List of wars of succession in Europe

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This article is about wars of succession in Europe. For outside Europe, see List of wars of succession. For wars of secession, see List of wars of independence. For princely wars against well-established monarchs, see princely rebellion.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
To inherit Holland, Ada quickly married Louis before her father was buried, triggering the Loon War.[1]

This is a list of wars of succession in Europe.

Note: Wars of succession in transcontinental states are mentioned under the continents where their capital city was located. That means that wars of succession in the Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Empire are found here whenever their capital city was located at Constantinople/Kostantiniyye/Istanbul in East Thrace; for Ottoman wars of succession before 1453, see List of wars of succession § Medieval Asia. Names of wars that have been given names by historians are capitalised; the others, whose existence has been proven but not yet given a specific name, are provisionally written in lowercase letters (except for the first word, geographical and personal names).

Ancient Europe[edit]

Alexander's diadochi battled about his political legacy for 46 years.
Year of the Four Emperors: a war of succession between Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian.

Medieval Europe[edit]

6th–8th century[edit]

Fontenoy confirmed the partition of Francia between emperor Louis the Pious's three sons.

9th century[edit]

10th century[edit]

11th century[edit]

In 1066, William of Normandy managed to enforce his claim to the English throne.

12th century[edit]

The Sack of Kiev (1169) was part of the 1167–1169 Kievan succession crisis between rival princely clans[43]

13th century[edit]

Entry of the Crusaders in Constantinople, Eugène Delacroix (1840). The 1204 Sack of Constantinople caused a complex series of related wars of succession in Southeastern Europe and Asia Minor, as many pretenders laid claim to the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire's legacy.
The Battle of Worringen, the decisive confrontation of the War of the Limburg Succession, as shown in a 15th-century Brabantsche Yeesten manuscript

14th century[edit]

Siege of Orléans. The Hundred Years' War arose when the English king claimed the French throne.
The 1388 Battle of Strietfield secured Lüneburg for the House of Welf.

15th century[edit]

The Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl (1443) during the Old Zürich War.
The Catholic Monarchs united 'Spain' after the War of the Castilian Succession.

Early Modern Europe[edit]

16th century[edit]

The Jülich Succession became a European war, as the future religious balance of power depended on it.

17th century[edit]

Klushino 1610: Polish–Lithuanian hussars defeat Tsarist Russia and capture Moscow in the Time of Troubles and the Dimitriads.

18th century[edit]

During the War of the Spanish Succession, a European coalition tried to keep Spain out of French hands.
The War of the Austrian Succession grew out to an almost pan-European land war, spreading to colonies in the Americas and India.[94]

Modern Europe[edit]

19th century[edit]

The death of Frederick VII of Denmark was a cause of the Second Schleswig War (1864).
The Third Carlist War (1872–1876).

Timeline[edit]

Petar of Serbia#Civil warsTwenty Years' AnarchyRoman civil war of 350–353Year of the Four EmperorsCharles the Fat#Deposition, death, and legacyCivil wars of the TetrarchyYear of the Five EmperorsRoman–Bosporan WarPyrrhus of EpirusKoppány#Rebellion and deathSiege of Laon (741)Battle of LucofaoBattle of the FrigidusYear of the Six EmperorsCrisis of the Third CenturyWars of the DiadochiOlga of KievÆthelwold's RevoltHarald Klak#The Civil War of 812–814Frankish Civil War (715–718)EbroinBrunhilda of AustrasiaFredegundBoudicaBosporan Civil War
Ottoman Civil War (1509–13)Ottoman InterregnumByzantine civil war of 1352–1357Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347War of the Euboeote SuccessionStefan the First-Crowned#Conflict over successionBattle of PantinaRomanos IV Diogenes#BetrayalLiberal WarsWar of the Portuguese SuccessionWar of the Castilian SuccessionNavarrese Civil War (1451–1455)Fernandine WarsByzantine civil war of 1321–1328Nicaean–Latin warsFourth CrusadeCarlist WarsWar of the Spanish SuccessionFranco-Spanish War (1595–98)Catalan Civil WarWar of the Two PetersCastilian Civil WarRostislav Mikhailovich#His struggle for BulgariaAlfonso VIII of Castile#Regency and civil warWar of the Three SanchosWar of the Three SanchosFitna of al-AndalusFitna of al-AndalusWar of the Montferrat SuccessionItalian War of 1536–1538Mad WarMilanese War of Succession1383–1385 Portuguese interregnumTancred, King of Sicily#KingshipRoger II of Sicily#Rise to power in southern ItalyBohemond I of Antioch#Succession crisisBohemond I of Antioch#Succession crisisKalbidsPiedmontese Civil WarStrasbourg Bishops' WarFrench–Breton WarFrench–Breton WarWar of the Breton SuccessionBattle of TinchebrayMaine (province)#Norman conquest and rule (1062–1070)Franco-Prussian WarWar of the Quadruple AllianceWar of the Mantuan SuccessionSuccession of Henry IV of FranceWar of the Three HenrysItalian War of 1494–1495War of the Burgundian SuccessionHundred Years' WarWar of the Succession of ChampagneBaussenque WarsFulco I, Margrave of MilanWilliam the Conqueror#Duke of NormandyCivil war in Poland (1704–1706)War of the Jülich SuccessionHabsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568)Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568)War of the Hungarian SuccessionMainz Diocesan FeudOld Zürich WarGalicia–Volhynia WarsBattle of KressenbrunnWar of the Bavarian SuccessionNine Years' WarHessian War#Marburg Inheritance Dispute (from 1604)Hessian WarWar of the Katzenelnbogen SuccessionCologne Diocesan Feud Civil war in Greater Poland (1382–1385)Civil war in Greater Poland (1382–1385)Władysław the White's rebellionWładysław the White's rebellionBremen Diocesan FeudEmeric, King of Hungary#Struggles with his brother (1196–1200)Peter, King of Hungary#Exile (1041–1044)War of the Austrian SuccessionDanzig rebellionWar of the Succession of StettinSaxon Fratricidal WarWars of the Rügen SuccessionHoly Roman Empire#InterregnumHoly Roman Empire#InterregnumOtto III, Holy Roman Emperor#Succession crsisWar of the Polish SuccessionDüsseldorf Cow WarWar of the Polish Succession (1587–88)Hildesheim Diocesan FeudWar of the Succession of LandshutWars of the Lüneburg SuccessionThuringian Counts' WarWar of the Thuringian SuccessionGerman throne disputeFrederick II, Duke of Swabia#Salian war of successionGerman–Polish War (1003–1018)Guelders WarsGuelders WarsFirst War of the Guelderian SuccessionWar of the Flemish SuccessionBattle of SteppesGodfrey III, Duke of Lower LorraineWar of DevolutionUtrecht war of 1481–83Utrecht war (1456–1458)Utrecht SchismWars of the Loon SuccessionWar of the Limburg SuccessionLoon WarWilliam Clito#Count of FlandersBattle of Cassel (1071)Second Schleswig WarPolish–Swedish War (1600–29)Count's FeudHook and Cod warsEric and EricFirst Schleswig WarMoscow uprising of 1682War against SigismundUtrecht war (1456–1458)#Aftermath (1470–1474)Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438)War of the Brabantian SuccessionBattle of LipitsaDanish Civil War#The Civil War of 1146–1157Danish Civil War#The Civil War of 1146–1157Russian interregnum of 1825Jacobite risingsTime of TroublesWar of the Priests (Poland)Muscovite Civil WarGolden Horde#Great troubles (1359–1381)Civil war era in NorwayCivil war era in NorwayRebellion of 1088Monmouth RebellionWyatt's rebellionWars of the RosesWars of the RosesWars of Scottish IndependenceWars of Scottish IndependenceFirst Barons' WarGruffydd ap Rhys II#Family feudOwain Gwynedd#Disputes with the church and successionThe AnarchyBattle of Stamford BridgeNorman ConquestCnut#Conquest of England
  •   British Isles
  •   Scandinavia, Baltics & Eastern Europe
  •   Low Countries
  •   Central Europe (HRE)
  •   France & Italy
  •   Spain & Portugal
  •   Southeastern Europe


See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Initially, William of Normandy was called William "the Bastard" by his opponents because he was an illegitimate son (bastard) of Robert I, and therefore some Norman noblemen rejected him as successor. Later, he became known as William "the Conqueror" when he also managed to enforce his claim to the English throne with the 1066 Norman invasion of England. William's reign in Normandy itself was not unopposed until 1060, despite being largely secured since 1047.
  2. ^ Roger II of Sicily was the son of Roger "Bosso" I of Sicily, William II of Apulia was the grandson of Robert Guiscard, and Robert II of Capua was the great-grandson of Fressenda and Robert I of Capua; thus, all three descended from three different children of Tancred of Hauteville.
  3. ^ A 1870 issue of the Dutch periodical Onze Tijd ("Our Time") went as far as to name it the Tweede Spaansche Successieoorlog ("Second War of the Spanish Succession", as opposed to the "first" in 1701–1715), stating: "Although already in 1866 anyone who had been keeping a clear eye on the state of affairs should have considered a war between France and Prussia inevitable, one would likely have looked in every other place for the direct cause of that war before Spain. (...) So strange, that it is evident that finding it in the Spanish succession was the result of a monarch just looking for any kind of pretext to declare war."[97]

References[edit]

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    Nuyens, Willem Jan Frans (1873). Algemeene geschiedenis des Nederlandschen volks: van de vroegste tijden tot op onze dagen, Volumes 5-8. Amsterdam: C.L. van Langenhuysen. pp. 80–81. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  2. ^  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Mason, Charles Peter (1870). "Argaeus". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. p. 279.
  3. ^ Roisman, Joseph (2002). Brill's Companion to Alexander the Great. Leiden/Boston: Brill. pp. 74–75. ISBN 9789004217553. Retrieved 23 August 2020.
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  6. ^ Aruz, Joan (2006). The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Perspectives on the Steppe Nomads of the Ancient World. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 163. ISBN 9781588392053. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
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  19. ^ Anton Kos (11 January 2019). "Adela van Hamaland (952–1021)". Adela van Hamaland, in: Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
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  31. ^ a b Chaytor, H. J. A History of Aragon and Catalonia. Chapter 3: The Reconquest (1933), p. 38. London: Methuen.
  32. ^ Sture Bolin (1953). "Erik och Erik". Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (in Swedish). Retrieved 10 February 2021.
  33. ^ Vaissète, Joseph (1841). Histoire générale de Languedoc: avec des notes et les pièces justificatives: composée sur les auteurs et les titres originaux, et enrichie de divers monumens (in French). J.-B. Paya. p. 196–198.
  34. ^ Brian Todd Carey, Joshua B. Allfree, John Cairns (2012). Road to Manzikert: Byzantine and Islamic Warfare (527–1071), p. 339–340. ISBN 978-184884-215-1.
  35. ^ Neven Budak - Prva stoljeća Hrvatske, Zagreb, 1994., page 77
  36. ^ Martin 1995, p. 30–32, 55.
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  41. ^ Martin 2007, p. 119.
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  44. ^ Martin 2007, p. 123.
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  47. ^ Coppens, Thera (2019). Johanna en Margaretha: Gravinnen van Vlaanderen en prinsessen van Constantinopel. Meulenhoff Boekerij. p. 348, footnote 315. ISBN 9789402313956. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  48. ^ "Hongarije. §6.2 De staatsconstructie en het Huis Arpad". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
  49. ^ "Innocentius. §3. Innocentius III". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
  50. ^ Seel, Graham E. (2012). King John: An Underrated King. London: Anthem Press. pp. 39–52. ISBN 9780857282392. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  51. ^ Gerli, E. Michael (2013). Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 9781136771620. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  52. ^ Flood, Timothy M. (2018). Rulers and Realms in Medieval Iberia, 711–1492. McFarland. pp. 124–126. ISBN 9781476674711. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
  53. ^ Alef, Gustave (1956). A history of the Muscovite civil war: the reign of Vasili II (1425–1462) (PhD). p. 11. Retrieved 7 May 2023 – via ProQuest. When Vsevold died in 1212 he divided his territories among his sons, the largest portion going to the second oldest, Iuri. Immediately the sons began to war amongst themselves, each striving to achieve a more favorable position and lands which contributed to the decline of the Suzdal-Vladimir principality.
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  74. ^ Kohn 2013, p. 206.
  75. ^ Jaques 2007, p. xxxiii, 153, 200.
  76. ^ Ady, Cecilia M. and Edward Armstrong (1907). A History of Milan under the Sforza. Methuen & Co. p. 70. Archived from the original on 6 May 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
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  78. ^ "Karel [Bourgondische gewesten]. §1. Buitenlandse politiek". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
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  81. ^ Martin 2007, p. 354.
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  86. ^ a b "Hongarije. §6.4 De Turkse overheersing". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.
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  92. ^ Black, Jeremy (2015). A Short History of Britain. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 49–50. ISBN 9781472586681. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  93. ^ Kohn 2013, p. 162.
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  95. ^ Nolan 2008, p. 186.
  96. ^ Kohn 2013, p. 146.
  97. ^ Onze Tijd (1870), p. 185. 5 (2).

Bibliography[edit]

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