ISSN 1471-244X. PMC 10061722. PMID 36997959.
  41. ^ "Number of Youth Suicides, by Age Group". Kidsdata.org. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  42. ^ Berk M, Adrian M, McCauley E, Asarnow J, Avina C, Linehan M (March 2014). "Conducting Research on Adolescent Suicide Attempters: Dilemmas and Decisions". The Behavior Therapist. 37 (3): 65–69. PMC 4061763. PMID 24954969.
  43. ^ Bearman PS, Moody J (January 2004). "Suicide and friendships among American adolescents". American Journal of Public Health. 94 (1): 89–95. doi:10.2105/ajph.94.1.89. PMC 1449832. PMID 14713704.
  44. ^ Reese FD (February 1968). "School Age Suicide and the Educational Environment". Theory into Practice. 7 (1): 10–13. doi:10.1080/00405846809542105. JSTOR 1475581.
  45. ^ "Explore Teen Suicide in the United States | 2021 Health of Women and Children Report". United Health Foundation.
  46. ^ a b c Conroy, Jessica; Lin, Luona; Ghaness, Amrita (2020). "Why people aren't getting the care they need". Monitor on Psychology. 51 (5). American Psychological Association.
  47. ^ Kitzrow, Martha Anne (December 1, 2003). "The Mental Health Needs of Today's College Students: Challenges and Recommendations". NASPA Journal. 41 (1): 167–181. doi:10.2202/1949-6605.1310. ISSN 0027-6014.
  48. ^ Stone, Matthew (October 25, 2023). "Why America Has a Youth Mental Health Crisis, And How Schools Can Help". Education Week. 43 (9): 3–7.
  49. ^ a b Modan, Naaz (May 23, 2022). "Survey: Third of students reluctant to seek help for mental health issues". K-12 Dive.
  50. ^ a b c d Kam K. "Mental Health an Emerging Crisis of COVID Pandemic". WebMD. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  51. ^ Vazquez M. "Calling COVID-19 the "Wuhan Virus" or "China Virus" is inaccurate and xenophobic". Yale School of Medicine. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  52. ^ Terada Y. "Covid-19's Impact on Students' Academic and Mental Well-Being". Edutopia. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
  53. ^ Golberstein E, Wen H, Miller BF (September 2020). "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Mental Health for Children and Adolescents". JAMA Pediatrics. 174 (9): 819–820. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1456. PMID 32286618.
  54. ^ Golberstein E, Wen H, Miller BF (September 2020). "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Mental Health for Children and Adolescents". JAMA Pediatrics. 174 (9): 819–820. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1456. PMID 32286618.
  55. ^ Hasan, Mahmudul (December 31, 2022). "Mental Health: Why is Mental Health Important for Students?". my doctor my choice. Retrieved December 31, 2022.[dead link‍]
  56. ^ a b Lin C, Tong Y, Bai Y, Zhao Z, Quan W, Liu Z, et al. (2022-04-14). "Prevalence and correlates of depression and anxiety among Chinese international students in US colleges during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study". PLOS ONE. 17 (4): e0267081. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1767081L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267081. PMC 9009639. PMID 35421199.
  57. ^ Edmonds, David Matthew; Zayts-Spence, Olga; Fortune, Zoe; Chan, Angus; Chou, Jason Shang Guan (2024-03-04). "A scoping review to map the research on the mental health of students and graduates during their university-to-work transitions". BMJ Open. 14 (3): e076729. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076729. PMC 11146370. PMID 38443080.
  58. ^ Kavvadas D, Kavvada A, Karachrysafi S, Papaliagkas V, Cheristanidis S, Chatzidimitriou M, Papamitsou T (July 2022). "Stress, Anxiety and Depression Prevalence among Greek University Students during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Two-Year Survey". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 11 (15): 4263. doi:10.3390/jcm11154263. PMC 9332455. PMID 35893354.
  59. ^ Werner AM, Tibubos AN, Mülder LM, Reichel JL, Schäfer M, Heller S, et al. (November 2021). "The impact of lockdown stress and loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health among university students in Germany". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 22637. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1122637W. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02024-5. PMC 8609027. PMID 34811422.
  60. ^ Elharake JA, Akbar F, Malik AA, Gilliam W, Omer SB (January 2022). "Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 among Children and College Students: A Systematic Review". Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 54 (3): 913–925. doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01297-1. PMC 8747859. PMID 35013847.
  61. ^ a b c d e "New York, Virginia officially mandate MH education in schools". Mental Health Weekly. 28 (25): 8. June 25, 2018. doi:10.1002/mhw.31503. S2CID 242083551.
  62. ^ "School-Based Mental Health Services". National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments (NCSSLE). Retrieved March 29, 2022.
  63. ^ Chatterjee, Rhitu (February 16, 2022). "State by state, here's how well schools are doing at supporting kids' mental health". NPR.
  64. ^ "Research: Mental Health In College Students". Scholarly Help Blog. November 2022.[user-generated source?]
  65. ^ "Addressing Mental Health In Education: Strategies For Student Well-Being". Education 2.0 Conference. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  66. ^ "Effect Of Stress On Physical And Mental Health - Effect Of Mental Stress". sites.google.com. Retrieved February 22, 2022.[user-generated source?][dead link‍]
  67. ^ "Principals sound the alarm about students' mental health". People for Education. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
  68. ^ "School-Based Mental Health in Canada: A Final Report" (PDF). mentalhealthcommission.ca. Mental Health Commission of Canada. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
  69. ^ Dhakal, D. N. S. (1987). "Twenty-Five Years of Development in Bhutan". Mountain Research and Development. 7 (3): 219–221. doi:10.2307/3673197. ISSN 0276-4741. JSTOR 3673197.
  70. ^ "Bhutan". education.stateuniversity.com. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  71. ^ "Bhutan | World Food Programme". www.wfp.org. March 31, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  72. ^ a b Tobgay T, Dophu U, Torres CE, Na-Bangchang K (2011). "Health and Gross National Happiness: review of current status in Bhutan". Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 4: 293–298. doi:10.2147/JMDH.S21095. PMC 3155859. PMID 21847351.
  73. ^ https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a82c6f5ed915d74e623794d/Practice_example-Whole_organisational_approach.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  74. ^ Ellins, Jo; Hocking, Lucy; Al-Haboubi, Mustafa; Newbould, Jenny; Fenton, Sarah-Jane; Daniel, Kelly; Stockwell, Stephanie; Leach, Brandi; Sidhu, Manbinder; Bousfield, Jenny; McKenna, Gemma; Saunders, Katie; O’Neill, Stephen; Mays, Nicholas (June 21, 2023). "Early evaluation of the Children and Young People's Mental Health Trailblazer programme: a rapid mixed-methods study". Health and Social Care Delivery Research. 11 (8): 1–137. doi:10.3310/XQWU4117. PMID 37470109.
  75. ^ "Mental health support in schools is well-received but challenges remain". NIHR Evidence. March 14, 2024.
  76. ^ "REACH Partners - Ministry of Education - IMH | Institute of Mental Health". www.imh.com.sg. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
  77. ^ "Why Do So Many Japanese Schoolchildren Kill Themselves?". Newsweek. August 11, 2015.
  78. ^ a b Guo, Dandan, ed. (2023). The frontier of education reform and development in China: articles from Educational research. Educational research in China. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. pp. 211–240. ISBN 978-981-19-6355-1.
  79. ^ a b c Yang, Xu-Hao; Yu, Hong-Jie; Liu, Ming-Wei; Zhang, Jie; Tang, Bo-Wen; Yuan, Shuai; Gasevic, Danijela; Paul, Kelly; Wang, Pei-Gang; He, Qi-Qiang (August 17, 2020). "The impact of a health education intervention on health behaviors and mental health among Chinese college students". Journal of American College Health. 68 (6): 587–592. doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1583659. hdl:20.500.11820/ae0c2e29-8cf4-434f-a6b5-14a4a765d40f. ISSN 0744-8481. PMID 30849021.
  80. ^ Zhao, Xu; Selman, Robert L.; Haste, Helen (December 31, 2015). Cheng, May (ed.). "Academic stress in Chinese schools and a proposed preventive intervention program". Cogent Education. 2 (1): 1000477. doi:10.1080/2331186X.2014.1000477. ISSN 2331-186X.
  81. ^ "Students' life satisfaction and meaning in life". PISA 2018 Results (Volume III). 2020. pp. 153–173. doi:10.1787/c414e291-en. ISBN 978-92-64-97042-7.
  82. ^ Ye, Lin; Posada, Alexandria; Liu, Yangyang (January 2019). "A Review on the Relationship Between Chinese Adolescents' Stress and Academic Achievement: Stress and Academic Achievement". New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development. 2019 (163): 81–95. doi:10.1002/cad.20265. PMID 30614631.
  83. ^ Xu, Dan-Dan; Rao, Wen-Wang; Cao, Xiao-Lan; Wen, Si-Ying; An, Feng-Rong; Che, Weng-Ian; Bressington, Daniel T.; Cheung, Teris; Ungvari, Gabor S.; Xiang, Yu-Tao (May 1, 2020). "Prevalence of depressive symptoms in primary school students in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Affective Disorders. 268: 20–27. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.034. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 32158003.
  84. ^ Gao, Li; Xie, Yuanchen; Jia, Chunhua; Wang, Wei (September 28, 2020). "Prevalence of depression among Chinese university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 15897. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1015897G. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72998-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7522998. PMID 32985593.
  85. ^ Zhao, Jinxia; Xing, Xiaopei; Wang, Meifang (October 2012). "Psychometric properties of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS) in Mainland Chinese children and adolescents". Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 26 (7): 728–736. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.05.006. PMID 22858899.
  86. ^ Zheng, Yi (January 1, 2020), Hodes, Matthew; Gau, Susan Shur-Fen; de Vries, Petrus J. (eds.), "Chapter 11 - Chinese policy and practice in child and adolescent mental health", Starting At the Beginning, Academic Press, pp. 273–293, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819749-3.00011-7, ISBN 978-0-12-819749-3, retrieved March 27, 2024
  87. ^ Wang, Dongfang; Chen, Xiao-Yan; Ma, Zijuan; Liu, Xianchen; Fan, Fang (November 28, 2022). "Has the "Double Reduction" policy relieved stress? A follow-up study on Chinese adolescents". Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 16 (1): 91. doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00530-6. ISSN 1753-2000. PMC 9707210. PMID 36443852.
  88. ^ "中国政府网". www.gov.cn. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
  89. ^ Qian, Zijing (2022), Holl, Augustin; Chen, Jun; Guan, Guiyun (eds.), "The Impact of the "Double Reduction" Policy on the Mental Health of Adolescents", Proceedings of the 2022 5th International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2022), Paris: Atlantis Press SARL, pp. 1402–1408, doi:10.2991/978-2-494069-89-3_161, ISBN 978-2-494069-88-6
  90. ^ a b (2008) "Work Plan for Mental Health in China (2011–2020)". National Health and Family Committee of the People’s Republic of China. 2008. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  91. ^ a b Chen, H.; Phillips, M.; Cheng, H.; Chen, Q.; Chen, X.; Fralick, D.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, M.; Huang, J.; Bueber, M. (December 12, 2012). "Mental Health Law of the People's Republic of China (English translation with annotations) - Shanghai Carchives of Psychiatry". Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry. 24 (6): 305–321. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2012.06.001. PMC 4198897. PMID 25324635. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
  92. ^ a b Li, Bin, ed. (2020). "Tutorial for Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan". SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9603-9. ISBN 978-981-32-9602-2.
  93. ^ Zheng, Yi (2020), "Chinese policy and practice in child and adolescent mental health", Starting At the Beginning, Elsevier, pp. 273–293, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819749-3.00011-7, ISBN 978-0-12-819749-3, retrieved March 27, 2024
  94. ^ Jang Y, Chiriboga DA, Okazaki S (January 2009). "Attitudes toward mental health services: age-group differences in Korean American adults". Aging & Mental Health. 13 (1): 127–134. doi:10.1080/13607860802591070. PMC 2737391. PMID 19197698.
  95. ^ "WHO-AIMS Report on Mental Health System in Republic of Korea" (PDF). Seoul: World Health Organization. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 20, 2021.
  96. ^ Rossen, Eric; Cowan, Katherine C. (December 2014). "Improving mental health in schools". Phi Delta Kappan. 96 (4): 8–13. doi:10.1177/0031721714561438. S2CID 143710954.
  97. ^ Wellcome (2020). "What Researchers Think About the Culture They Work In" (PDF).
  98. ^ Cuellar MJ, Mason SE (January 1, 2019). "School Social Worker Views on the Current State of Safety in U.S. Schools: A Qualitative Study". Children & Schools. 41 (1): 25–34. doi:10.1093/cs/cdy028.
  99. ^ Hasan, Mahmudul (December 31, 2022). "Mental Health: Why is Mental Health Important for Students?". My Doctor My Choice. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
  100. ^ Kaplan D, Liu R, Kaplan H (2005). "School Related Stress in Early Adolescence and Academic Performance Three Years Later: The Conditional Influence of Self Expectations". Social Psychology of Education. 8: 3–17. doi:10.1007/s11218-004-3129-5. S2CID 144173711.
  101. ^ Gopalan M, Linden-Carmichael A, Lanza S (February 2022). "College Students' Sense of Belonging and Mental Health Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic". The Journal of Adolescent Health. 70 (2): 228–233. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.10.010. PMC 8741285. PMID 34893423.
  102. ^ "Bullying Prevention". National Association of School Psychologists.
  103. ^ Ditch the Label (2020). "The Annual Bullying Survey" (PDF).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mental_health_in_education&oldid=1251282860"