Little Ephraim Robin John and Ancona Robin John
Little Ephraim Robin John and Ancona Robin Robin John were two 18th century African slave traders, later enslaved people, and finally, free men who were members of the ruling family of Old Town, Calabur, Nigeria.[1] Ancona was either a son or nephew of Little Ephraim.
Members of the Efik clan, the men were seen as valuable assets because they spoke multiple languages (including English), were literate, could negotiate, and had a strong knowledge of the slave trade.[2]
The Robin Johns were kidnapped while participating in a slave trade expedition. They were sold to British slave traders while the king of Old Town, Grandy King George, was negotiating trade with the Duke of New Town.
The Robin Johns were deceived twice by captains promising to bring them home to Africa. While in the Kingdom of Great Britain, the two men successfully petitioned the British courts for their freedom.[3]
Early life and capture[edit]
By the mid-1700s, a bitter rivalry had formed between Old Town and New Town in Old Calabar. In 1767, trade negotiations between Grandy King George and Duke Ephraim of New Town turned bitter, which stalled the local slave trade.[2] New Town's African slave traders then recruited the help of British slave traders to successfully launch an ambush on those involved in the slave trade in Old Town.
Both Robin Johns were kidnapped during the ambush and sold into slavery.[4] [5][6]
Captivity[edit]
Dominica[edit]
The Robin Johns were transported to Dominica by Captain Bivins on the Duke of York. Once on the island, the men were sold to a French physician.
Several months later, Captain William Sharp of Liverpool convinced the Robin Johns that he would transport them back to Africa if they could escape to his ship. In a letter, one of the men stated that he was "determined to get home".[7] One night, the Robin Johns slipped away and boarded Sharp's ship.
Instead of sailing to Africa, Sharp sailed to Virginia, where he sold the Robin Johns to John Thompson.
Virginia[edit]
Their new enslaver, John Thompson of Williamsburg, Virginia,[2] was a slave trader. Thompson frequently took the men with him on his voyages. A short-tempered man, Thompson beat the Robin Johns frequently.[7] In March 1772, Thompson died.
Shortly after Thompson's death, the Robin Johns encountered some sailors from Old Town who were in port in Virginia on the slave trading ship Greyhound. The sailors recognized the two men and remembered the story of their ambush in Africa. They relayed the story to their captain, Captain Terence O'Neil, urging him to help the Robin Johns. O'Neil said that he would ultimately transport the men to Africa if they escaped their bondage.
The Robin Johns escaped to the Greyhound, which sailed to Bristol, England.
Liverpool[edit]
Upon arriving in Liverpool, O'Neil transferred the Robin Johns to another ship headed back to Virginia with plans to sell them again. The Robin Johns spent two weeks locked in a slave ship before they sent a letter to the prominent slave trader Thomas Jones, who knew the Robin Johns personally, as he had made many trips to Old Calabar in the 1760s. Jones had formed close relationships with the ruling family of Old Town. Immediately after the ambush, Grandy King George had written to Thomas Jones, asking for his help with bringing his brother and nephew home.[7]
Court case in England[edit]
Through Thomas Jones, the Robin Johns petitioned for their freedom. Jones used the 1772 ruling on the James Somersett case, attempting to use Habeas Corpus to free the Robin Johns. A judge ruled that the Robin Johns were free and could not be returned to America to be sold again.[3] After being declared free, the two men traveled back to Calabar.[3]
Later life and legacy[edit]
While in Bristol the Robin Johns interacted with Charles and John Wesley, and converted to Methodism.[3][8] Oral tradition relates that they were responsible for the spread of Christianity in Calabar after their return in 1794.[9]
Some evidence suggests that Ephraim engaged in the slave trade after returning to Calabur; he had previously suggested to Charles Wesley that he saw little alternative if he was to repay Thomas Jones for his help.[9]
The Robin Johns' association with John Wesley is thought to have influenced his attack on the institution of slavery in his pamphlet Thoughts upon Slavery (1774).[9]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Roark, James L.; Johnson, Michael P.; Cohen, Patricia Cline; Stage, Sarah; Hartmann, Susan M. (2012-03-01). The American Promise, Volume A: A History of the United States: To 1800. Macmillan Higher Education. pp. 123–124. ISBN 9781457626524.
- ^ a b c "Ancona Robin John and Little Ephraim Robin John | Slavery and Remembrance". slaveryandremembrance.org. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
- ^ a b c d Childs, Matt (2004). "Captors to Captives to Christians to Calabar: Navigating the Boundaries of Slavery and Freedom in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade". Common-place. 5: 1–4.
- ^ Akyeampong, Emmanuel K; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2012). "Robin, John, Little Ephraim and Ancona". Robin, John, Little Ephraim and Ancona - Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
- ^ Clarkson, Thomas (1789). The Substance of the Evidence of Sundry Persons on the Slave-trade: Collected in the Course of a Tour Made in the Autumn of the Year 1788. James Phillips.
- ^ Kupperman, Karen Ordahl (2012-08-08). The Atlantic in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199986552.
- ^ a b c Sparks, Randy J. (2008). The two princes of Calabar : an eighteenth-century Atlantic odyssey. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674032057. OCLC 221175566.
- ^ Cruickshank, Johanna. "CHARLES WESLEY, THE MEN OF OLD CALABAR, AND THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY" (PDF). Aldersgate Papers V7.
- ^ a b c Sparks, Randy J. (2002). "Two Princes of Calabar: An Atlantic Odyssey from Slavery to Freedom". The William and Mary Quarterly. 59 (3): 555-584 (pp. 582-583). doi:10.2307/3491465. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 3491465 – via JSTOR.